Mujaddid
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A mujaddid (Template:Langx) is an Islamic term for one who brings "renewal" (Template:Langx) to the religion.[1][2] According to the popular Muslim tradition, it refers to a person who appears at the turn of every century of the Islamic calendar to revitalize Islam, cleansing it of extraneous elements and restoring it to its pristine purity. In contemporary times, a mujaddid is looked upon as the greatest Muslim of a century.[3]
The concept is based on a hadith (a saying of Islamic prophet Muhammad),[4] recorded by Abu Dawood, narrated by Abu Hurairah who mentioned that Muhammad said:
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Allah will raise for this community at the end of every 100 years the one who will renovate its religion for it.
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Ikhtilaf (disagreements) exist among different hadith viewers. Scholars such as Al-Dhahabi and Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani have interpreted that the term mujaddid can also be understood as plural, thus referring to a group of people.[6][7]
Mujaddids can include prominent scholars, pious rulers and military commanders.[2]
List of Sunni claimants and potential mujaddids
Script error: No such module "Multiple image".While there is no formal mechanism for designating a mujaddid in Sunni Islam, there is often a popular consensus. The Shia and Ahmadiyya[8]Script error: No such module "Unsubst".[9] have their own list of mujaddids.[2]
First century (after the prophetic period) (August 3, 718)
- Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz (682–720)[10][11]
Second century (August 10, 815)
- Ahmad ibn Hanbal (780–855)[12]
Third century (August 17, 912)
- Muhammad al-Bukhari (810–870)[13]
- Abu al-Hasan al-Ash'ari (874–936)[14][15]
Fourth Century (August 24, 1009)
- Hakim al-Nishaburi (933–1012)[13]
- Abu Bakr Al-Baqillani (950–1013)[11][16]
Fifth century (September 1, 1106)
- Ibn Hazm (994–1064)[17]
- Abu Hamid al-Ghazali (1058–1111)[11][14][18][19][20][21][22]
- Abdul Qadir Jilani (1078–1166) [23][24]
Sixth century (September 9, 1203)
- Salauddin Ayyubi (1137–1193)[25]
- Ibn Qudamah (1147–1223)[26]
- Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji (1148–1206)[27][28]
- Fakhr al-Din al-Razi (1149–1210)[29]
- Abu al-Qasim al-Rafi'i (1160-1226)[30]
Seventh century (September 15, 1300)
- Ibn Daqiq al-'Id (1228–1302)[31]
- Ibn Taymiyyah (1263–1328)[17]
- Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya (1292–1350)[17]
Eighth century (September 23, 1397)
- Siraj al-Din al-Bulqini (1324–1403)[31]
- Tamerlane (Timur) (1336–1405)[32]
- Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani (1372–1448)[33]
Ninth century (October 1, 1494)
- Shah Rukh (1377–1447)[34]
- Mehmet II (1432–1481)[25]
- Zakariyya al-Ansari (1420-1520)[35]
- Jalaludin Al-Suyuti (1445–1505)[10][36]
Tenth century (October 19, 1591)
- Selim I (1470–1520)[37]
- Suleiman the Magnificent (1494–1566)[38]
- Shams al-Din al-Ramli (1513-1596)[39]
- Ahmad Sirhindi (1564–1624)[15][40]
Eleventh century (October 26, 1688)
- Khayr al-Din al-Ramli (1585–1671)[10]
- Mahiuddin Aurangzeb Alamgir (1618–1707)[41]
- Abdullah ibn Alawi al-Haddad (1634–1720)[42]
Twelfth century (November 4, 1785)
- Shah Waliullah Dehlawi (1703–1762)[41]
- Murtaḍá al-Zabīdī (1732–1790)[36]
- Shah Abdul Aziz Delhwi (1745–1823)[43]
- Tipu Sultan (1750–1799)[44]
- Usman Dan Fodio (1754–1817)[45]
- Syed Ahmad Barelvi (1786–1831)[46]
- Fazl-e-Haq Khairabadi (1796–1861)[47]
Thirteenth century (November 14, 1882)
- Muhammad Abduh (1849–1905)[18]
- Mahmud Hasan Deobandi (1851–1920)[48][49]
- Ahmad Raza Khan (1856–1925) [50][51]
- Amadou Bamba (1853–1927) [52]
Fourteenth century (November 21, 1979)
- Ashraf Ali Thanwi (1863–1943)[53]
- Said Nursî (1878–1960)[54]
- Abdul-Rahman al-Sa'di (1889–1957)[55]
- Abul A'la Maududi (1903–1979)[56]Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
- Murabit al-Hajj (1913–2018) [57]
- Muhammad 'Alawi al-Maliki (1944–2004) [58][59]
Claimants in other traditions
- Mulla Sadra Shirazi (1571–1640)[60][61]
- Syed Ahmad Khan (1817–1898)[62]
- Mirza Ghulam Ahmad (1835–1908)[63][64]Template:Refn[65]
References
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- ↑ Neal Robinson (2013), Islam: A Concise Introduction, Routledge, Template:ISBN, Chapter 7, pp. 85–89
- ↑ Template:Hadith-usc
- ↑ Fath al-Baari (13/295)
- ↑ Taareekh al-Islam (23/180)
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- ↑ Jesudas M. Athyal, Religion in Southeast Asia: An Encyclopedia of Faiths and Cultures, (ABC-CLIO, LLC 2015), p 1. Template:ISBN.
- ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b c Josef W. Meri, Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia, (Routledge 1 Dec 2005), p 678. Template:ISBN.
- ↑ Mohammed M. I. Ghaly, "Writings on Disability in Islam: The 16th Century Polemic on Ibn Fahd's "al-Nukat al-Ziraf"," The Arab Studies Journal, Vol. 13/14, No. 2/1 (Fall 2005/Spring 2006), p. 26, note 98
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- ↑ a b Josef W. Meri, Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia, (Routledge 1 Dec 2005), p 678. Template:ISBN
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- ↑ a b c The Legal Thought of Jalāl Al-Din Al-Suyūṭī: Authority and Legacy, Page 133 Rebecca Skreslet Hernandez
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- ↑ Jane I. Smith, Islam in America, p 36. Template:ISBN
- ↑ Dhahabi, Siyar, 4.566
- ↑ Willard Gurdon Oxtoby, Oxford University Press, 1996, p 421
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- ↑ Majmu al-Fatawa, Volume 10, Page 455
- ↑ a b Advocate of Dialogue: Fethullah Gulen by Ali Unal and Alphonse Williams, 10 June 2000; Template:ISBN
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- ↑ Sufi Movements in Eastern India – Page 194
- ↑ The preaching of Islam: a history of the propagation of the Muslim faith By Sir Thomas Walker Arnold, pp. 227–228
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- ↑ Hassan Ahmed Ibrahim, "An Overview of al-Sadiq al-Madhi's Islamic Discourse." Taken from The Blackwell Companion to Contemporary Islamic Thought, p. 214. Ed. Ibrahim Abu-Rabi'. Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell, 2008. Template:ISBN
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- ↑ Hassan Ahmed Ibrahim, "An Overview of al-Sadiq al-Madhi's Islamic Discourse." Taken from The Blackwell Companion to Contemporary Islamic Thought, p. 172. Ed. Ibrahim Abu-Rabi'. Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell, 2008. Template:ISBN
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- ↑ Transactions of the Royal Historical Society: Volume 12: Sixth Series By Royal Historical Society
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- ↑ Muslims and India's freedom movement, Shan Muhammad, Institute of Objective Studies (New Delhi, India), Institute of Objective Studies and the University of Michigan, 2002; Template:ISBN
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- ↑ Ahmad, M. (1975). Saiyid Ahmad barevali: His Life and Mission (No. 93). Lucknow: Academy of Islamic Research and Publications. Page 27.
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- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ The Concise Encyclopedia of Islam – Page 286
- ↑ The Fundamental Principles of Mulla Sadra's Transcendent Philosophy by Reza Akbarian
- ↑ Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World, Thomson Gale (2004)
- ↑ Adil Hussain Khan, From Sufism to Ahmadiyya: A Muslim Minority Movement in South Asia, Indiana University Press, 6 April 2015, p. 42.
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Further reading
- Alvi, Sajida S. "The Mujaddid and Tajdīd Traditions in the Indian Subcontinent: An Historical Overview" ("Hindistan’da Mucaddid ve Tacdîd geleneği: Tarihî bir bakış"). Journal of Turkish Studies 18 (1994): 1–15.
- Friedmann, Yohanan. Shaykh Ahmad Sirhindi: An Outline of His Thought and a Study of His Image in the Eyes of Posterity. Oxford India Paperbacks