Minuscule 69

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Template:Short description Script error: No such module "For". Template:New Testament manuscript infobox

Minuscule 69 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering of New Testament manuscripts), δ 505 (in the von Soden numbering of New Testament manuscripts),[1] known as the Codex Leicester, or Codex Leicestrensis, is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament on paper and parchment leaves. Using the study of comparative writing styles (palaeography), it has been dated to the 15th century. Some leaves of the codex are lost. It has been examined and collated by many palaeographers and textual critics. Although it is of a late date, its text is remarkable from the point of view of textual criticism.[2]Template:R/superscript

Description

Contents

The manuscript is a codex (precursor to the modern book), containing the entire New Testament with four gaps (Matthew 1:1–18:15; Acts 10:45–14:17; Jude 7–25; Revelation 19:10–22:21)[3]Template:R/superscript on 213 leaves (sized 37.8 cm by 27 cm). The text of the manuscript skips from Acts 10:45 to 14:17 without a break, which possibly indicates the copyist copied it from a defective manuscript.[2]Template:R/superscript The codex is written on 91 leaves of parchment and 122 of paper.[2]Template:R/superscript According to biblical scholar Frederick H. A. Scrivener, it is in fact 83 leaves of vellum and 130 of paper. Usually two parchment leaves are followed by three paper leaves.[2]Template:R/superscript The paper was of very poor quality.[2] The quality is so bad that four of the leaves were only written on one side.[4]Template:Rp The leaves are arranged in quarto (four leaves in a quire). There are catchwords from quire to quire, and in the first half of each quire the leaves are numbered (2nd, 3rd, 4th).[5]Template:Rp

The original sequence of the books was: Pauline epistles, Acts of the Apostles, Catholic epistles, Revelation of John, Gospels.[6]Template:R/superscript The Pauline epistles precede Acts of the Apostles (as also seen in Codex Sinaiticus). This order was changed by a binder to the following: Gospels, Pauline epistles, Acts, Catholic epistles, and Revelation of John.[3]Template:R/superscript

The text of Rev 18:7–19:10 is fragmentary.[6]

It has some non-biblical additional material like: An explanation of the Creed and the Seven Councils (on fol. 159v), the Lives of the Apostles (on fol. 160v), Limits of the Five Patriarchates (on fol. 161r). These are also seen in the codices Minuscule 211 and 543.[5]Template:R/superscript Template:Wikisource/outer coreScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

It contains an introduction to the Epistle to the Hebrews, the tables of contents (known as Script error: No such module "Lang". / kephalaia) precede the three later Gospels with very unusual variations, and even without corresponding numbers of the Script error: No such module "Lang". (chapters) in the margin. There is no division into chapters or sections, no references to the Eusebian Canons (an early division of the Gospels into sections), and no liturgical markings in the margin. The marginal notes are often illegible.[4]Template:R/superscript It contains subscriptions at the end of each book.[3]Template:R/superscript[6]Template:R/superscript The subscriptions contain the numbers of lines (known as Script error: No such module "Lang". / stichoi) and the numbers of phrases (known as Script error: No such module "Lang". / rhemata).[4]Template:R/superscript

The headings of the Gospels are titled as ἐκ τοῦ κατὰ Μάρκον etc., something also seen in Minuscule 178.[3]

Scribal habit

The text is written in one column per page, 37–38 lines per page.[7][8] The large initial letters at the beginning of each book are written in red ink.[3]Template:R/superscript

The writing is rather rough and inelegant. It was written by a strange hand, the letter epsilon / ε being recumbent and so much like the letter alpha / α, that it is not clear which was intended.[2]Template:R/superscript The accents are placed over the succeeding consonant of the vowel. According to Scrivener, "The whole style of writing resembling a careless scrawl".[6]Template:R/superscript There are numerous marginal notes written by a beautiful hand, who wrote words Ειμι Ιλερμου Χαρκου (I am William Chark) at the top of the first page.[6]Template:R/superscript The hand of the corrector is nearly as old as the scribe.[4]Template:R/superscript

The name Script error: No such module "Lang". (Jesus) is always written in full up to John 21:15, where we meet with the nomen sacrum ις, and in 41 other places, 19 of which are in Acts.[2]Template:R/superscript The nomina sacra (an early Christian method of designating important names/words) are contracted in a usual way: δαδ (Script error: No such module "Lang". / David), ις (Script error: No such module "Lang". / Jesus), κς (Script error: No such module "Lang". / Lord), ουνος (Script error: No such module "Lang". / Heaven), ανος (Script error: No such module "Lang". / man), χς (Script error: No such module "Lang". / Christ), ιηλ (Script error: No such module "Lang". / Israel), ιλημ (Script error: No such module "Lang". / Jerusalem), σηρ (Script error: No such module "Lang". / saviour), πηρ (Script error: No such module "Lang". / father), μηρ (Script error: No such module "Lang". / mother), πνα (Script error: No such module "Lang". / spirit), στρος (Script error: No such module "Lang". / cross), and παρνος (Script error: No such module "Lang". / virgin). The abbreviation χς is used once for χρηστος.[4]Template:R/superscript

Scholar William Hugh Ferrar enumerated 1129 errors of itacism in the codex: ο for ω (190 occurrences), ω for ο (126), η for ει (93), ει for η (104), ι for ει (77), ει for ι (62), η for ι (87), ι for η (46), ε for αι (73), αι for ε (72), ε for η (24), η for ε (20), υ for η (27 – rare elsewhere), η for υ (28), ου for ω (13), ω for ου (16), οι for ι (3), ι for οι (3), η for ευ (1 – in Luke 12:16), υ for ι (15), ι for υ (14), υ for η (6), υ for ε (1), υ for οι (4), υ for ει (3), οι for υ (4), οι for η (9), ο for ου (3), η for οι (3). There is also θ for τ (after σ) in Mark 10:40 and Luke 11:7.[4]Template:R/superscript

Nu-moveable is rarely omitted.[4]Template:R/superscript

There are some unusual grammar forms: ειπαν (twice only – Script error: No such module "Bibleverse".; Script error: No such module "Bibleverse".), ηλθατε (Script error: No such module "Bibleverse".), εξηλθατε (Script error: No such module "Bibleverse".; Script error: No such module "Bibleverse".; Script error: No such module "Bibleverse"., Script error: No such module "Bibleverse"., Script error: No such module "Bibleverse".; Script error: No such module "Bibleverse".), εισηλθατε (all instances), ανεπεσαν (Script error: No such module "Bibleverse".), παραγενομενος (Script error: No such module "Bibleverse".).[4]Template:R/superscript

In some cases the accusatives are written with ending -αν for -α, e.g. νυκταν, θυγατεραν, χειραν. The gender is sometimes altered, verbs in -αω or -οω are formed as those in -εω (e.g. επηρωτουν, Script error: No such module "Bibleverse".; Script error: No such module "Bibleverse".; επετιμουν, Script error: No such module "Bibleverse".; ετολμουν; ερωτουν; εμβριμουμενος and others). The augment is often omitted after Script error: No such module "Bibleverse"., but all before Script error: No such module "Bibleverse"., and there is a double augment in ηπηντησαν (Script error: No such module "Bibleverse".).[4]Template:R/superscript

Text

The text of the codex is very remarkable; it belongs to Family 13 as a very important member of the group.[2]Template:R/superscript The Greek text of the Gospels of this codex is considered to be a representative of the Caesarean text-type.[2]Template:R/superscript The text-types are groups of different New Testament manuscripts which share specific or generally related readings, which then differ from each other group, and thus the conflicting readings can separate out the groups. These are then used to determine the original text as published; there are three main groups with names: Alexandrian, Western, and Byzantine.[9]Template:R/superscript Biblical scholar Kurt Aland placed it in Category III of his New Testament manuscript text classification system.[10]Template:R/superscript Category III manuscripts are described as having "a small but not a negligible proportion of early readings, with a considerable encroachment of [Byzantine] readings, and significant readings from other sources as yet unidentified."[10]Template:R/superscript An analysis using the Claremont Profile Method, confirmed its placement among Family 13 (ƒ13)[11]

In the Pauline epistles and Catholic epistles, its text is considered a representative of the Byzantine text-type. For these books, Aland placed its text in Category V (Category V manuscripts are "Manuscripts with a purely or predominantly Byzantine text").[10]Template:Rp In the Book of Revelation its text belongs to the Byzantine text-type, but with a large number of unique textual variants, in close relationship to Uncial 046 and Minuscule 61, which appears to have been copied from it.[9] These three manuscripts constitute a subgroup of the Byzantine text-type.

The text of Christ's agony at Gethsemane (Script error: No such module "Bibleverse".) is placed after Script error: No such module "Bibleverse"..[6]Template:R/superscript The Pericope Adulterae (Script error: No such module "Bibleverse".) is placed after Script error: No such module "Bibleverse".. This is typical for the manuscripts of the Ferrar Group.[12]

In Script error: No such module "Bibleverse". it reads Σιχαρ for Συχαρ.[13]Template:Rp

In Script error: No such module "Bibleverse". it reads ανθρωπον for κυριον.[13]Template:R/superscript

Although there is no liturgical markings in the codex, it is likely many of its various readings have arisen from lectionaries.[4]Template:R/superscript

History

Textual critic Wettstein[14]Template:R/superscript and biblical scholar J. Rendel Harris[5]Template:R/superscript dated the manuscript to the 14th century,[6]Template:R/superscript but scholar C. R. Gregory dated it to the 15th century.[3]Template:R/superscript It is currently dated by the INTF to the 15th century.[7]Template:R/superscript[8]Template:R/superscript M. R. James suggested that it was written by Emmanuel from Constantinople.[15]

The manuscript was presented to George Neville, Archbishop of York (1465–1472).[2]Template:R/superscript It once belonged to Richard Brinkley (or Brinkeley), who probably got it from Covenant of Grey Friars at Cambridge (like Codex Montfortianus).[2]Template:R/superscript Then it belonged to William Chark (or Charc), mentioned in marginal notes of Codex Montfortianus.[6]Template:R/superscript Then it belonged to Thomas Hayne, who in 1641 gave this codex with his other books to the Leicester Library.[6]Template:R/superscript[16][2]Template:R/superscript

John Mill was permitted to use this manuscript at Oxford, and collated it there in 1671 (as L). Another collation was made by John Jackson and William Tiffin, and it was lent to Wettstein through César de Missy. Wettstein had observed a close affinity between this codex and minuscule 13.[4]Template:R/superscript It was also examined by Edward Gee.[14] Tregelles re-collated it in 1852 for his edition of the Greek New Testament. Scrivener collated it again in 1855 and published his results, with a full description in the Appendix to his "Codex Augiensis".[17] It was collated by T. K. Abbott along with three other manuscripts of the Ferrar family (marked by L).[4]Template:R/superscript It was examined and described by biblical scholar Rendel Harris. Biblical scholar Caspar René Gregory saw it in 1883.[3]Template:R/superscript

It was formerly held in the library of the Town Council of Leicester.[6]Template:R/superscript The codex is now located in the Leicestershire Record Office (Cod. 6 D 32/1) at Leicester.[7]Template:R/superscript[8]Template:R/superscript

See also

References

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  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ a b c d e f g Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ Bruce M. Metzger, A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament, 2nd edition, Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, Stuttgart 2001, p. 147.
  13. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". (NA27)
  14. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ 'The Scribe of the Leicester Codex', Journal of Theological Studies, old series 5 (1904), pp. 445–7
  16. ↑ S. P. Tregelles, "An Introduction to the Critical study and Knowledge of the Holy Scriptures", London 1856, p. 209.
  17. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

Further reading

  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". [as L]
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".

External links

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