Monterey Formation

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File:Hazard Reef at MdO, SLO.jpg
Upper Miocene Migeulito member exposed at Hazard Reef, Montana de Oro State Park. This is the first onshore outcrop of the Monterey Formation south of the Monterey Peninsula. Large exposures continue south along the coast, often associated with important oilfields.
File:Tar volcano in the Carpinteria Asphalt mine.jpg
Tar "volcano" in the old Carpinteria Asphalt mine. Heavy oil exudes from joint cracks in the upturned Monterey shale forming the floor of mine. 1906 photo, U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 321

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File:Monterey-fold.jpg
Fold in Monterey Formation
File:Pinnixa galliheri 01 SR EC 07-01-04.jpg
Fossil crab (Pinnixa galliheri), Monterey Formation, Pacific Grove, California. Carapace is about 3 cm. wide.
File:Diatomite (diatomaceous earth) Monterey Formation at a diatomite quarry just south of Lompoc.jpg
Diatomite (diatomaceous earth), Monterey Formation, from a diatomite quarry just south of Lompoc
File:Tar Sandstone California.jpg
Heavy oil saturated sandstone from a unit of the Monterey Formation.

The Monterey Formation is an extensive Miocene oil-rich geological sedimentary formation in California, with outcrops of the formation in parts of the California Coast Ranges, Peninsular Ranges, and on some of California's off-shore islands. The type locality is near the city of Monterey, California.[1] The Monterey Formation is the major source-rock for 37 to 38 billion barrels of oil in conventional traps such as sandstones.[2] This is most of California's known oil resources.[3] The Monterey has been extensively investigated and mapped for petroleum potential, and is of major importance for understanding the complex geological history of California. Its rocks are mostly highly siliceous strata that vary greatly in composition, stratigraphy, and tectono-stratigraphic history.

The US Energy Information Administration (EIA) estimated in 2014 that the 1,750 square mile Monterey Formation could, as an unconventional resource, yield about 600 million barrels of oil, from tight oil contained in the formation, down sharply from their 2011 estimate of a potential 15.4 billion barrels.[4][5] An independent review by the California Council on Science and Technology found both of these estimates to be "highly uncertain."[6] Despite intense industry efforts, there has been little success to date (2013) in producing Monterey-hosted tight oil/shale oil, except in places where it is already naturally fractured, and it may be many years, if ever, before the Monterey becomes a significant producer of shale oil.[7]

The Monterey Formation strata vary. Its lower Miocene members show indications of weak coastal upwelling, with fossil assemblages and calcareous-siliceous rocks formed from diatoms and coccolithophorids. Its middle and upper Miocene upwelling-rich assemblages, and its unique highly siliceous rocks from diatom-rich plankton, became diatomites, porcelainites, and banded cherts.[8] It generally dates to between 16 and 7 million years ago, but some sections are as early as 18 million years old or as young as 6 million years old. Most of the formation's sediments appear to represent siliceous shales deposited at the edge of the continental shelf or in abyssal plains in the lower to middle bathyal zone. These deep-sea sediments were brought to the surface via tectonic activity. A similar depositional environment and geologic history is known for the adjacent, contemporaneous Modelo Formation, which preserves a similar paleobiota.[9]

Shale oil resources and exploitation

The Monterey formation has long been recognized as the primary source of the oil produced from other formations in Southern California; the Monterey itself has been very productive where it is naturally fractured. Since 2011, the possibility that hydraulic fracturing might make the Monterey Shale productive over large areas has gained widespread public attention.[10]

According to the US Energy Information Administration (EIA) in 2011, the Script error: No such module "convert". Monterey Shale Formation contained more than half of the United States's total estimated technically recoverable shale oil (tight oil contained in shale, as distinct from oil shale) resource, about Script error: No such module "convert"..[11] In 2012, the EIA revised its recoverable volume downward, to Script error: No such module "convert"..[12] As of 2013 advances in hydraulic fracturing commonly called "fracking," and the high price of oil resulted in spirited bidding by oil companies for leases. Occidental Petroleum and Venoco were reported to have been major players. The deposit lies Script error: No such module "convert". below the surface.

A widely cited March 2013 study released by the University of Southern California (USC) estimated that if extensive resource play development of the Monterey through hydraulic fracturing were successful, it could generate as many as 2.8 million jobs and as much as $24.6 billion in state and local taxes.[13] However, observers have pointed out that as of 2012, however large its theoretical potential, no one as yet has succeeded in making the Monterey Shale widely economic through hydraulic fracturing; to date it has been economic only in those limited locations already naturally fractured.[14]

Richard Behl, a geology professor who heads the "Monterey And Related Sediments" (MARS) consortium at California State University Long Beach, said that "The [EIA] numbers probably were overblown, but it was a simple method and had an essence of truth." Compared to other shale oil plays, the Monterey formation is much thicker and more laterally extensive, but also much more geologically complex and deformed. See the linked photos from a field trip to Monterey outcrops at Vandenberg Air Force Base. "To say California geology is complex is an understatement. ... The Monterey play is no slam-dunk."[15] In 2013, Bakken shale-oil pioneer Harold Hamm said the Monterey "might have a lot of potential, but there are reasons why it’s not being produced."[16]

J. David Hughes, a Canadian geoscientist and Fellow of Post Carbon Institute, published a report[5] in December 2013 analyzing the assumptions behind the EIA's forecast of Monterey tight oil production and the USC's forecast of resulting job and tax revenue growth. He found the EIA report's assumptions on prospective well productivity to be "extremely optimistic," and the total estimate of 15.4 billion barrels of recoverable oil "highly overstated." He also found the USC study's assumption that development of the Monterey shale could increase California oil production as much as seven-fold to be "unfounded," and the economic projections regarding jobs and tax revenue to be "extremely suspect."[17]

Source rock

The Monterey Formation is considered the source of 84% of the oil in known fields of the San Joaquin Basin, a total of 12.2 billion barrels of oil. Of this, 112 million barrels of oil in known fields is produced from the Monterey itself.[18]

The Monterey formation is the source for such giant oilfields as the Kern River, Elk Hills, Midway-Sunset Oil Field,[15] and probable source for the overlying North and South Belridge Oil Fields.

History

Monterey Formation oil was discovered at the Orcutt Oil Field in the Santa Maria Basin of Santa Barbara County in 1901. This was quickly followed by other Monterey discoveries nearby, including the Cat Canyon Oil Field and Lompoc Oil Field. Each of these early Monterey discoveries depended on natural fractures in the Monterey.

The Monterey Formation is one of the reservoirs in the Elk Hills Oil Field as well as one of the reservoirs (Belridge Diatomite) of the Lost Hills Oil Field, both located in Kern County.[19]

Major Monterey production was also discovered in offshore oil fields, such as the South Ellwood Oil Field in the Santa Barbara Channel,[20] and the Point Arguello Field in the Santa Maria Basin.[21]Template:Rp

The North Shafter and Rose oil fields of Kern County, which produce primarily from the Monterey Formation, were discovered in 1983, but attempts to produce the oil have not been highly economic.[22] Some horizontal wells were drilled in the Rose field in the early 2000s, with 2,500-foot lateral lengths and single-stage open-hole fracs; the results were said to be improvements over vertical wells.[23]

Carbon dioxide injection has been tested in the Monterey shale, with mixed results. "The main problem was that the carbon dioxide didn't increase production as much as hoped. ... That could be because the rock formation is so jumbled up, it's hard to find the right spot in which to inject the carbon dioxide."[24]

Oil companies such as Occidental Petroleum are using acidizing to stimulate production in Monterey wells, and other companies are experimenting with proprietary mixes of hydrochloric and hydrofluoric acids. "There's a lot of discussion around the Monterey Shale that it doesn't require fracking, that acidizing will be enough to open up the rock," said Chris Faulkner, chief executive officer of Breitling Oil and Gas.[25]

Opposition and regulation

The Monterey Formation underlies the southern half of the San Joaquin Valley, a prime agricultural region. The possibility of environmental damage has caused some farmers in Kern County to press for close regulation of hydraulic fracturing.[26]

Opponents say that hydraulic fracturing poses risks in the seismically active region.[27]

The California legislature passed a bill regulating fracking in September 2013. Some environmentalists criticised the bill as being too lax.[28] Some environmentalists promised not to rest until fracking is banned completely. Oil industry representatives criticized the bill as too restrictive. The measure was supported by state Sen. Fran Pavley, author of a fracking bill defeated the previous year.[29] The bill, which Governor Jerry Brown promised to sign, provided for disclosure of chemical used, pre-testing of nearby water wells, and a study on environmental and safety issues to be completed by January 2015.[30] Given the very limited success with fracking the Monterey to date, some find the controversy "much ado about little." [16]

In Santa Barbara County, Santa Maria Energy LLC (SME) has proposed a total of 136 wells in the Monterey formation that would use cyclic steam injection to produce tight oil. In 2013, the county planning commission declined its staff's recommendation to approve the project, calling for more study on concerns raised by environmentalists about greenhouse-gas emissions.[24] The County Board of Supervisors approved the proposed project on November 18, 2013, and SME was cited as a model operator and applicant during the proceedings.

Vertebrate paleofauna

The Monterey Formation preserves a very diverse, primarily marine assemblage of fossil taxa. The most diverse assemblage with the most well-preserved, articulated specimens originates from the presumably Tortonian-aged diatomite deposits exposed in the former Celite Company/Johns Mansfield quarry in Lompoc. However, the age and even formation of these deposits is disputed, as some sources attribute them to the overlying Sisquoc Formation instead.[31]

Cartilaginous fish

Based on the Paleobiology Database:[32]

Genus Species Location Member Material Notes Images
Carcharhinus C. sp. Leisure World A requiem shark. File:Carcharhinus hemiodon nmfs 2.png
Carcharodon C. arnoldi Lompoc A relative of the great white shark.
C. hastalis File:Lamnidae - Isurus hastalis.JPG
C. planus Leisure World
Cetorhinus C. sp. Leisure World A relative of the basking shark. File:Requin pellerin Cetorhinus maximus.jpg
Galeocerdo G. aduncus Aliso Viejo A relative of the tiger shark. File:Galeocerdo cuvier01.jpg
Hexanchus H. sp. A sixgill shark. File:Hexanchus griseus (Bluntnose sixgill shark).gif
Isurus I. sp. A mako shark. File:Isurus oxyrinchus.jpg
Myliobatis sp. Laguna Niguel, Leisure World An eagle ray. File:Myliobatis hamlyni.jpg
Otodus O. megalodon Altamira Shale, Laguna Niguel, Leisure World, El Toro Altamira Shale, Lower A megatooth shark, the megalodon. File:Otodus megalodon restoration.png
Sphyrna S. sp. Laguna Niguel A hammerhead shark. File:Sphyrna couardi.gif
Strongyliscus S. robustus Lompoc Isolated dorsal spine A bullhead shark.

Bony fish

Based on Fierstine et al (2012) and the Paleobiology Database.[32][33]

Genus Species Location Member Material Notes Images
Acipenseridae indet. Mission Viejo Disarticulated partial skeleton. A sturgeon of uncertain affinities.
Achrestogrammus A. achrestus Lompoc Articulated partial skeleton A presumed greenling.
Araeosteus A. rothi Lompoc Articulated skeletons A relative of the prowfish.
Argyropelecus A. affinis Valmonte Diatomite Articulated skeletons, whereabouts uncertain The modern Pacific hatchetfish. File:FMIB 53392 Argyropelecus alfinis Brauer (Valdivia).jpeg
A. bullockii Lompoc Articulated skeletons A marine hatchetfish.
Bathylagus B. angelensis Bairdstown, El Modena, Lompoc Articulated skeletons A deep-sea smelt. File:Bathylagus euryops 46786071731.jpg
Bolbocara B. gyrinus Lompoc Articulated skeleton A grenadier. File:Bolbocara cropped.png
Chauliodus C. eximius Lompoc Articulated skeletons A viperfish. File:Chauliodus eximus LACM.jpg
Cyclothone (=Rogenio) C. cf. solitudinis Bairdstown Articulated skeleton A bristlemouth. File:Cyclothone microdon1.jpg
C. sp. El Modena
Cynoscion C. eprepes Lompoc Partial articulated skeletons A weakfish. File:Cynoscion nebulosus.jpg
Decapterus D. hopkinsi Articulated skeletons A mackerel scad. File:Decapterus punctatus.jpg
Drimys D. defensor Lompoc Articulated skeleton A barracudina. File:Drimys Seriola.JPG
Eclipes E. cf. extensus Altamira Shale Articulated skeletons A cod.
E. manni Lompoc
E. veternus El Modena
Emmachaere E. rhomalea (=E. rhachites) Lompoc Articulated skeletons. A goosefish.
Eoscorpius E. primaevus Bairdstown Lost partial skeleton A presumed sablefish, but potentially a scombrid.
Etringus E. sp. Altamira Shale Scales A herring.
Eriquius E. plectrodes Lompoc Articulated skeleton. A surfperch.
Eritima E. evides Bairdstown Articulated skeleton. A cardinalfish.
Euleptorhamphus E. peronides Lompoc Articulated skeletons. A halfbeak. Attribution to Euleptorhamphus doubted. File:FMIB 42409 Euleptorhamphus longirostris (Cuvier).jpeg
Euzaphleges E. longurio Lompoc Articulated skeletons. A euzaphlegid scombroid. File:Euzaphleges longurio.JPG
Evesthes E. jordani Lompoc Articulated skeletons. A large-tooth flounder.
Forfex F. hypuralis Pine Canyon Articulated skeleton A forficid beloniform.[34]
Ganoessus G. clepsydra El Modena Articulated skeleton. A herring.
G. michaelis Buttle Articulated skeleton.
Ganolytes G. aratus Lompoc Articulated skeleton. A herring.
Gasterosteus G. aculeatus Lompoc Articulated skeletons. The modern three-spined stickleback. File:Three-spined stickleback 2.jpg
Hexagrammidae indet. Lompoc Lost headless skeleton A greenling.
Hippoglossoides H. pristinus Lompoc Articulated skeleton A righteye flounder. File:Hippoglossoides platessoides.jpg
Hipposyngnathus H. imporcitor Lompoc Articulated skeletons A pipefish. File:Hipposyngnathus neriticus Oligozän Jamna Dolna Polen Ch1817.jpg
Ioscion I. morgani Lompoc Lost partial articulated skeleton An ioscionid percomorph, potential carangid affinities.
Istiophoridae indet. Predentary A marlin of uncertain affinities.
Lampanyctus (=Engraulites) L. remifer Lompoc Articulated skeletons. A lanternfish, formerly considered an anchovy. File:Lampanyctus macdonaldi.jpg
Lampanyctinae indet. Lompoc Articulated skeleton A lanternfish.
Lampris L. zatima Lompoc, El Capitan Beach Articulated partial skeletons A relative of the opah. File:Lampris zatima 2.jpg
Lirosceles L. elegans Lompoc Articulated skeleton A cottid sculpin.
Lompoquia L. culveri Lompoc Articulated skeleton A drumfish. File:Lompoquia retropes.JPG
L. retropes
Makaira M. nigricans (sensu lato) Rostral fragment The modern blue marlin. File:Blue marlin (Duane Raver).png
Megalops ?M. vigilax (=Starrias ischyrus) Lompoc Articulated partial skeleton A tarpon. File:Tarpon.jpg
Molidae indet. An ocean sunfish.
Ocystias O. sagitta Lompoc Lost articulated skeleton A scombrid.
Ophiodon O. ozymandias Lompoc Partial articulated segment A relative of the lingcod. File:Ophiodon ozymandias.jpg
Opisthonema O. palosverdensis Altamira Shale Articulated skeleton A thread herring. File:Opisthonema oglinum RR 090120 0991 (50358043746).jpg
Ozymandias O. gilberti Lompoc Vertebral segment, skull A scombrid.
Paralichthys P. antiquus Lompoc Head, body fragment A large-tooth flounder. File:FMIB 51521 Summer Flounder; Plaice Paralichthys dentatus.jpeg
Plectrites P. classeni Lompoc Articulated skeletons A seabream.
Pleuronichthys P. veliger Lompoc Articulated skeleton A righteye flounder. File:Pleuronichthys decurrens, Curlfin Sole, upper surface.jpg
Protanthias P. fossilis Lompoc Articulated skeleton An anthias.
Pseudoseriola P. sanctaeineziae Lompoc Articulated skeleton A relative of the bluefish.
Quaesita Q. quisquilia El Modena Articulated skeletons A deep-sea smelt.
Quisque Q. gilberti El Modena Slab with numerous articulated skeletons. A herring.
Rythmias R. starri Lompoc Articulated skeletons A seabream.
Sarda S. stockii Lompoc Lost partial skeleton A bonito. File:Sarda sarda.jpg
Scomber S. cf. japonicus (=Turio wilburi, T. culveri, Thyrsion velox, Pneumatophorus cf. grex) Lompoc Articulated skeletons A true mackerel, tentatively referred to the modern chub mackerel. File:Scomber japonicus drawing.jpg
S. sanctaemonicae (=Auxides sanctaemonicae) Brown's Canyon Partial articulated skeleton A true mackerel.[35]
Scomberessus S. acutillus El Modena Articulated skeletons. A saury, possibly conspecific with Scomberesox edwardsi.
Scorpaena S. ensiger El Modena Articulated skeletons A scorpionfish. File:Scorpaena colorata.jpg
Scorpaenidae indet. (=Lutjanus hagari) El Modena Articulated skeleton A scorpionfish, potentially in Stereolepis.
Sebastes S. apostates Lompoc Articulated skeletons A rockfish. File:Sebastes melanops drawing.jpg
S. davidi
S. defunctus
S. ineziae
S. longirostris
S. porteousi
S. thermophilus
S. velox
Sebastinus S. sp. Lompoc Lost specimen A rockfish.
Seriola S. sanctaebarbarae Lompoc Articulated skeletons An amberjack. File:Seriola sanctae barbarae.JPG
Syngnathus S. avus Bairdstown, El Modena Articulated skeletons A pipefish. File:Syngnathus rostellatus.jpg
Thyrsocles T. kriegeri Lompoc Articulated skeletons A euzaphlegid. File:Euzaphlegidae.JPG
Thunnus T. starksi Lompoc Articulated skeleton, head fragment A tuna. File:Thunnus thynnus.jpg
T. sp. Altamira Shale Articulated skeleton, fragments
Trossulus ?T. exoletus Lompoc Lost articulated skeletons A presumed euzaphlegid.
Tunita T. octavia El Modena Partial articulated skeleton A scombrid.
Xestias X. iratus Lompoc Skull, articulated skeleton A scombrid.
Xyne X. grex Lompoc Multiple slabs with numerous articulated skeletons A herring, known from huge fossilized mass mortality assemblages of spawning individuals.
Xyrinius X. barbarae Carpenteria Lost skeletons A herring that may be potentially conspecific with Xyne grex. It is uncertain whether X. houshi is from the Monterey Formation.
X. elmodenae El Modena
?X. houshi
Zanteclites Z. hubbsi Bairdstown Articulated skeleton A Neotropical silverside.
Zelosis Z. hadleyi El Modena Articulated skeleton A halfbeak.

Birds

Based on the Paleobiology Database:[32]

Genus Species Location Member Material Notes Images
Aethia A. rossmoori Lower An auklet. File:Aethia psittacula -Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska, USA -two-8.jpg
Alcodes A. ulnulus Lower A Lucas auk.
Cerorhinca C. dubia Lompoc A relative of the rhinoceros auklet. File:Wiki-utou2.jpg
C. sp. Lower
Diomedea D. sp. A great albatross. File:Diomedea exulans - SE Tasmania.jpg
Fulmarus F. hammeri Lower A fulmar. File:Southern Fulmar - Eaglehawk Neck.jpg
Gavia G. brodkorbi A loon. File:PacificLoon24.jpg
Limosa L. vanrossemi Lompoc A godwit. File:Black-tailed Godwit Uferschnepfe.jpg
Morus M. lompocanus Lompoc, Monterey A gannet. File:Morus bassanus adu.jpg
M. magnus
M. media (=Miosula)[36] Lompoc
M. willetti (=Sula willetti)[36] Lompoc
Microsula M. sp. Lower A sulid.
Miomancalla M. wetmorei A Lucas auk. File:Photograph and line drawing of the skull of Miomancalla howardi compared with the skull of Pinguinus impennis cropped.jpg
Oceanodroma O. sp. A storm petrel.
Osteodontornis O. orri Tepusquet Creek A pseudotooth bird. File:Osteodontornis BW cropped.png
Palaeoscinis P. turdirostris Tepusquet Creek Articulated skeleton A songbird.
Phoebastria P. anglica A North Pacific albatross. File:Starr 080614-9950 Phoebastria immutabilis.jpg
Procellaridae indet. Tepusquet Creek A tubenose of uncertain affinities.
Praemancalla P. lagunensis Lower A Lucas auk.
Presbychen P. abavus Lower A goose.
Puffinus P. barnesi A shearwater.
P. calhouni Lower File:Manx Shearwater.JPG
P. diatomicus Lompoc
P. priscus Lower
Uria U. brodkorbi Lompoc Articulated skeleton. A murre. File:Bulletin (1971-) (20235204818).jpg

Reptiles

Based on the Paleobiology Database:[32]

Genus Species Location Member Material Notes Images
Crocodylia indet. A crocodilian of uncertain affinities.
aff. Dermochelys D. sp. Lower A potential relative of the leatherback turtle. File:Dermochelys coriacea (beach).jpg
Psephophorus P. sp. Lower A dermochelyid sea turtle. File:Psephophorus sp. LACM.jpg

Mammals

Cetaceans

Genus Species Location Member Material Notes Images
Albicetus A. oxymycterus Santa Barbara A physeteroid toothed whale. File:Skeletal reconstruction in right lateral view of the skull of Albicetus.png
Albireonidae indet. Laguna Niguel An albireonid toothed whale.
Atocetus A. nasalis Laguna Niguel A kentriodontid toothed whale. File:Atocetus iquensis skull 4554.jpg
"Balaenoptera" "B." ryani Monterey Bay A baleen whale of uncertain affinities.
Delphinapterinae indet. Laguna Niguel A relative of the beluga whale.
Delphinavus D. newhalli Suey Ranch A delphinidan of uncertain affinities.
aff. Kampholophos K. sp. El Toro A kentriodontid toothed whale.
Kogiidae indet. Laguna Niguel A relative of the dwarf sperm whales.
Liolithax L. kernensis El Toro, Leisure World A kentriodontid toothed whale.
aff. Messapicetus M. sp. Laguna Niguel A beaked whale. File:Messapicetus gregarius e M. longirostris.jpg
Mixocetus M. sp. Laguna Niguel A tranatocetid baleen whale. File:Mixocetus elysius LACM.jpg
Nannocetus N. sp. Laguna Niguel A cetothere.
Norrisanima N. miocaena Lompoc A stem-rorqual whale.
Piscolithax P. tedfordi Laguna Niguel A porpoise.
Pithanodelphis P. sp. Laguna Niguel, El Toro A kentriodontid toothed whale.
Salumiphocaena S. stocktoni Palos Verdes, El Toro Valmonte A porpoise.
Scaldicetus S. sp. El Toro A physeterid toothed whale. File:Scaldicetus grandis cropped.jpg
Zarhinocetus Z. errabundus Aliso Viejo Lower An allodelphinid toothed whale.

Perissodactylans

Genus Species Location Member Material Notes Images
Pliohippus P. sp. El Toro An equine. File:Pliohippus pernix Wikipedia Juandertal.jpg

Desmostylians

Genus Species Location Member Material Notes Images
Desmostylus D. hesperus Monterey Bay, San Luis Obispo, Solvang, Palos Verdes, Leisure World A desmostylian. File:Desmostylus 3 NT.jpg
Jamilcotatus J. boreios Santa Cruz Island A desmostylian, not officially named.
Neoparadoxia N. cecilialina Mission Viejo A paleoparadoxiid desmostylian. File:Neoparadoxia cecilialina LACM.jpg
Paleoparadoxia P. sp. Palos Verdes, Leisure World Altamira Shale A paleoparadoxiid desmostylian. File:Palaeoparadoxia recon.jpg

Carnivorans

Genus Species Location Member Material Notes Images
Allodesmus A. cf. sinanoensis Leisure World Lower A desmatophocid pinniped.
Atopotarus A. courseni Palos Verdes Altamira A desmatophocid pinniped. File:Atopotarus courseni LACM 1376.jpg
Borophagus B. sp. El Toro A borophagine canid. File:Borophagus cropped 2.png
Imagotaria I. downsi Lompoc, Laguna Niguel, Leisure World An odobenid pinniped. File:Imagotaria downsi.jpg
Monachinae indet. Laguna Niguel A monachine seal.
Pithanotaria P. starri Lompoc, Mission Viejo, Laguna Niguel An eared seal. File:Pithanotaria starri.jpg
Pontolis P. barroni Aliso Viejo An odobenid pinniped. File:Pontolis barroni LACM.jpg
P. cf. magnus Palos Verdes Valmonte File:Pontolis magnus.jpg

Sirenians

Genus Species Location Member Material Notes Images
Dioplotherium D. allisoni El Toro Lower A dugongid related to the dugong. File:Dioplotherium manigaulti.jpg
Dusisiren D. dewana Upper A dugongid related to Steller's sea cow. File:Dusisiren jordani life restoration.jpg
D. jordani Lompoc, Moulton Ranch, Laguna Niguel, Leisure World
Metaxytherium M. sp. Leisure World A dugongid. File:Metaxytherium albifontanum.jpg

Paleoflora

The Monterey Formation contains some of the few examples of fossilized non-calcareous algae in the world, which tend to be preserved in diatomite.[37]

Brown algae

Genus Species Location Member Material Notes Images
Paleocystophora P. subopposita A brown algae, family Cystoseiraceae.
Paleohalidrys P. californica A brown algae, family Cystoseiraceae.
P. occidentalis
P. superba
Julescraneia J. grandicornis A kelp, family Lessoniaceae.

Plants (green and red algae)

Genus Species Location Member Material Notes Images
Caulerpites C. denticulata A green alga.
Chondrides C. flexilis A red alga.
Paleosiphonia P. oppositiclada A red alga.

See also

References

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  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ Monterey Shale Gets New Look, AAPG Explorer, Nov 2010. Accessed 03/21/2014
  3. ↑ The Monterey Formation of California: New Research Directions by Richard J. Behl, California State University, Long Beach, 2012
  4. ↑ Sahagun, Louis (May 21, 2014) "U.S. officials cut estimate of recoverable Monterey Shale oil by 96%" Los Angeles Times
  5. ↑ a b Drilling California: A Reality Check on the Monterey Shale J. David Hughes, Post Carbon Institute, 2013.
  6. ↑ CCST Releases Report on Well Stimulation Technologies, August 28, 2014. "The 2011 EIA report suggested 15-billion barrels of recoverable oil in these source rocks but a subsequent 2014 correction by EIA reduced the estimate to 0.6 billion barrels. Recovering these resources would certainly require well stimulation. However, Berkeley Lab investigators found no reports of successful production from these deep source rocks and had questions about the EIA estimation methodology. The study's review of the two resource projections from deep source rocks in the Monterey Formation developed by EIA concluded that both these estimates are highly uncertain."
  7. ↑ So Much Shale Oil—but So Hard to Get, Wall Street Journal, Updated Sept. 23, 2013
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ Josie Garthwaite, Monterey Shale shakes up California energy future, National Geographic, 27 May 2013.
  11. ↑ US Energy Information administration, Review of emerging resources US shale gas and shale oil plays, July 2011.
  12. ↑ US Energy Information Administration, Geology and technology drive estimates of technically recoverable resources, 20 July 2012.
  13. ↑ The Monterey Shale and California’s Economic Future University of Southern California, USC Price School of Public Policy, (March 2013.
  14. ↑ David Brown, The Monterey Shale, big deal, or big bust?, AAPG Explorer, Nov, 2012.
  15. ↑ a b Monterey Shale Continues to Tempt and Tease, AAPG Explorer, February 2013
  16. ↑ a b Monterey/Santos: Operators struggle with cracking code, World Oil, Nov. 2013 (Google title to bypass paywall)
  17. ↑ Purd'homme, Alex (December 29, 2013) "'Fracking' the Monterey Shale -- boon or boondoggle?" Los Angeles Times
  18. ↑ Magoon and others, [1], US Geological Survey, Professional Paper 1713, Chapter 8.
  19. ↑ S.A. Reid and J.L. McIntyre, Monterey Formation porcelanite reservoirs of the Elk Hills Field, Kern County, California, American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 2001, v.85 n.1 p.169-189.
  20. ↑ Pressure buildup analysis in a naturally fractured reservoir, 1983.
  21. ↑ Mero, W.E., Thurston, S.P., and Kropschot, R.E., 1992, The Point Arguello Field, In Giant Oil and Gas Fields of the Decade, 1978–1988, AAPG Memoir 54, Halbouty, M.T., editor, Tulsa: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Template:ISBN
  22. ↑ Robert Sterling and others, North Shafter and Rose fields, Houston Geological Society Bulletin, 2003.
  23. ↑ W.A. Minner and others, Rose field, Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2003.
  24. ↑ a b Oil Firms Seek to Unlock Big California Field, Wall Street Journal, Sept. 22, 2013
  25. ↑ Acidizing could rival fracking in Monterey Shale, San Francisco Chronicle, August 25, 2013
  26. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  27. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  28. ↑ Mark Melincoe, Brown says he'll sign California bill regulating fracking, Bloomberg, 12 Sept, 2013.
  29. ↑ Stephen Stock, California fracking law has huge holes, critics argue, NBC Bay Area, 13 Sept. 2013
  30. ↑ California lawmakers approve fracking bill, NBC Bay Area, 12 Sept. 2013.
  31. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  32. ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  33. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  34. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  35. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  36. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  37. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

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