Muramyl dipeptide
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| MeSH | Muramyl+dipeptide |
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| Template:Longitem | C19H32N4O11 |
| Molar mass | 492.47758 |
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Muramyl dipeptide is a component of bacterial peptidoglycan, a recognition structure or activator for nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2 (NOD2) protein.[1] It is a constituent of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria composed of N-acetylmuramic acid linked by its lactic acid moiety to the N-terminus of an L-alanine D-isoglutamine dipeptide.[1] It can be recognized by the immune system as a pathogen-associated molecular pattern and activate the NALP3 inflammasome which, in turn, leads to cytokine activation, IL-1α and IL-1β especially.[2]
Human NOD2 protein of the nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat family, is a cytoplasmic receptor involved in host innate immune system defense. Mutations in the CARD15 gene encoding NOD2 protein have been observed in Crohn's disease patients,[3] decreasing the immune systems of these patients ability to recognize muramyl dipeptide. Analogues of muramyl dipeptide and their potential for immune response therapies in cancer and disease are being investigated.[4] Experiments published in 2008 showed that muramyl dipeptide is involved in a molecular pathway in mice that conferred protection from colitis.[5]
See also
- Taxol
- Dipeptide
- Mifamurtide, a synthetic analogue for the treatment of osteosarcoma
References
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