Moniliformin
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| Template:Longitem | Template:Chem2 |
| Molar mass | Template:Chem molar mass |
| Appearance | Yellow crystalline solid |
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| Template:Longitem | Squaric acid |
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Moniliformin is the organic compound with the formula Template:Chem2 (M+ = K+ or Na+). Both the sodium and potassium salts are generally hydrated, e.g. . In terms of its structure, it is the alkali metal salt of the conjugate base of 3-hydroxy-1,2-cyclobutenedione (the enolate of 1,2,3-cyclobutanetrione), a planar molecule related to squaric acid.[1] It is an unusual mycotoxin, a feed contaminant that is lethal to fowl, especially ducklings.
Moniliformin is formed in many cereals by a number of Fusarium species that include Fusarium moniliforme, Fusarium avenaceum, Fusarium subglutinans, Fusarium proliferatum, Fusarium fujikuroi and others. It is mainly cardiotoxic and causes ventricular hypertrophy.
Biochemistry
Moniliformin actually causes competitive inhibition of the activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex of respiratory reaction, which prevents pyruvic acid, product of glycolysis, to convert to acetyl-CoA.[2][3][4] Ultrastructural examination of right ventricular wall of 9 month old female mink (Mustela vison) fed acute doses of moniliformin (2.2 and 2.8 mg/kg diet) and sub-acute doses (1.5 to 3.2 mg/kg diet) reveals significant damage to myofiber, mitochondria, Z and M lines and sarcoplasmic reticulum as well as increased extracellular collagen deposition.Template:Cln Minks are considered most sensitive mammals to the toxicity of moniliformin.[5] Chemically speaking, it is the sodium salt of deoxysquaric acid (the other name of that acid is semisquaric acid).
Physicochemical information
Moniliformin is soluble in water and polar solvents, such as methanol.
λmax: 226 nm and 259 nm in methanol.
See also
Sources and references
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- ↑ Moniliformin product page from Fermentek
- ↑ Moniliformin information leaflet by Romerlab
- ↑ Morgan MK, Fitzgerald SD, Rottinghaus GE, Bursian SJ and Aulerich RJ. 1999. Toxic effects to mink of moniliformin extracted from Fusarium fujikuroi culture material. Veterinary and Human Toxicology 1(1):pp-1-5
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