Moraceae

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Template:Short description Template:Automatic taxobox

Moraceae is a family of flowering plants comprising about 48 genera and over 1100 species,Template:R[1] and is commonly known as the mulberry or fig family. Most are widespread in tropical and subtropical regions, less so in temperate climates; however, their distribution is cosmopolitan overall. The only common characteristics within the family are the presence of latex-producing glands in the leaves and stems, and milky sap in the soft tissues; but generally useful field characters include two carpels sometimes with one reduced, compound inconspicuous flowers, and compound fruits.[2] The family includes well-known plants such as the common fig, breadfruit, jackfruit and mulberry.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". The 'flowers' of Moraceae are often pseudanthia (reduced inflorescences).Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

File:Ficus retusa, Moraceae, Bagh-e-Jinnah.jpg
Ficus retusa (Moraceae) in Bagh-e-Jinnah, Lahore

Description

Overall

The family varies from colossal trees like the Indian Banyan (Ficus benghalensis) which can cover Template:Cvt of ground, to Dorstenia barnimiana which is a small stemless, bulbous succulent 2–5 cm in diameter that produces a single peltate leaf on a 4–15 cm petiole. These two species have an approximately one billion fold difference in mass.[3][4]

Flowers

The individual flowers are often small, with single whorled or absent perianth. Most flowers have either petals or sepals, but not both, known as monochlamydeae, and have pistils and stamens in different flowers, known as diclinous. Except for Brosimum gaudichaudii and Castilla elastica, the perianth in all species of the Moraceae contain sepals. If the flower has an inflexed stamen, then pollen is released and distributed by wind dispersal; however, if the stamen is straight, then insect pollination is most likely to occur. Insect pollination occurs in Antiaropsis, Artocarpus, Castilla, Dorstenia, Ficus, and Mesogyne.[5]

Leaves

The leaves are much like the flowers when analyzing diversity. The leaves can be singly attached to the stem or alternating, they may be lobed or unlobed, and can be evergreen or deciduous depending on the species in question.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". The red mulberry can host numerous leaf types on the same tree. Leaves can be both lobed and unlobed and appear very different, but coexist on the same plant.[6]

Fruits and seeds

Plant species in the Moraceae are best known for their fruits. Overall, most species produced a fleshy fruit containing seeds. Examples include the breadfruit from Artocarpus altilis, the mulberry from Morus rubra, the fig from Ficus carica, and the jackfruit from Artocarpus heterophyllus.[7][8]

Taxonomy

Formerly included within the now defunct order Urticales, recent molecular studies have resulted in the family's placement within the Rosales in a clade called the urticalean rosids that also includes Ulmaceae, Celtidaceae, Cannabaceae, and Urticaceae. Cecropia, which has variously been placed in the Moraceae, Urticaceae, or their own family, Cecropiaceae, is now included in the Urticaceae.[9]

Dioecy (having individuals with separate sexes) appears to be the primitive state in Moraceae.[7] Monoecy has evolved independently at least four times within the family.

Phylogeny

Modern molecular phylogenetics suggest these relationships:[9][7][8][10] Script error: No such module "Clade".

Tribes and genera

Moraceae comprises 48 genera[11] in seven tribes.[12]

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  • Artocarpeae Lam. & DC. 1806Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Artocarpus J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (73 spp.)
    • Batocarpus H.Karst.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (3 spp.)
    • Clarisia Ruiz & Pav.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (4 spp.)
  • Chlorophoreae (syn. Maclureae W.L. Clement & Weiblen 2009Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".)
    • Maclura Nutt.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (13 spp.)
  • Parartocarpeae
    • Hullettia King ex Hook.f.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (2 spp.)
    • Parartocarpus Baill.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (2 spp.)
    • Pseudostreblus BureauScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (1 sp.)
  • Olmedieae Trécul 1847Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (syn. Castilleae)
    • Antiaris Lesch.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (1 sp.)
    • Antiaropsis K.Schum.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (2 spp.)
    • Castilla Cerv.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (3 spp.)
    • Helicostylis TréculScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (8 spp.)
    • Maquira Aubl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (4 spp.)
    • Mesogyne Engl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (1 sp.)
    • Naucleopsis Miq.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (25 spp.)
    • Olmedia Ruiz & Pav.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (1 sp.)
    • Perebea Aubl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (10 spp.)
    • Poulsenia EggersScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (1 sp.)
    • Pseudolmedia TréculScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (11 spp.)
    • Sparattosyce Bur.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (2 spp.)
    • Streblus Lour.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (5 spp.)
  • Dorstenieae Dumort. 1830Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Bleekrodea BlumeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (3 spp.)
    • Bosqueiopsis De Wild. & T.DurandScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (1 sp.)
    • Brosimum Sw.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (19 spp.)
    • Broussonetia L’Hér. ex Vent.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (4 spp.)
    • Dorstenia L.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (122 spp.)
    • Fatoua Gaudich.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (3 spp.)
    • Malaisia Blanco 1837Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (1 sp.)
    • Scyphosyce Baill.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (3 spp.)
    • Sloetia Teijsm. & Binn. ex KurzScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (1 sp.)
    • Sloetiopsis Engl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (1 sp.)
    • Trilepisium ThouarsScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (2 sp.)
    • Utsetela Pellegr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (2 sp.)
  • Ficeae Gaudich. 1830Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Ficus L.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (880 spp.)
  • Moreae Dumort. 1829Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Afromorus E.M.GardnerScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Ampalis BojerScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (2 spp.)
    • Bagassa Aubl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (1 sp.)
    • Maillardia Frapp. ex Duch.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (2 spp.)
    • Milicia SimScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (2 spp.)
    • Morus L.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (17 spp.)
    • Paratrophis BlumeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (12 spp.)
    • Sorocea A.St.-Hil.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (22 spp.)
    • Taxotrophis BlumeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (6 spp.)
    • Trophis P.BrowneScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (5 spp.)

Other genera accepted by Plants of the World Online as of April 2024Template:Dated maintenance category (articles)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".:

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  • Allaeanthus ThwaitesScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (4 spp.)
  • Calaunia Gudzins.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (1 sp.)
  • Hijmania M.D.M.ViannaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (4 spp.)
  • Prainea King ex Hook.f.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (2 spp.)
  • Treculia Decne. ex TréculScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (5 spp.)

Fossil genera and species

In addition to the living species, a number of fossil genera have been ascribed to the family:[13]

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  • Template:ExtinctAginoxylon Dupéron, 1977Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Aginoxylon moroides Dupéron, 1977Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • †Artocarpidium Unger, 1850Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • †Artocarpoides Saporta, 1865Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • †Arthmiocarpus Delevoryas, 1964Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • †Artocarpoxylon Prakash & Lalitha, 1978Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • †Becktonia M. Chandler, 1961Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • †Cornerocarpon Grote, 2013Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • †Coussapoites Pons, 1976Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • †Cudranioxylon Dupéron-Laudoueneix, 1980Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • †Ficofolium Peters, 1963Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • †Ficonium Ettingshausen, 1883Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • †Ficonium nitidum Paterson, 1934Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • †Ficonium silesiacum (Velenovský) Halamski & J. Kvaček, 2015Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • †Ficonium solanderi Ettingshausen, 1883Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • †Milicioxylon Shukla, Mehrotra, & Guleria, 2012Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • †Milicioxylon kachchhense Shukla, Mehrotra, & Guleria, 2012Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • †Moraceoipollenites Zheng, 1999Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • †Moricites Krüger, 1825Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • †Moroidea M. Chandler, 1957Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • †Moroidea baltica Dorofeev, 1982Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • †Moroidea caucasica Dorofeev, 1982Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • †Moroidea cretacea Knobloch & Mai, 1986Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • †Moroidea hordwellensis M. Chandler, 1961Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • †Moroidea reticulata Dorofeev, 1963Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • †Moroidea tymensis Dorofeev, 1963Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • †Moroxylon Selmeier, 1993Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • †Myrianthoxylon Koeniguer, 1978Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • †Ovicarpum M. Chandler, 1962Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • †Palaeokalopanax Fotjanova, 1984Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • †Paleoficus BiswasScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • †Protoficus Saporta, 1868Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • †Protoficus crenulata Saporta, 1868Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • †Protoficus crispans Langeron, 1900Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • †Protoficus dentatus Langeron, 1899Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • †Protoficus insignis Saporta, 1868Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • †Protoficus lacera Saporta, 1868Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • †Protoficus nervosa Newberry, 1883Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • †Protoficus saportae Principi, 1916Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • †Protoficus sezannensis (Watelet) Saporta, 1868Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • †Soroceaxylon Franco, 2010Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • †Ungerites Schleiden, 1855Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (syn Ficoxylon)
    • †Ungerites tropicus Schleiden, 1855Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • †Welkoetoxylon Boonchai, Manchester, & Wheeler, 2015Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

Evolution

While the fossil record of Moraceae goes back to the late Cretaceous, molecular clock estimates suggest that the family had begun to diversify by the mid-Cretaceous, with some major clades emerging during the Tertiary period.[10]

Distribution

Moraceae can be found throughout the world with a cosmopolitan distribution. The majority of species originate in the Old World tropics, particularly in Asia and the Pacific islands.[14]

See also

References

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  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
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  4. ↑ Thulin, M. et al. (2008). Flora of Somalia, Vol. 1–4 https://plants.jstor.org/collection/FLOS
  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Cite error: Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".
  12. ↑ Gardner, E.M., Garner, M., Cowan, R., Dodsworth, S., Epitawalage, N., Arifiani, D., Sahromi, Baker, W.J., Forest, F., Maurin, O., Zerega, N.J.C., Monro, A.K. and Hipp, A. (2021), Repeated parallel losses of inflexed stamens in Moraceae: Phylogenomics and generic revision of the tribe Moreae and the reinstatement of the tribe Olmedieae (Moraceae).Taxon, 70: 946-988. https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.12526
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".

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External links

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Template:Moraceae genera Template:Angiosperm families Template:Taxonbar Template:Authority control

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