Modern evolution of Esperanto

The international auxiliary language Esperanto has been mostly stable since its creation, especially as compared to other constructed languages. This is due to the Declaration of Boulogne in 1905, which made the early works of Zamenhof binding; most attempts to change the language have been therefore seen as distinct language projects (so-called Esperantidos), and for the most part the Esperanto community has ignored them. The main change in the language has been a great expansion of the vocabulary, largely driven by translations of technical jargon, which is explicitly allowed for by Boulogne. However, there have been more subtle changes to syntax and semantics as the majority of Esperanto authors shifted from native speakers of Slavic languages and German to other languages, such as French and English.Template:Efn This article considers some of the purposeful changes to the language since Boulogne.

Lexicon

There has been considerable debate over whether technical terminology should be taken from international usage by adopting new roots into Esperanto, or whether, in cases where the need can be met through traditional Esperanto word formation, that is the better way to go. To a large extent this is a cultural debate: Europeans who are already familiar with such "international" vocabulary often favor adopting such terms, whereas Asians who may not be familiar with them often favor replacing them. One example is the word for "computer". Early proposals for the word "computer" included and , but they were eventually replaced by the internal creation , from the verb "to compute" plus the suffix "instrument".

There has been some criticism of using the prefix to create the antonyms of common adjectives, such as "short" from "long", or "inexpensive" from "expensive". Several dozen neologisms have been coined for these antonyms (in these cases "short" and "cheap"), often for purposes of poetry, but few have met with much acceptance. One of the few that have been is "hard", as the original word , from "soft", is argued to sound too soft to mean "hard". In one case an antonymic suffix has been proposed, a laudatory , which would contrast with pejorative : "writing", "scrawl, scribbling", "calligraphy". Unlike , it is problematic to use the suffix as a word in its own right, due to an existing preposition and prefix .

Phonology

The most visible change in Esperanto phonology has been the near-loss of the sound . For example, the German-derived word "Chinese" has been replaced by an Italian/English . In most other cases, has been replaced with , as in for "chemistry"; the only words which commonly retain it are "Czech", "echo", and (or ) "chorus", though it continues to be used in the transcription of foreign names. Template:Efn

Changes in phonotactics, which was never laid out explicitly by Zamenhof, have been introduced along with new vocabulary and especially foreign names. One of these is the extension of , which originally was only found as a vowel in the diphthongs and , to a consonantal use analogous to English , which Zamenhof had universally replaced with . However, Slavs and Germans, among others, have difficulty distinguishing and consonantal , and in most neologisms, consonantal has been replaced with , as it has in → "watt". In proper names, such as ~ "Wakayama", there is more variation. Similarly, new diphthongs such as have not gotten far; the English word "bowl" was adopted as , not .Template:Efn

Another debated change has been the introduction of geminate consonants. In traditional Esperanto, double consonants may occur across morpheme boundaries, as in () "short", but are not found within roots. Most words introduced with double letters (including and have since been modified, for example → "Buddha". Perhaps the most common root to retain a double consonant is "Finn", which is a near homonym with "end". Although has been introduced as a replacement, this has not been used for compounds such as "Finno-Ugric". There is considerable debate whether departing from the international forms of such words is desirable.

Morphology

Esperanto morphology has been extended by new suffixes, but outside of international technical terminology few of these are in wide use. Two have been accepted as official: The suffix used to derive the names of countries and states, such as "Mexico" vs. "Edomex" vs. "Mexico City" and "Washington state" vs. "Washington DC". Many Esperantists also use in place of , the original suffix for countries named after their inhabitants, so that "England" is found alongside the more traditional . The other official addition is a suffix indicating that something must be done ( "payable (by)"); this was originally introduced as part of the Ido reform. A few other Ido suffixes have entered the language, especially in poetry, and are widely recognized, such as "full of", as in "porous".

The perceived clash between several national Romance languages, such as Spanish, Portuguese, and Italian, which use the final vowels and to mark gender, and Esperanto, which uses them to mark parts of speech, has led to a change in some women's names which end in in those languages. This has had less effect on names which parallel Esperanto usage, such as "Josephine" (from "Joseph"), but is now predominant in some sources in names such as ~ "Joanna" and ~ ~ "Maria".

Another gender-related change has been a gradual reduction of the number of inherently masculine words. Originally all members of a profession, such as "a dentist", all people defined by a characteristic, such as "a youth" and "a Christian", all ethnicities, such as "an Englishman", and all verbal participles used for humans, such as "a runner", were masculine unless specifically made feminine with the suffix ; currently only some twenty words, mostly kinship terms, remain masculine.

A more radical change has been to purposefully eliminate gender from the remaining masculine roots such as "father" which are not essentially masculineTemplate:Efn by the introduction of a masculine suffix to parallel feminine . The most common proposal is , which is widely recognized. A parallel change is the introduction of a gender-neutral third-person singular pronoun to cover "s/he", but there was little agreement as to what this should be until finally most people settled on .Template:Efn

Syntax

An early debate in Esperanto syntax was whether phrases such as "he was born" should use the present participle ( for "born"), preferred by native speakers of Germanic and Slavic languages, or the past participle (), preferred by native speakers of Romance languages. The debate partially centered on whether the essential difference between the suffixes was one of tense or aspect, but primarily followed the conventions of speakers' native languages. Eventually a work-around using the inchoative suffix as a mediopassive became common as a way to avoid the debate entirely.

More recently, stative verbs have been increasingly used instead of copula-plus-adjective phrasing, following some poetic usage, so that one now frequently hears for "he is well". This may have been inspired by Asian languages such as Chinese and Japanese which treat adjectival concepts as essentially verbal. There was resistance especially in the case of participles "he is falling", "he was falling", "he has fallen", "he had fallen", etc.), which many Europeans found overly complex. Although still minority usage, the debate over such forms has largely subsided.

A few new prepositions have been introduced by removing the part-of-speech ending from existing roots. The most common of these is "by", an abbreviation of "done by". The phrase helps avoid sometimes ambiguous readings of the preposition "of, from, by". Another neologism is from the verb "to quote", and used to introduce quotations. (Sometimes or (below) is seen instead.)

An occasional difficulty in Esperanto is using the accusative with noun phrases which do not readily accept the accusative suffix , such as correlatives like "that one's", quotations,Template:Efn or phrases which already include an accusative suffix, such as "attempts to save it", "driving away the dog". Traditionally, the preposition has been used in the latter situation, but this is highly ambiguous: could mean the dog was driven away (accusative case), something was driven away by the dog, or something was driven away from the dog. An accusative preposition has been proposed and is widely recognized. However, the existing indefinite preposition might be used just as well: , .

Conditional participles , have been created by analogy with the past, present, and future participles , ; , ; , , by extending vowel equivalences of the verb tenses , , to the conditional mood . For example, is "the man who would be king"; a is "a tree that would be chopped down" (if it weren't spiked, etc.). However, while these forms are readily recognized, they are uncommon. Similarly, a nonce active participle with gnomic tense has been created by analogy with existing pairs of noun and verb such as "president" and "to preside", and the resulting participles "one who is (currently) presiding", etc. There is no passive equivalent apart from the inchoative suffix mentioned above.

See also

• Declaration of Boulogne
• Esperanto phonology
• Esperanto vocabulary
• History of Esperanto