Breathy voice
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Breathy voice (also called murmured voice, whispery voice, soughing and susurration) is a phonation in which the vocal folds vibrate, as they do in normal (modal) voicing, but are adjusted to let more air escape[1] which produces a sighing-like sound. A simple breathy phonation, Script error: No such module "IPA". (not actually a fricative consonant, as a literal reading of the IPA chart would suggest), can sometimes be heard as an allophone of English Script error: No such module "IPA". between vowels, such as in the word behind, for some speakers.
In the context of the Indo-Aryan languages like Sanskrit and Hindi and comparative Indo-European studies, breathy consonants are often called voiced aspirated, as in the Hindi and Sanskrit stops normally denoted bh, dh, ḍh, jh, and gh and the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European phonemes bʰ,dʰ,ǵʰ,gʰ,gʷʰ. Template:Cn span, as breathy voice is a different type of phonation from aspiration. However, breathy and aspirated stops are acoustically similar in that in both cases there is a delay in the onset of full voicing. In the history of several languages, like Greek and some varieties of Chinese, breathy stops have developed into aspirated stops.
Classification and terminology
Template:Cn span The IPA uses the term "breathy voice", but VoQS uses the term "whispery voice". Both accept the term "murmur", popularised by Ladefoged.[2]
Transcription
A stop with breathy release or a breathy nasal is transcribed in the IPA as Script error: No such module "IPA". etc. or as Script error: No such module "IPA". etc. Breathy vowels are most often written Script error: No such module "IPA". etc. Indication of breathy voice by using subscript diaeresis was approved in or before June 1976 by members of the council of International Phonetic Association.[3]
In VoQS, the notation Script error: No such module "IPA".} is used for whispery voice (or murmur), and Script error: No such module "IPA".} is used for breathy voice. Some authors, such as Laver, suggest the alternative transcription Template:Angbr IPA (rather than IPA Template:Angbr IPA) as the correct analysis of Gujarati Script error: No such module "IPA"., but it could be confused with the replacement of modal voicing in voiced segments with whispered phonation, conventionally transcribed with the diacritic Script error: No such module "IPA"..[4]
Methods of production
The distinction between the latter two of these realizations, vocal folds somewhat separated along their length (breathy voice) and vocal folds together with the arytenoids making an opening (whispery voice), is phonetically relevant in White Hmong (Hmong Daw).[5]
Phonological property
In some Bantu languages, historically breathy stops have been phonetically devoiced,[6] but the four-way contrast in the system has been retained. Template:Cn span
In Portuguese, vowels after the stressed syllable can be pronounced with breathy voice.[7]
Gujarati is unusual in contrasting breathy vowels and consonants:
- REDIRECT Template:Wikt-lang
Template:Redirect template Script error: No such module "IPA". 'twelve',
- REDIRECT Template:Wikt-lang
Template:Redirect template Script error: No such module "IPA". 'outside',
- REDIRECT Template:Wikt-lang
Template:Redirect template Script error: No such module "IPA". 'burden'.[8]Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
Tsumkwe Juǀʼhoan makes the following rare distinctions : Script error: No such module "IPA". fall, land (of a bird etc.); Script error: No such module "IPA". walk; Script error: No such module "IPA". herb species; and /n|ʱoaᵑ/ greedy person; /n|oaʱᵑ/ cat.[9]
See also
- Aspirated consonant
- Creaky voice
- Guttural
- Index of phonetics articles
- Slack voice
- Voiced glottal fricative
- Whispering
References
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Trask (1996) "breathy voice", "murmur", "whispery voice", in A Dictionary of Phonetics and Phonology.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ Laver (1994) Principles of Phonetics, p. 354
- ↑ Fulop & Golston (2008), Breathy and whispery voicing in White Hmong, http://zimmer.csufresno.edu/~chrisg/index_files/FulopGolston2009.pdf. Retrieved 17 June 2012.
- ↑ Traill, Anthony, James S. M. Khumalo and Paul Fridjhon (1987). Depressing facts about Zulu. African Studies 46: 255–274.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Template:SOWL
- ↑ Dickens, Patick (1994) English–Juǀʼhoan Juǀʼhoan–English dictionary Template:ISBN, 9783927620551