Montricoux

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Montricoux (Script error: No such module "IPA".; Template:Langx) is a commune in the Tarn-et-Garonne department in the Occitanie region in southern France. It is located along the banks of the Aveyron, between Nègrepelisse and Bruniquel. The written history of the commune dates back to the eighth century. The Template:ILL, built by the Knights Templar, now houses the Template:ILL Museum, which preserves 130 drawings, pastels, watercolors, oils, and frescoes by this artist, a resident of the town.

Geography

On the right bank of the Aveyron, Montricoux, with an area of 2644 hectares, lies in lower Quercy where the river leaves the limestone gorges of the Massif Central for the plain. Thus its nickname, “Portes des Gorges de l’Aveyron”, (Gates of the Aveyron Gorges).[2]

Etymology

The first known name of Montricoux was “Mormacus” then “Mons-Riculfi“ which in langue d’Oc became “Mont-Ricolf” and later “Mont-Ricos”, which means “rough, harsh mountain.”

History

The nearby site archaeological site of Template:ILL in Saint Antonin dates to the end of the Upper Paleolithic (Magdalenian). Flints from northwestern France and the ]Périgord have been found in Montricoux and a number of other sites in the Aveyron valley, providing evidence for the travel of ancient nomads through the region.[3]

Stone axes have been found in nearby St Laurent, and these and the cave dwellings, flints, dolmens and a tumulus known as the Tombeau du Géant (Giant’s Tomb) in the nearby forest of Bretou indicate a human presence since very early times.[4] An Iron Age tumulus has been discovered in a Montricoux locality named "Quartou”[5] and a line of dolmens, possibly Bronze Age, stretches from Montricoux to Puylaroque.[6]

Several Roman roads passed through the municipality:[4]

The town was known as Mormacus in this period, and archaeologists have found Roman coins there stamped with this name.[4]

It was still known as Mormac in 767 when King Pepin the Short, honoring a vow made before his victory over Waiofar the Duke of Aquitaine, donated the land and the monastery of Saint Antonin to the monks who lived there.[10]

The 13th-century keep of the Template:Ill dominates the cityscape of Montricoux. The Vaour commandery of the Knights Templar built it on land they had obtained in 1181[10] in a land swap with the monks of Saint Antonin.[11] Article 13 of the city charter of January 6, 1277 forbade the townspeople from fishing in their pond, which has since disappeared as the river receded.[12]

File:Castle of Montricoux 06.jpg
Castle window

Philip IV of France ordered the mass arrest of the Knights Templar in 1307.[13] He gave their castle in Montricoux to his squire, Esquieu de Floyran,[14] who had denounced the Templars as heretics. De Florian lost the château in 1322 to the Hospitaliers.[15] On 22 March 1312 Clement V’s Papal bull Vox in excelso abolished the Templars.[16] The May 1312 bull Ad Providam allocated all Templar assets to the Knights Hospitaller.[17]

Unlike many neighboring towns, Montricoux remained Catholic during the French Wars of Religion.[5] Nearby Montauban in particular had a long history of religious dissidence. The first Calvinist attack in 1561 did little damage to Montricoux,[2] but later attacks destroyed part of the town and almost all of the château burned down,[18] except for the keep.[5] The de Malartic family rebuilt the château in the early 18th century.[18]

Louis XIII visited Montricoux in 1626 during the sieges of St Antonin and Nègrepelisse[10] Louis had taken St Antonin in 1622, and demolished its walls and much of the city. It avoided a massacre such as Nègrepelisse had suffered only by paying a hefty ransom.[19] Before that he had laid siege to nearby Montauban from August to November 1621[20] but had had to abandon that effort when many of his men fell ill.

File:Eglise Montricoux7.jpg
Saint-Pierre

The church of Saint Pierre until 1790 belonged to the Order of Saint-Jean-de-Jérusalem.[21] The entrance porch, built in the same style as the 13th century abbey of Beaulieu,[21] is the oldest part of the church.

File:Eglise Montricoux2.jpg
Steeple

The steeple dates from 1549.[2] Like those at Nègrepelisse, Caussade, and the Basilica of Saint Sernin,[4] it is of "Toulouse style",[22] an octagonal brick tower with miter windows on a square stone socle, flanked by a turret. Gargoyles on each corner serve as downspouts.[21]

File:Montricoux colombages dans une ruelle.jpg
Timbered houses

Today the streets of Montricoux offer many fine examples of timber framing,[2] many of them dating from a period of rebuilding after the Hundred Years’ War.[23]

Members of the maquis, the decentralized French Resistance movement in World War II, were captured in Montricoux and hanged on July 23, 1944 by German soldiers. The Germans had intended to leave the bodies on display but yielded to the protestations of a local pharmacist.[24]

Historic sites and monuments

  • The church of Saint-Pierre de Montricoux
The interior has a fresco of the Annunciation by Marcel-Lenoir (1923).[25]
File:Eglise Montricoux9.jpg
Saint-Pierre
The nave and the lower part of the steeple date from the 12th-13th centuries.[26] The steeple and entrance were registered in 1914 as monuments historiques.[26] Several objects in the church, such as the baptismal font, are registered in the base Palissy.[26]
  • Église Saint-Laurent (Saint Lawrence) of Saint-Laurent-Nord, a former possession of the priory of Saint-Antonin-Noble-Val, then of the Knights Templar.[27] The building is referenced in the base Mérimée and in the Inventaire général Région Occitanie (General Inventory of the Occitanie Region).[28]
  • Château de Montricoux, former commandery of the Knights Templar; only the keep remains of the original building, damaged during the French Revolution.[2]
File:Castle of Montricoux 05.jpg
Templar keep
Deeded to the Templars May 14, 1181.[29]
Taken, pillaged and burned by Calvinists in 1568. Keep separately registered as a monument historique 7 November 1927.[30]
File:Castle of Montricoux 02.jpg
Chateau
  • Place Marcel-Lenoir[31]
  • public wash-basin in Saint-Laurent.
  • Church of Saint-Benoît de Castres (ruin){{refn|Script error: No such module "Coordinates"., which also belonged to the priory of Saint-Antonin then to the Templars.[27]
  • The old city walls. Traces of the ramparts remain, flanked by three semi-circular towers.[32] Another tower behind the church was destroyed. Three gates topped by turrets also once gave entry to the town: a low gate to the west, the high gate to the east, and the Saint-Antoine gate facing the river.[2]

See also

Notes

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References

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  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ a b c d e f Montricoux: Histoire (municipal site)
  3. ↑ Les voies de communication au Paléolithique supérieur en Aquitaine Nord: L'exemple du Haut-Agenais. André Morala, Paléo: Revue d'Archéologie Préhistorique, page 32. (in French) via persée.fr
  4. ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ a b c Présentation de la commune de Montricoux (in French) Base Mérimée IA82114219, Ministry of Culture, France
  6. ↑ Essai de géographie des temps préhistoriques et gallo-romains en Moyenne Garonne (Essay on Prehistoric and Gallo-Roman Geography in the Middle Garonne). Pierre Deffontaines, Revue géographique des Pyrénées et du Sud-Ouest. Sud-Ouest Européen, 1932 3-3 p. 275 (in French) via persée.fr
  7. ↑ Société, 367
  8. ↑ Société, 362
  9. ↑ Société, 364
  10. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Cartulaire des Templiers de Vaour (Tarn) Part 1 of Archives historiques de l'Albigeois. ISSN 2118-7967 Part 1 of Archives historiques de l'Albigeois. p.ix. Public. périod. de la Soc. d. sc., arts et b.-l. du Tarn. Templars. France. Vaour (Commandery). Charles Portal, Edmond Cabié, eds. Nouguiès, 1894. (In French) via Google Books, University of Wisconsin - Madison
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ Barbara Frale, 'The Chinon chart Papal absolution to the last Templar, Master Jacques de Molay', The Journal of Medieval History, Vol. 30, Issue 2 (2004), p. 117
  14. ↑ Études historiques et archéologiques sur le département de Tarn-et-Garonne. Jean-Ursule Devals, F. le Blanc-Hardel, 1866. (in French) via British Library, Google Scholar. p.93
  15. ↑ Journal des savants. Volume 6. Pierre Claude François Daunou, Pierre Antoine Lebrun, Charles Giraud, Barthélemy Hauréau, Léopold Delisle, Gaston Bruno Paulin Paris, René Cagnat, Alfred Merlin eds. Académie des inscriptions & belles-lettres (France), Institut de France, Éditions Klincksieck, 1908. (In French) Princeton University, Google Books
  16. ↑ Anne Gilmour-Bryson, The Trial of the Templars in the Papal State and the Abruzzi, (Vatican City, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, 1982), p. 15
  17. ↑ Malcolm Barber, The new knighthood: a history of the Order of the Temple (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1998), p. 304
  18. ↑ a b Château, actuellement musée Marcel Lenoir (Castle, now Marcel Lenoir Museum) Mérimée IA82114071, French Ministry of Culture
  19. ↑ Batailles françaises, colonel Édouard Hardy de Périni, volume 3, 1621-1643.
  20. ↑ French Armies of the Thirty Years' War: Soldiers of the past. Stéphane Thion, LRT Editions, 2013. ISBN 2917747013, 9782917747018. p. 123
  21. ↑ a b c Église paroissiale Saint-Pierre Mérimée IA82114070
  22. ↑ Les clochers toulousains (Toulousian steeples). Francis Salet, Bulletin Monumental, 1966 124-1 p.75 (in French) via persée.fr
  23. ↑ Étude archéologique de deux maisons en pan-de-bois mitoyennes (seconde moitié du XVe siècle - XIXe siècle) (Archaeological Study of Two Adjoining Half-timbered Houses (Second Half of the 15th Century to the 19th Century). Léa Gerardin, Archéologie du Midi Médiéval 2013 p. 188 (in French) via persée.fr
  24. ↑ Un maire courageux (A Brave Mayor). Eugène-Humbert Guitard, Revue d'Histoire de la Pharmacie, 1952, v 135 p. 471. (in French) via persée.fr
  25. ↑ Marcel-Lenoir et la fresque (Marcel-Leonor and Fresco), Marie-Ange Namy. Revue de Patrimoines, Vol 22 (2013).
  26. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  27. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1"., Template:Gallica.
  28. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".Mérimée IA82113707
  29. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1"., Template:Gallica
  30. ↑ Donjon, dit Tour d'Almayrac (Keep, Known as Tower of Almayrac) Template:Mérimée
  31. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  32. ↑ Société, 307

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Bibliography

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