Moronene language
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Moronene is an Austronesian language spoken in Bombana Regency, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. It belongs to the Bungku–Tolaki branch of the Celebic subgroup.
Phonology
Moronene has the following consonant inventory:[1]
| Labial | Alveolar | Retroflex | Velar | Glottal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | ||||
| Plosive | voicelessScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | plainScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | |
| prenasalizedScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | ||||
| voicedScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | plainScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | |||
| prenasalizedScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | ||||
| Fricative | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | ||||
| Flap | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | |||||
The vowel phonemes are Script error: No such module "IPA".. Sequences of two like vowels are pronounced as a long vowel, e.g. Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA"..[1]
Grammar
Word order
Moronene has flexible word order. However, there is a high frequency of clause-initial verbs in "connected narrative discourse." Noun phrases are not marked for case.[2] The language has prepositions.
Pronouns
There are two forms of pronouns, free pronouns and absolutive clitics.[1] There are singular and plural forms, there are no dual, trial or paucal forms. There is an inclusive/exclusive distinction in the first person plural forms. There is no gender, and there appears to be no present-day politeness distinction.
| Person | Free | Absolutive | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1SG | Script error: No such module "IPA". Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". ~ Script error: No such module "IPA". ~ Script error: No such module "IPA". | |
| 2SG | Script error: No such module "IPA". Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | |
| 3SG | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA".~Script error: No such module "IPA".~Script error: No such module "IPA". | |
| 1PL (Inclusive) | Script error: No such module "IPA". Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | |
| 1PL (Exclusive) | Script error: No such module "IPA". Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | |
| 2PL | Script error: No such module "IPA". Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | |
| 3PL | Script error: No such module "IPA". Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA".~Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Genitive pronouns
There are two classes of genitive pronouns in Moronene which must be learned by speakers, which is unique among Bungku–Tolaki languages.[3] There are singular and plural forms; there are no dual, trial or paucal forms. There is an inclusive/exclusive distinction in the first person plural forms. Example (1) demonstrates the class 1 first person genitive pronoun in use with the noun 'hair'.[3]
| Person | Class 1 | Class 2 |
|---|---|---|
| 1SG | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". |
| 2SG | Script error: No such module "Lang"., | Script error: No such module "Lang". |
| 3SG | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". |
| 1PL (EX.) | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". |
| 1PL (IN) | Script error: No such module "Lang"., | Script error: No such module "Lang". |
| 2PL | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". |
| 3PL | Script error: No such module "Lang"., | Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Number
Moronene has a decimal numeral system.[4]
References
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- ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "citation/CS1"..
- ↑ Andersen, Suree. 1999. When the Moronene say no. In David Mead (ed.), Studies in Sulawesi linguistics part V, 73-112. Jakarta, Indonesia: Universitas Katolik Indonesia Atma Jaya.
- ↑ a b c Mead, David. 1998. Proto–Bungku-Tolaki: Reconstruction of its phonology and aspects of its morphosyntax. PhD dissertation. Houston: Rice University.
- ↑ Andersen, T. David. 1999. Moronene numbers. In David Mead (ed.), Studies in Sulawesi linguistics part V, 1-72. Jakarta, Indonesia: Universitas Katolik Indonesia Atma Jaya.
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Further reading
- Mead, David. 1998. Proto–Bungku-Tolaki: Reconstruction of its phonology and aspects of its morphosyntax. PhD dissertation. Houston: Rice University.
- Mead, David. 1999. The Bungku–Tolaki languages of south-eastern Sulawesi, Indonesia. Series D-91. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
- Andersen, T. David. 1999. Moronene numbers. In David Mead (ed.), Studies in Sulawesi linguistics part V, 1-72. Jakarta, Indonesia: Universitas Katolik Indonesia Atma Jaya.
- Andersen, T. David. 2006. Topicality and functional voice in Hebrew and Moronene, with application to translation. (Doctoral dissertation, Fuller Theological Seminary; 346pp.)
- Andersen, Suree. 1999. When the Moronene say no. In David Mead (ed.), Studies in Sulawesi linguistics part V, 73-112. Jakarta, Indonesia: Universitas Katolik Indonesia Atma Jaya.
- Muthalib, Abdul and Johannes F. Pattiasina and Adnan Usmar and Rambe, {}. 1983. Struktur bahasa Moronene. Ujung Pandang: PPBSIDSS. vii+136pp.
Template:Celebic languages Template:Nuclear Malayo-Polynesian languages Template:Languages of Indonesia