Model village

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File:Saltaire Almshouses.jpg
Almshouses in Saltaire, Yorkshire, typical of the architecture of the whole village

A model village is a mostly self-contained community, built from the late 18th century onwards by landowners and business magnates to house their workers. "Model" implies an ideal to which other developments could aspire. Although the villages are located close to the workplace, they are generally physically separated from them and often consist of relatively high-quality housing, with integrated community amenities and attractive physical environments.

Great Britain and Ireland

File:Houses on Greendale Avenue, Port Sunlight.jpg
An example of houses at Port Sunlight.
File:BirminghamBournvilleShops.jpg
Typical local shopping parade in Bournville village

According to Jeremy Burchardt, the term model village was first used by the Victorians to describe the new settlements created on the rural estates of the landed gentry in the eighteenth century. As landowners sought to improve their estates for aesthetic reasons, new landscapes were created and the cottages of the poor were demolished and rebuilt out of sight of their country house vistas.Template:Sfn However, according to the Oxford English Dictionary (2024), the first use of the term model village is post-Victorian, dating to 1906.

Starting in the 18th century, new villages were created at Nuneham Courtenay when the village was rebuilt as plain brick dwellings either side of the main road, at Milton Abbas the village was moved and rebuilt in a rustic style and Blaise Hamlet in Bristol had individually designed buildings, some with thatched roofs.Template:Sfn

The Swing Riots of 1830 highlighted poor housing in the countryside, ill health and immorality and landowners had a responsibility to provide cottages with basic sanitation. The best landlords provided accommodation but many adopted a paternalistic attitude when they built model dwellings and imposed their own standards on the tenants charging low rents but paying low wages.Template:Sfn

As the Industrial Revolution took hold, industrialists who built factories in rural locations provided housing for workers clustered around the workplace. An early example of an industrial model village was New Lanark built by Robert Owen.Template:Sfn Philanthropic coal owners provided decent accommodation for miners from the early nineteenth century. Earl Fitzwilliam, a paternalistic colliery owner provided houses near his coal pits in Elsecar near Barnsley that were "...of a class superior in size and arrangement, and in conveniences attached, to those of working classes."Template:Sfn They had four rooms and a pantry, and outside a small garden and pig sty.Template:Sfn

Others were established by Edward Akroyd at Copley between 1849 and 1853 and Akroydon 1861-63. Akroyd employed George Gilbert Scott. Titus Salt built a model village at Saltaire.Template:Sfn Henry Ripley, owner of Bowling Dyeworks, began construction of Ripley Ville in Bradford in 1866.[1] Industrial communities were established at Price's Village[2] by Price's Patent Candle Company and at Aintree by Hartley's, who made jam, in 1888.[3] William Lever's Port Sunlight had a village green and its houses espoused an idealised rural vernacular style.Template:Sfn Quaker industrialists, George Cadbury and Rowntrees built model villages by their factories. Cadbury built Bournville between 1898 and 1905 and a second phase from 1914 and New Earswick was built in 1902 for Rowntrees.Template:Sfn

As coal mining expanded villages were built to house coal miners. In Yorkshire, Grimethorpe, Goldthorpe, Woodlands, Fitzwilliam and Bottom Boat were built to house workers at the collieries. The architect who designed Woodlands and Creswell Model Villages, Percy B. Houfton was influential in the development of the garden city movement.

In the 1920s, Silver End model village in Essex was built for Francis Henry Crittall. Its houses were designed in an art deco-style with flat roofs and Crittall windows.[4]

England

File:Bowling Dye Works Almshouses - New Cross Street - geograph.org.uk - 638072.jpg
Almshouses at Ripley Ville, Yorkshire. Built 1881 and now the only remaining example of the architecture of the village

(Chronological order)

Ireland

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  • Milford, County Armagh, Northern Ireland (1800s)
  • Portlaw, County Waterford, Republic of Ireland (1825)
  • Sion Mills, County Tyrone, Northern Ireland (1835)
  • Bessbrook, County Armagh, Northern Ireland (1845)
  • Laurelvale, County Armagh, Northern Ireland (1850s)
  • Model Village, County Cork (1910s; usually called Tower, the name of the pre-existing hamlet)

Scotland

Wales

Europe

Czech Republic

Germany

Italy

  • Crespi d'Adda in the Lombardy region, is a well-preserved model workers' village, and World Heritage Site since 1995. It was built from scratch, starting in 1878, to provide housing and social services for the workers in a cotton textile factory on the banks of the river Adda.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
File:Crespi d’Adda (Ian Spackman 2007-007-32).jpg
Crespi d'Adda

Spain

  • Nuevo Baztán outside Madrid dates from the mercantilist and entrepreneurial ambitions of an industrialist from the early-eighteenth century.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

Australasia

Australia

New Zealand

  • Barrhill was laid out by its Scottish owner for the workers on his large sheep farm[14]

Asia

China

See also

References

Citations

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Bibliography

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Further reading

  • Gillian Darley's 'Villages of Vision: A Study of Strange Utopias' first published 1975 (Architectural Press, pb 1978 Paladin) and republished with fully revised gazetteer 2007 (Five Leaves Publications)

External links

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  1. ↑ Walker, R L (2008) When was Ripleyville Built? SEQUALS, Template:ISBN
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  3. ↑ Hartley's jam village made a conservation area, BBC News, 16 December 2011
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  14. ↑ Template:DNZB
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