Mussel Rock

Mussel Rock is a rock formation on the coast of San Mateo County, California, offshore from Daly City. It consists of one large and numerous smaller rocks of a type known as a stack, where a headland is eroded unevenly, leaving small islands. The rock itself is located 15 meters from the shore of Mussel Rock Park and stands 18 meters tall.Template:Sfn

The coastal area adjacent to the rock is Mussel Rock Park, consisting of 250 acres of land stretching along the coastline.Template:Sfn The park includes a beach area, a paragliding launch pad, hiking trails, and a parking lot.Template:Sfn

It is best known for being the closest point to the epicenter of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, and where the San Andreas Fault enters the San Francisco Peninsula from the northwest. An additional minor fault, the Mussel Rock Fault, was identified in 2000.

The area above Mussel Rock consists of steep cliffs with frequent landslides, threatening homes in a subdivision above.

Geology

Geology of the Mussel Rock formation

The Mussel Rock formation itself is a sea stack of Cretaceous period greenstone, from the Franciscan Complex bedrock, dated 80 to 90 million years ago. Contrasted with the nearby 3 million year old sedimentary rocks of the Merced Formation, the metamorphosed marine basalt comprising the greenstone of the Mussel Rock Formation from the Franciscan complex is more resistant to erosive forces.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn

The Mussel Rock outcropping initially formed around 145 million years ago when movement from Pacific Plate forced the Farallon Plate southeast, subducting under the westward-bound North American Plate. The subduction sheared the uppermost crust of the Farallon plate, and the severed rock accumulated along the North American Plate.Template:Sfn

John McPhee begins his 1993 book, Assembling California, with Mussel Rock. According to McPhee,

"Mussel Rock is a horse. As any geologist will tell you, a horse is a displaced rock mass that has been caught between the walls of a fault. This one appears to have got away ... green seas slammed against it and turned white. It was not a small rock. It was like a three-story building, standing in the Pacific, with brown pelicans on the roof ... after a five hundred-mile northwesterly drift through southern and central California, this was where the San Andreas Fault intersected the sea."Template:Sfn

— Template:Comma separated entries

Geology of the greater Mussel Rock coastal area

The coastline area surrounding the Mussel Rock formation is at the intersection of several geological formations. The lowermost portion of the Merced Formation lends friable marine sandstone to the area,Template:Sfn deposited there 2-3 million years ago. The portion of the Merced formation at Mussel Rock is among the older sedimentary deposits, deeper in the continental shelf, pushed to the surface by faulting.Template:Sfn

The Merced sandstone variably overlies the greenstone of the Franciscan Complex. These two bedrock structures are separated at the surface by the San Andreas Fault.Template:Sfn To the northeast, a thin layer of the Colma formation overlies the Merced.

Erosion and landslides

File:USGS 1982-1983 El Nino San Mateo Coastal Reosion Diagram.jpg

Coastal erosion diagram, 1982-83 El Niño cycle.

Due to active erosion, seismic activity, and the loosely cemented nature of the local Colma and Merced formations, the area is an active landslide zone.Template:Sfn During ENSO years, coastal erosion on the Merced and Colma formations can average up to 2 to 3 feet per year.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn In addition to erosion via tides and winds, movement along the San Andreas Fault and Mussel Rock fault and construction along the clifftops contribute to erosion in the area, exacerbating the risk of landslides.Template:Sfn

Ecology

Mussel Rock visitors can harvest mussels, but only during the approved season and with guidance from the California Department of Public Health. The California Department of Public Health regularly tests for paralytic shellfish poisoning and posts advisory information on its website.

History

The earliest recorded settlement at Mussel Rock was Ompuromo (ocean-flea place) inhabited by the Yelamu tribe of the Ohlone people.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Based on carbon dating of archeological findings from a midden excavated at Mussel Rock, the village was estimated to date back to approximately 1500 AD, although Ohlone people are known to have inhabited the San Mateo area since at least 5,000 years ago, and lasted until Spanish colonization in 1776.Template:Sfn

In 1978, the midden was excavated and found to contain artifacts including debris from lithic tool manufacturing and faunal remains from food items. Unfortunately, only 45 cubic meters were excavated before Daly City began the construction of the garbage sorting facility, Mussel Rock Transfer Station, atop the midden.Template:Sfn The adjacent area was used as a landfill from 1958 to 1978, preventing any other nearby archeological excavation.Template:Sfn

File:Map of Part of the Coast of California From Point San Pedro Northward.png

A map detailing Mussel Rock and the surrounding coastline in 1853.

See also

• List of islands of California

References

• Template:Cite thesis
• Template:Cite archive

External links

• 1982-83 El Niño Mussel Rock Coastal Erosion Map - USGS
• Cliff Hangers: 17 houses on Daly City block sliding toward ocean plunge
• Environmental History of Mussel Rock