Munchkin

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Template:Short description Script error: No such module "other uses". Template:Use dmy dates Template:Short description Script error: No such module "Infobox".Template:Template otherScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". A Munchkin is a native of the fictional Munchkin Country in the Oz books by American author L. Frank Baum. Although a common fixture in Germanic fairy talesScript error: No such module "Unsubst"., they are introduced to modern audiences with the first appearance in the classic children's novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1900) where they welcome Dorothy Gale to their city in Oz. The Munchkins are described as being the same height as Dorothy and they wear only shades of blue clothing, as blue is the Munchkins' favorite color. Blue is also the predominating color that officially represents the eastern quadrant in the Land of Oz. The Munchkins have appeared in various media, including the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz, as well as in various other films and comedy acts.

Concept

While Baum may have written about it, there are no surviving notes for the composition of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. The lack of this information has resulted in speculation of the term origins he used in the book, which include the word "Munchkin".[1] Baum researcher Brian Attebery has hypothesized that there might be a connection to the Script error: No such module "Lang"., the emblem of the Bavarian city of Munich (spelled Script error: No such module "Lang". in German).[1] The symbol was originally a 13th-century statue of a monk, looking down from the town hall in Munich. Over the years, the image was reproduced many times, for instance as a figure on beer steins, and eventually evolved into a child wearing a pointed hood.[2] Baum's family had German origins, suggesting that Baum could have seen one such reproduction in his childhood.

It is also possible that "Munchkin" came from the German word Script error: No such module "Lang"., which means "mannikin" or "little figure". In 1900, Baum published a book about window displays in which he stressed the importance of mannequins in attracting customers.[3] Another possibility is a connection to Baron Munchausen. This fictional character is based on a real baron who told outrageous tall tales based on his military career.[1][4] It is also possible that the name is related to Thumbkin, Bumpkin, etc., pet names given to fingers of the hand in nursery rhymes.[1]

Like the other Oz terms, the word "Munchkin" ends in a diminutive which in this case refers to the size of the natives.[1]

Literature

Oz Books by Frank Baum

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"she noticed coming down toward her a group of the queerest people she had ever seen. They were not as big as the grown folk she had always been used to; but neither were they very small. In fact, they seemed about as tall as Dorothy, who was a well-grown child for her age, although they were, so far as looks go, many years older."

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The Munchkins are first mentioned (quote shown) in an excerpt from chapter two of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, titled "The Council with the Munchkins". Dorothy initially meets only three of them, along with the Good Witch of the North. The rest of the Munchkins then come out of hiding and are shown to be grateful towards Dorothy for killing their evil ruler the Wicked Witch of the East. Dorothy later eventually finds the yellow brick road and along the way attends a banquet held by a Munchkin man named Boq. Sometime in the book a background story is also given about a "Munchkin maiden" (named Nimmie Amee in later books), who was the former love interest of the Tin Woodman.[5]

Baum also included the Munchkin characters in his later works as minor and major individual characters. The Munchkin Jinjur is the main antagonist in Baum's second book The Marvelous Land of Oz, where she seeks to overthrow the Scarecrow and take over the Emerald City. Jinjur makes a brief appearance in the next book, entitled Ozma of Oz, and is brought back in Baum's twelfth book, The Tin Woodman of Oz. By this time, she is shown to be a more prominent character who is helpful and friendly to Dorothy and her friends. Two other major Munchkin characters also appear in The Tin Woodman of Oz: Tommy Kwikstep and Nimmie Amee. The former appears in the story asking for a wish for running an errand for a witch; the latter is the name given to the mystery "Munchkin maiden" from the first book, who was the former lover of the Tin Woodman. More information is revealed that tells about the Tin Woodman's origin and their tragic love story.[5] Lastly, the Munchkin Unc Nunkie appears in Baum's seventh book, The Patchwork Girl of Oz, where he is accidentally turned to stone. His Munchkin nephew Ojo successfully goes on a quest in search of an antidote while learning more about himself in the process.

Subsequent Oz books

L. Frank Baum died on 6 May 1919 after which other writers took up writing additional Oz stories. In some cases these books were written under Baum's name and included the Munchkins. There is at least one known Munchkin character that was created after Baum's death that appears as a major character. Zif is a Munchkin boy who appears in John R. Neill's first adaptation called The Royal Book of Oz. Zif is a student at the College of Art and Athletic Perfection; he is both respectful and resentful towards his teacher Wogglebog who considers Zif a "nobody or a nothing". The Munchkin characters that Baum had created in his lifetime also appear in these additional works.

Film and musicals

Early works (1902–1933)

While the 1939 film is the most well known adaptation (see section below), it was not the first outside work to show the Munchkins in film or musical format. One of the first musical adaptations of Baum's books took place in 1902; it was also dubbed The Wizard of Oz.[6][7] The Munchkins make their appearance in act one, called "The Storm", in which they are shown dancing around their maypole, not noticing that Dorothy's house has fallen to earth killing the Wicked Witch of the East.[8] The first film adaptation of Baum's works, titled The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, was released in 1910, followed by three sequels. However, it was not until 1914 that Munchkin characters first appeared in film works. Ojo the Lucky and Unc Nunkie both appear in a film titled The Patchwork Girl of Oz (based on the book of the same name). This film stars American actress Violet MacMillan as Ojo and was produced by Baum.[9]

1939 film

File:Munchkins-film.jpg
The Munchkins (specifically the "Lollipop Guild") as depicted in the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz. L–R: Jackie Gerlich, Jerry Maren, and Harry Doll.

The 1939 movie musical The Wizard of Oz was loosely based on Baum's novel. Notable differences of the Munchkins include their country name of Munchkinland and their clothes of many colors instead of an all-blue attire. In the musical, the Munchkins are portrayed by the thirty-odd members of the Singer Midgets, a European performing troupe made up of adult actors with dwarfism. Their numbers were swelled when a national talent search brought in a further ninety-four little men, women, and teenagers, with a few average-sized children were also included as background extras[10] in order to make up the 124 characters requested by MGM.[11]

In the musical, the Munchkins first appear when Dorothy and Toto arrive in the Land of Oz after her house lands on the Wicked Witch of the East. The Munchkins hide from all the commotion until Glinda the Good Witch arrives reassuring them that everything is okay. Dorothy tells them how she arrived in the Land of Oz (through a musical number) and the Munchkins celebrate. To make it official, a Barrister and a number of City Fathers insist to the Mayor of the Munchkin City that they must make sure that the Wicked Witch of the East is really dead before the celebration continues. The Coroner confirms this by saying that the witch is "not only merely dead" but is indeed "most sincerely dead" while showing a Certificate of Death. The Munchkins then celebrate further as Dorothy receives gifts from the "Lullaby League" and the "Lollipop Guild". Near the end of the song, the Wicked Witch of the West arrives, which causes the Munchkins to panic. After the Wicked Witch of the West leaves, Glinda tells Dorothy to follow the yellow brick road to the Emerald City as the Munchkins guide her out of Munchkinland.

File:The Munchkins Star.jpg
Star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame

The Munchkin actors have since not avoided controversy with alleged behavior behind the scenes. In a 1967 interview, Judy Garland referred to all of the Munchkins as "little drunks" who got intoxicated every night to the point where they had to be picked up in "butterfly nets". These accusations were denied as fabrications by Munchkin Margaret Pellegrini, who said only "a couple of kids from Germany even drank beer".[12] On 20 November 2007, the Munchkins were given a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. Seven of the surviving Munchkin actors from the film were present. As a result of the popularity of the 1939 film, the word "munchkin" has entered the English language as a reference to small children, persons with dwarfism, or anything of diminutive stature.

Actors and actresses

The following is a list of actors who portrayed the Munchkins in the 1939 film. Most of the dwarfs hired were acquired for MGM by Leo Singer, the proprietor of Singer's Midgets.[13] A Daily Variety news story from 17 August 1938, stated 124 dwarves had been signed to play Munchkins; modern sources place the number either at 122 or 124. An additional dozen or so child actors were hired to make up for the shortage of dwarves.[10] At least one Munchkin actor, Dale Paullin (stage name Paul Dale), did not make the final cut for the movie.[14] Only two actors (Joseph Koziel and Frank Cucksey) used their actual voices for the dialogue exchanged with Dorothy where she is given the flowers. The rest of the voices, such as the "Munchkin chorus", were created by Pinto Colvig and Billy Bletcher[15] with their voices recorded at a slow speed, which were subsequently sped-up when played back.[16]

In 1989, author Stephen Cox researched, found, and wrote about the surviving Munchkin actors fifty years after they made the film. He wrote about them in his book, The Munchkins Remember (1989, E.P. Dutton), which was later revised as The Munchkins of Oz (Cumberland House), and his book remained in print for nearly two decades. When he wrote the book, 33 of the actors with dwarfism who appeared in the film were still alive and were interviewed. Several of them outlived all the major cast, as well as the original Tin Man Buddy Ebsen. Jerry Maren, who played the green "Lollipop Guild" member, was the last living adult Munchkin actor. Maren was the only Munchkin alive when the film's longest living cast member, Shep Houghton, an extra, died in 2016.

Notes: Some of the information presented in the table below may never be complete as Social Security records remain sparse prior to the mid-twentieth century. Stage names and/or aliases are present in italics and quotation marks.


Actor Born Died Part(s) played
Gladys W. Allison[17] Un­known Un­known Played a villager
John Ballas[18] 1903[19] Un­known Played a villager
Franz Balluch ("Mike")[17] Un­known Un­known Played a villager
Josefine Balluch[20] Un­known 1984Template:Sfn Played a villager
John T. Bambury[18] 1891[21] 1960[21] Played a soldier
Charlie Becker 1887[22] 1968[22]Template:Sfn Played "The Mayor of Munchkinland".[22]Template:Sfn
Freda Betsky[17][23] Un­known Un­known Played a villager
Henry Boers 1896[24] Un­known Played a villager
Theodore Boers 1894[24] 1945[25] Played a villager
Christie Buresh Un­known Un­known Played a villager
Eddie Buresh Un­known Un­known Played a villager
Lida Buresh[18] Un­known Un­known Played a villager
Mickey Carroll 1919[26] 2009[26] Played a fiddler, a town crier, and a soldier
Casper "Colonel" Balsam[18] 1904[27] 1968[27] Played a villager
Nona A. Cooper[17] 1875[28] 1953[28] Played a villager
Thomas J. Cottonaro[17] 1914[29] 2001[29] Played a villager
Elizabeth Coulter[18] Un­known Un­known Played a villager
Lewis Croft 1919[30] 2008[30] Played a soldier[30]
Frank Cucksey 1919[31] 1984[32] Played a villager who gives Dorothy flowersTemplate:Efn
Billy Curtis 1909[33] 1988[33] Played the BraggartTemplate:Efn
Eugene S. David Jr. Un­known Un­known Played a fiddler[34]
Eulie H. David 1921Template:Sfn 1972Template:Sfn Played a soldier[34]
Ethel W. Denis[18] 1894[35] 1968[36] Played a villager
Prince DenisTemplate:Sfn 1900[36] 1984[36] Played the Sergeant-at-ArmsTemplate:Efn
Hazel I. Derthick 1906[37] Un­known Played a villager
Daisy Earles 1907[38] 1980[39] Played a "munchkin maiden"[39]
Gracie Doll Earles 1899[40] 1970[39] Played a "munchkin maiden"[39]
Harry Doll Earles 1902[38] 1985[39] Blue member of The Lollipop Guild[39][41]
Tiny Doll Earles 1914[39] 2004[39] Played a "munchkin maiden"[39]
Major Doyle ("James D. Doyle")[18] 1869Template:Sfn 1940Template:Sfn Played a villager
Ruth Robinson Duccini 1918[42] 2014[42] Played a villager
Carl M. Erickson[18] 1917[43] 1958[43] Played the 2nd Trumpeter
Fern Formica 1925[44] Un­known Played a villager and a "sleepyhead"
Addie Eva Frank[45] Un­known Un­known Played a villager
Thaisa L. Gardner[18] Un­known Un­known Played a villager
Jakob "Jackie" Gerlich 1925Template:Efn 1960[46] Red member of The Lollipop Guild
William A. Giblin 1916[47] 1985[47] Played a soldier[47]
Jack S. Glicken 1900[48] 1950[48] Played a city father
Carolyn E. Granger[18] 1915[49] 1973[49] Played a villager
Joseph Herbst[18] 1908Template:Sfn DisputedTemplate:Efn Played a soldier
Jakob Hofbauer 1898Template:Sfn Un­knownTemplate:Efn Played a soldierTemplate:Sfn
Clarence C. Howerton ("Major Mite") 1913[50] 1975[51] Played the 3rd Trumpeter[50]
Helen M. Hoy[18] 1898[52] 1945[52] Played a villager
Marguerite A. Hoy[18] Un­known Un­known Played a villager
James R. Hulse IV[18] 1915Template:Sfn 1964Template:Sfn[53] Played a villager
Robert Kanter ("Little Lord Robert")[17] 1886Template:Efn Un­known Played a soldier
Charles E. Kelley[17] Un­known Un­known Played a soldier
Jessie E. Kelley ("Jessie Becker")[18] Un­known Un­known Played a villager
Frank Kikel[18] Un­known Un­known Played a villager
Bernard Klima ("Harry") 1897[31] 1957[31][54] Played a villager
Mitzi Koestner[18] 1894Template:Sfn 1975Template:Sfn Played a villager
Emma Koestner[18] 1900Template:Sfn 1984Template:Sfn Played a villager
Willi Koestner[18] 1908Template:Sfn 1974Template:Sfn Played a soldier[55]
Adam Edwin Kozicki ("Eddie Adams")[18] Un­known Un­known Played a fiddler[56]
Joseph J. Koziel[18] 1919[57] 1967[57] Played a villager who gives Dorothy flowersTemplate:Efn
Dolly F. Kramer[18] 1904[24] 1995[24] Played a villager
Emil Kranzler[18] 1910[58] 1993[58][59] Played a villager
Nita Krebs 1905[31] 1991[31][60] Member of The Lullaby League and a villager[60]
Jeane LaBarbera ("Little Jean") 1909[61] 1993[61] Played a villager
Hilda Lange[18] 1911[58] 1975[58] Played a villager
John Leal ("Johnny")[18] 1905[62] 1996[62] Played a villager
Ann Rice Leslie[18] 1900[63] 1973[63] Played a villager
Charles Ludwig[18] 1889[64] 1941[65] Played a villager
Dominick Magro[66] 1909[67] 1959[67] Played a villager
Carlos Manzo[18] 1915[68] 1955[68] Played a villager
Howard Marco[18] 1884[69] Un­known Played a villager
Jerry Maren 1920[70] 2018[71] Green member of The Lollipop Guild
Bela Matina ("Mike Rogers")[17][72] 1902[73] 1954[74] Played a villager
Lajos Matina ("Leo Rogers")[17] 1893[73] 1975[73] Played a villager
Matyus Matina ("Ike Rogers")[17][72] 1902[73] 1965[73] Played a villager
Walter M. B. Miller[18] 1906Template:Sfn 1987Template:Sfn Played a soldier and a flying monkeyTemplate:Sfn
George Ministeri[18] 1906Template:Sfn 1986Template:Sfn Played the coachman and a villagerTemplate:Sfn
Harry Monty 1904[75] 1999[76] Played a villager and a flying monkey[76]
Yvonne Bistany Moray[17] Un­known Un­knownTemplate:Efn Member of The Lullaby League and a villagerTemplate:Sfn
Johnny Maroldo ("Johnny Winters") 1905Template:Sfn 1985Template:Sfn Played the Commander of the NavyTemplate:Sfn
Marie Bernadet Maroldo ("Marie Winters") 1901Template:Sfn 1979Template:Sfn Played a villagerTemplate:Sfn
Olga C. Nardone 1921[77] 2010[77] Member of The Lullaby League, and a sleepyhead.[77]
Nels P. Nelson[18][78]Template:Efn 1918[79] 1994[79] Played a villager
Margaret C. Nickloy ("Princess Marguerite") 1902[80] 1961[80] Played a villager
Franklin H. O'Baugh 1922[81][82] 1963[82] Played a soldier[82]
William H. O'Docharty[18] 1920Template:Sfn 1988Template:Sfn Played the coach footman and a villagerTemplate:Sfn
Hildred C. Olson[18] Un­known Un­known Played a villager
Frank Packard[18] Un­known Un­known Played a villager
Nicholas Page ("Nicky") 1904Template:Sfn 1978Template:Sfn Played a soldier and a city father[10]Template:Sfn
Leona Megest Parks ("Duchess Leona") 1897[24] Un­known Played a villager
Margaret Williams Pellegrini 1923[44][83] 2013[83] Played a "sleepyhead" and the "flower pot munchkin".[83]
Johnny Pizo[18] Un­known Un­known Played a villager
Leon Polinsky ("Prince Leon")[18][84] 1918Template:Sfn 1955Template:Sfn Played a villager
Lillian PorterTemplate:Sfn 1917[85] 1997[85] Played a villager
Meinhardt Raabe 1915[86] 2010[86] Played the coronerTemplate:Efn
Margaret Raia 1928Template:Efn 2003[87] Played a villager[87]
Matthew Raia Un­known Un­known Played a city father[87]
Friedrich Retter ("Freddie")[18] 1899[88] Un­known Played a fiddler and villager
Billy Rhodes ("Little Billy")[89][90] 1895[90] 1967[90] Played the barrister
Gertrude H. Rice[18] Un­known Un­known Played a villager
Hazel Rice[18] Un­known Un­known Played a villager
Sandor Roka[18][91] 1896[92] 1954[92] Played a villager
Jimmie Rosen 1892Template:Sfn 1973Template:Sfn Played a villager
Charles F. "Wojnarski" Royal[18] 1900[93] 1947[93] Played a soldier
Helen J. "Wojnarski" Royal[18] 1897[93] 1958[93] Played a villager
Stella A. "Wojnarski" Royal 1903[93] 1959[93] Played a villager
Albert Ruddinger[18] Un­known Un­known Played a villager
Elsie R. Schultz[18] 1892Template:Sfn 1987Template:Sfn Played a villager
Charles Silvern[18] Un­known 1976[94] Played a villager
Garland Slatton ("Earl") 1917[24] 1995[24] Played a soldier
Karl Slover[95] 1918[96] 2011[96] Played the lead trumpeter, a soldier, and a villager[96]
Ruth E. Smith[18] Un­known 1985[14] Played a villager
Elmer Spangler[18] 1910[97] Un­known Played a villager
Pernell St. Aubin 1922[31] 1987[31][98] Played a soldier[31]
Carl Stephan[18] Un­known Un­known Played a villager
Alta M. Stevens[18] Un­known Un­known Played a villagerTemplate:Sfn
George Suchsie[18] Un­known Un­known Played a villager
Charlotte V. Sullivan[18] Un­known Un­known Played a villager
Clarence Swensen 1917[99] 2009[100] Played a soldier[101]
Betty Tanner[102] Un­known 1994Template:Sfn Played a villager
Arnold Vierling 1919Template:Sfn 1949Template:Sfn Played a villager
Gus Wayne 1920[103] 1998[103] Played a soldier[103]
Victor Wetter 1902Template:Sfn[104] 1990Template:Sfn[104] Played the Captain of the Army[10]Template:Sfn[104]
Grace G. Williams[18] Un­known Un­known Played a villager
Harvey B. Williams[18][105] Un­known Un­known Played a soldier
Gladys V. Wolff[18] 1911Template:Sfn 1984Template:Sfn Played a villager
Murray Wood[18] 1908[106] 1999[106] Played a city father

Child actresses

About a dozen children of average height were hired so they could be used for background fill. Sources differ on the number of children used for these roles ranging anywhere from 10 to 12.[107] The names used for the women are maiden names with known aliases present in italics and quotation marks.

since 2025Template:Dated maintenance category (articles)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters"., two "child munchkins" are known to be living.

Actor Born Died Part(s) played Source
Betty Ann Cain ("Bruno") 1931 2023 Munchkin hatchling [108][109][110][111][112][113]
Priscilla Ann Montgomery Clark 1929 Living Munchkin Child [109][110][114]
Donna Jean Johnson ("Stewart Hardaway") 1933 2008 Background fill [115][116]
Joan Kenmore 1931 2022 Background fill [108][109][110][107][117]
Eva Lee Kuney 1934 2015 Background fill [17][118][119]
Rae-Nell Laskey ("Alsbury") 1930 1991 unknown [120][121]
Elaine Mirk ("Merk") 1930 2025 Background fill [107][110][122][123]
Valerie Lee ShepardTemplate:Efn 1931 Living Background fill [10][107][110][124]
Ardith Dondanville ("Mae") Todd 1930 2022 Background fill [108][109][110][125]
Shirley Ann Kennedy ("Vegors") 1932 2005 Background fill [126]Template:Sfn
Viola White ("Banks") 1931 2000 Background fill [10]

Later works (1940–1989)

The 1939 film was adapted into a musical that was released in 1942 that includes the Munchkin characters. The events that take place mirror the film including the song "Ding-Dong! The Witch Is Dead".[127] Twenty-seven years later an animated film called The Wonderful Land of Oz was made featuring Jinjur as a main antagonist.

Other works

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  • The Munchkins appeared in The Wiz and were played by children and teenagers. (1978)
  • The Munchkins appear at the end of Return to Oz. They are seen celebrating Dorothy's return after defeating the Nome King and are present at Princess Ozma's coronation. Tommy Kwikstep was also seen there. (1985)
  • In The Muppets' Wizard of Oz, the Munchkins were played by Rizzo the Rat (who portrayed the "Mayor of Munchkinland") and his fellow rats, allowing them to also pull double duty as the Field Mice that rescue Dorothy from the poppies. (2005)
  • In Strawberry Shortcake, more specifically the 2003 cartoon, the fourth season contains an episode called Berry Brick Road that involves a story where Strawberry Shortcake gets whisked from her home. When she lands, she is greeted by three Munchkins that call themselves the Berrykins (after a feylike being from the 1980s cartoon), were tormented by the Wicked Witch of the West, thank Strawberry Shortcake for knocking out the Wicked Witch of the West (which she only did by landing nearby) and pressure her into stealing the latter's magic slippers (which she later uses to return to her home) as a reward. She later returns to Oz to teach the trio a lesson about caring for the environment. The Berrykins do not sing as much as their people had in the original version, and they and the other Munchkins look very small; however, the Berrykins specifically look just like Blueberry Muffin, Rainbow Sherbet, and Lemon Meringue. (2007)
  • The Munchkins appeared in Dorothy and the Witches of Oz. The Munchkins were first seen in the battle against the Wicked Witch of the West's forces in Oz. They were later brought to Earth by Glinda in order to combat the forces of the Wicked Witch of the West. (2012)
  • The Munchkins appear in Oz the Great and Powerful. They alongside the Quadlings and the Tinkers as inhabitants of Glinda's protectorate. Although the film is not otherwise a musical, the Munchkins sing and dance much as they do in the 1939 film. (2013)
  • The Munchkins appear in more than one skit on Mad TV where the 1939 film is parodied. The actors are played by people with dwarfism.
  • The Munchkins appear in the television series Once Upon a Time. Not much is known about them, but they seem to be similar to the Dwarves in the Enchanted forest as Zelena originally thought that Sneezy was a Munchkin. Also, Regina Mills once mistakenly referred to the Seven Dwarfs as Munchkins.
  • The Munchkins appear in Dorothy and the Wizard of Oz with the "Mayor of Munchkinland" voiced by Bill Fagerbakke and the background Munchkins voiced by Steven Blum and Jessica DiCicco. Ojo, Dr. Pipt, the Lollipop Guild, and the Lullaby League are also featured. Also, Smith & Tinker are depicted as Munchkins in this show.
  • The Munchkins appear as a culture of farmers in Wicked. Director Jon M. Chu decided to cast people closer to the book's original description being about as tall as Dorothy, rather than the 1939 film's cast of much shorter Munchkins. The main Munchkin character in this story, Boq Woodsman, is played by Ethan Slater who stands at 5'7". Chu also chose to focus more on their culture than their physical appearance.

Explanatory notes

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References

Citations

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  1. ↑ a b c d e Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ Corinna Erhard: Das Münchner Kindl auf dem Rathaus – wer stand Modell? In: Corinna Erhard: München in 50 Antworten. München-Verlag, München 2011, Template:ISBN, S. 16.
  3. ↑ Emily and Per Ola d'Aulaire, "Mannequins: our fantasy figures of high fashion," Smithsonian, Vol. 22, no. 1, April 1991
  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ a b Jack Snow, Who's Who in Oz, Chicago, Reilly & Lee, 1954; New York, Peter Bedrick Books, 1988; p. 144.
  6. ↑ Fricke, Stillman, Scarfone. The Wizard of Oz: The 50th Anniversary Pictorial History
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  11. ↑ Yours Retro magazine; Summer 2024; Issue No. 78; page 40
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  48. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  49. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  50. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  51. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  52. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  53. ↑ Per records at Green Lawn Cemetery in Columbus, OH James R. Hulse IV died in 1964 and is buried in section 106
  54. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  55. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  56. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  57. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  58. ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  59. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  60. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  61. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  62. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  63. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  64. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  65. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  66. ↑ Scarfone, Jay (2004). The Wizardry of Oz: The Artistry and Magic of the 1939 M-G-M Classic. Hal Leonard Corporation. p. 248. Template:ISBN.
  67. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  68. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  69. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  70. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  71. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  72. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  73. ↑ a b c d e Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  74. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  75. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  76. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  77. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  78. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  79. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  80. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  81. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  82. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  83. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  84. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  85. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  86. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  87. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  88. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  89. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  90. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  91. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  92. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  93. ↑ a b c d e f Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  94. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  95. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  96. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  97. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  98. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  99. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  100. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  101. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  102. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  103. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  104. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  105. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  106. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  107. ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  108. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  109. ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  110. ↑ a b c d e f Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  111. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  112. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  113. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  114. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  115. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  116. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  117. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  118. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  119. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  120. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  121. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  122. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".Template:Better source needed
  123. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  124. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".Template:Better source needed
  125. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  126. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  127. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

Works cited

<templatestyles src="Refbegin/styles.css" />

  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

External links

Script error: No such module "Navbox".

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