Isotopes of radium

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File:Ra-226 nitrate (3x 1 mCi) - Photo by Dr Andrew R. Burgoyne - Oak Ridge National Laboratory.jpg
Ra-226 nitrate (3x 1 mCi) - Photo by Dr Andrew R. Burgoyne - Oak Ridge National Laboratory
File:Ra-224 nitrate (21.4 mCi) - Photo by Dr Andrew R. Burgoyne - Oak Ridge National Laboratory.jpg
Ra-224 nitrate (21.4 mCi) - Photo by Dr Andrew R. Burgoyne - Oak Ridge National Laboratory

Template:Short description Template:Infobox radium isotopes Radium (88Ra) has no stable or nearly stable isotopes, and thus a standard atomic weight cannot be given. The longest lived, and most common, isotope of radium is 226Ra with a half-life of Script error: No such module "val".. 226Ra occurs in the decay chain of 238U (often referred to as the radium series). Radium has 34 known isotopes from 201Ra to 234Ra.

In the early history of the study of radioactivity, the different natural isotopes of radium were given different names, as it was not until Frederick Soddy's scientific career in the early 1900s that the concept of isotopes was realized.[1] In this scheme, 223Ra was named actinium X (AcX), 224Ra thorium X (ThX), 226Ra radium (Ra), and 228Ra mesothorium 1 (MsTh1).[2] When it was realized that all of these are isotopes of the same element, many of these names fell out of use, and "radium" came to refer to all isotopes, not just 226Ra,[3] though mesothorium 1 in particular was still used for some time, with a footnote explaining that it referred to 228Ra.[4] Some of radium-226's decay products received historical names including "radium",[5] ranging from radium Template:Sc to radium Template:Sc, with the letter indicating approximately how far they were down the chain from their parent 226Ra.Template:Efn

In 2013 it was discovered that the nucleus of radium-224 is pear-shaped.[6] This was the first discovery of an asymmetrical nucleus.

List of isotopes

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Template:Isotopes table |-id=Radium-201 | 201Ra | | style="text-align:right" | 88 | style="text-align:right" | 113 | 201.012815(22) | 20(30) ms | α | 197Rn | (3/2−) | |-id=Radium-201m | style="text-indent:1em" | 201mRa | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 263(26) keV | 6(5) ms | α | 197Rn | 13/2+ | |-id=Radium-202 | 202Ra | | style="text-align:right" | 88 | style="text-align:right" | 114 | 202.009742(16) | 4.1(11) ms | α | 198Rn | 0+ | |-id=Radium-203 | 203Ra | | style="text-align:right" | 88 | style="text-align:right" | 115 | 203.009234(10) | 36(13) ms | α | 199Rn | 3/2− | |-id=Radium-203m | style="text-indent:1em" | 203mRa | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 246(14) keV | 25(5) ms | α | 199Rn | 13/2+ | |-id=Radium-204 | 204Ra | | style="text-align:right" | 88 | style="text-align:right" | 116 | 204.0065069(96) | 60(9) ms | α (99.7%) | 200Rn | 0+ | |-id=Radium-205 | 205Ra | | style="text-align:right" | 88 | style="text-align:right" | 117 | 205.006231(24) | 220(50) ms | α | 201Rn | 3/2− | |-id=Radium-205m | style="text-indent:1em" | 205mRa | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 263(25) keV | 180(50) ms | α | 201Rn | 13/2+ | |-id=Radium-206 | 206Ra | | style="text-align:right" | 88 | style="text-align:right" | 118 | 206.003828(19) | 0.24(2) s | α | 202Rn | 0+ | |-id=Radium-207 | rowspan=2|207Ra | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 88 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 119 | rowspan=2|207.003772(63) | rowspan=2|1.38(18) s | α (86%) | 203Rn | rowspan=2|5/2−# | rowspan=2| |- | β+ (14%) | 207Fr |-id=Radium-207m | rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 207mRa | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 560(60) keV | rowspan=2|57(8) ms | IT (85#%) | 207Ra | rowspan=2|13/2+ | rowspan=2| |- | α (?%) | 203Rn |-id=Radium-208 | rowspan=2|208Ra | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 88 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 120 | rowspan=2|208.0018550(97) | rowspan=2|1.110(45) s | α (87%) | 204Rn | rowspan=2|0+ | rowspan=2| |- | β+ (13%) | 208Fr |-id=Radium-208m | style="text-indent:1em" | 208mRa | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2147.4(4) keV | 263(17) ns | IT | 208Ra | (8+) | |-id=Radium-209 | 209Ra | | style="text-align:right" | 88 | style="text-align:right" | 121 | 209.0019949(62) | 4.71(8) s | α (90%) | 205Rn | 5/2− | |-id=Radium-209m | rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 209mRa | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 882.4(7) keV | rowspan=2|117(5) μs | α (90%) | 205Rn | rowspan=2|13/2+ | rowspan=2| |- | β+ (10%) | 209Fr |-id=Radium-210 | 210Ra | | style="text-align:right" | 88 | style="text-align:right" | 122 | 210.0004754(99) | 4.0(1) s | α | 206Rn | 0+ | |-id=Radium-210m | style="text-indent:1em" | 210mRa | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2050.9(7) keV | 2.29(3) μs | IT | 210Ra | 8+ | |-id=Radium-211 | 211Ra | | style="text-align:right" | 88 | style="text-align:right" | 123 | 211.0008930(53) | 12.6(12) s | α | 207Rn | 5/2− | |-id=Radium-211m | style="text-indent:1em" | 211mRa | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1198.1(8) keV | 9.5(3) μs | IT | 211Ra | 13/2+ | |-id=Radium-212 | rowspan=2|212Ra | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 88 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 124 | rowspan=2|211.999787(11) | rowspan=2|13.0(2) s | α (?%) | 208Rn | rowspan=2|0+ | rowspan=2| |- | β+ (?%) | 212Fr |-id=Radium-212m1 | style="text-indent:1em" | 212m1Ra | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1958.4(20) keV | 9.3(9) μs | IT | 212Ra | 8+ | |-id=Radium-212m2 | style="text-indent:1em" | 212m2Ra | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2613.3(20) keV | 0.85(13) μs | IT | 212Ra | 11− | |-id=Radium-213 | rowspan=2|213Ra | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 88 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 125 | rowspan=2|213.000371(11) | rowspan=2|2.73(5) min | α (87%) | 209Rn | rowspan=2|1/2− | rowspan=2| |- | β+ (13%) | 213Fr |-id=Radium-213m | rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 213mRa | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1768(4) keV | rowspan=2|2.20(5) ms | IT (99.4%) | 213Ra | rowspan=2|(17/2−) | rowspan=2| |- | α (0.6%) | 209Rn |-id=Radium-214 | rowspan=2|214Ra | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 88 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 126 | rowspan=2|214.0000996(56) | rowspan=2|2.437(16) s | α (99.94%) | 210Rn | rowspan=2|0+ | rowspan=2| |- | β+ (0.059%) | 214Fr |-id=Radium-214m1 | style="text-indent:1em" | 214m1Ra | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1819.7(18) keV | 118(7) ns | IT | 214Ra | 6+ | |-id=Radium-214m2 | rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 214m2Ra | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1865.2(18) keV | rowspan=2|67.3(15) μs | IT (99.91%) | 214Ra | rowspan=2|8+ | rowspan=2| |- | α (0.09%) | 210Rn |-id=Radium-214m3 | style="text-indent:1em" | 214m3Ra | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2683.2(18) keV | 295(7) ns | IT | 214Ra | 11− | |-id=Radium-214m4 | style="text-indent:1em" | 214m4Ra | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 3478.4(18) keV | 279(4) ns | IT | 214Ra | 14+ | |-id=Radium-214m5 | style="text-indent:1em" | 214m5Ra | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 4146.8(18) keV | 225(4) ns | IT | 214Ra | 17− | |-id=Radium-214m6 | style="text-indent:1em" | 214m6Ra | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 6577.0(18) keV | 128(4) ns | IT | 214Ra | (25−) | |-id=Radium-215 | 215Ra | | style="text-align:right" | 88 | style="text-align:right" | 127 | 215.0027182(77) | 1.669(9) ms | α | 211Rn | 9/2+# | |-id=Radium-215m1 | style="text-indent:1em" | 215m1Ra | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1877.8(3) keV | 7.31(13) μs | IT | 215Ra | (25/2+) | |-id=Radium-215m2 | style="text-indent:1em" | 215m2Ra | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2246.9(4) keV | 1.39(7) μs | IT | 215Ra | (29/2−) | |-id=Radium-215m3 | style="text-indent:1em" | 215m3Ra | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 3807(50)# keV | 555(10) ns | IT | 215Ra | (43/2−) | |-id=Radium-216 | rowspan=2|216Ra | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 88 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 128 | rowspan=2|216.0035335(86) | rowspan=2|172(7) ns | α | 212Rn | rowspan=2|0+ | rowspan=2| |- | EC (<1×10−8%) | 216Fr |-id=Radium-217 | 217Ra | | style="text-align:right" | 88 | style="text-align:right" | 129 | 217.0063227(76) | 1.95(12) μs | α | 213Rn | (9/2+) | |-id=Radium-218 |218Ra | | style="text-align:right" | 88 | style="text-align:right" | 130 | 218.007134(11) | 25.91(14) μs | α | 214Rn | 0+ | |-id=Radium-219 | 219Ra | | style="text-align:right" | 88 | style="text-align:right" | 131 | 219.0100847(73) | 9(2) ms | α | 215Rn | (7/2)+ | |-id=Radium-219m | style="text-indent:1em" | 219mRa | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 16.7(8) keV | 10(3) ns | α | 215Rn | (11/2)+ | |-id=Radium-220 | 220Ra | | style="text-align:right" | 88 | style="text-align:right" | 132 | 220.0110275(82) | 18.1(12) ms | α | 216Rn | 0+ | |-id=Radium-221 | rowspan=2|221Ra | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 88 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 133 | rowspan=2|221.0139173(05) | rowspan=2|25(4) s | α | 217Rn | rowspan=2|5/2+ | rowspan=2|Trace[n 1] |- | CD (1.2×10−10%)[n 2] | 207Pb
14C |-id=Radium-222 | rowspan=2|222Ra | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 88 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 134 | rowspan=2|222.0153734(48) | rowspan=2|33.6(4) s | α | 218Rn | rowspan=2|0+ | rowspan=2| |- | CD (3.0×10−8%) | 208Pb
14C |- | rowspan=2|223Ra[n 3] | rowspan=2|Actinium X | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 88 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 135 | rowspan=2|223.0185006(22) | rowspan=2|11.4352(10) d | α | 219Rn | rowspan=2|3/2+ | rowspan=2|Trace[n 4] |- | CD (8.9×10−8%) | 209Pb
14C |-id=Radium-224 | rowspan=2|224Ra | rowspan=2|Thorium X | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 88 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 136 | rowspan=2|224.0202104(19) | rowspan=2|3.6316(14) d | α | 220Rn | rowspan=2|0+ | rowspan=2|Trace[n 5] |- | CD (4.0×10−9%) | 210Pb
14C |-id=Radium-225 | rowspan=2|225Ra | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 88 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 137 | rowspan=2|225.0236105(28) | rowspan=2|14.82(19) d | β− | 225Ac | rowspan=2|1/2+ | rowspan=2|Trace[n 6] |- |α (.0026%)[7]Template:Refn |221Rn |- | rowspan=2|Script error: No such module "anchor".226Ra | rowspan=2|Radium[n 7] | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 88 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 138 | rowspan=2|226.0254082(21) | rowspan=2|1600(7) y | αTemplate:Refn | 222Rn | rowspan=2|0+ | rowspan=2|Trace[n 8] |- | CD (2.6×10−9%) | 212Pb
14C |-id=Radium-227 | 227Ra | | style="text-align:right" | 88 | style="text-align:right" | 139 | 227.0291762(21) | 42.2(5) min | β− | 227Ac | 3/2+ | |-id=Radium-228 | 228Ra | Mesothorium 1 | style="text-align:right" | 88 | style="text-align:right" | 140 | 228.0310686(21) | 5.75(3) y | β− | 228Ac | 0+ | Trace[n 5] |-id=Radium-229 | 229Ra | | style="text-align:right" | 88 | style="text-align:right" | 141 | 229.034957(17) | 4.0(2) min | β− | 229Ac | 5/2+ | |-id=Radium-230 | 230Ra | | style="text-align:right" | 88 | style="text-align:right" | 142 | 230.037055(11) | 93(2) min | β− | 230Ac | 0+ | |-id=Radium-231 | 231Ra | | style="text-align:right" | 88 | style="text-align:right" | 143 | 231.041027(12) | 104(1) s | β− | 231Ac | (5/2+) | |-id=Radium-231m | style="text-indent:1em" | 231mRa | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 66.21(9) keV | ~53 μs | IT | 231Ra | (1/2+) | |-id=Radium-232 | 232Ra | | style="text-align:right" | 88 | style="text-align:right" | 144 | 232.0434753(98) | 4.0(3) min | β− | 232Ac | 0+ | |-id=Radium-233 | 233Ra | | style="text-align:right" | 88 | style="text-align:right" | 145 | 233.0475946(92) | 30(5) s | β− | 233Ac | 1/2+# | |-id=Radium-234 | 234Ra | | style="text-align:right" | 88 | style="text-align:right" | 146 | 234.0503821(90) | 30(10) s | β− | 234Ac | 0+ | Template:Isotopes table/footer

Actinides vs fission products

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Actinides[8] by decay chain Half-life
range (a) 		Fission products of 235U by yield[9]
4n 4n + 1 4n + 2 4n + 3 4.5–7% 0.04–1.25% <0.001%
228Ra№ 4–6 a 155Euþ
248Bk[10] > 9 a
244Cmƒ 241Puƒ 250Cf 227Ac№ 10–29 a 90Sr 85Kr 113mCdþ
232Uƒ 238Puƒ 243Cmƒ 29–97 a 137Cs 151Smþ 121mSn
249Cfƒ 242mAmƒ 141–351 a

No fission products have a half-life
in the range of 100 a–210 ka ...

241Amƒ 251Cfƒ[11] 430–900 a
226Ra№ 247Bk 1.3–1.6 ka
240Pu 229Th 246Cmƒ 243Amƒ 4.7–7.4 ka
245Cmƒ 250Cm 8.3–8.5 ka
239Puƒ 24.1 ka
230Th№ 231Pa№ 32–76 ka
236Npƒ 233Uƒ 234U№ 150–250 ka 99Tc₡ 126Sn
248Cm 242Pu 327–375 ka 79Se₡
1.33 Ma 135Cs₡
237Npƒ 1.61–6.5 Ma 93Zr 107Pd
236U 247Cmƒ 15–24 Ma 129I₡
244Pu 80 Ma

... nor beyond 15.7 Ma[12]

232Th№ 238U№ 235Uƒ№ 0.7–14.1 Ga
Template:Ubli

References

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  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". Alternate source: https://sgp.fas.org/othergov/doe/lanl/lib-www/books/rc000041.pdf
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  8. ↑ Plus radium (element 88). While actually a sub-actinide, it immediately precedes actinium (89) and follows a three-element gap of instability after polonium (84) where no nuclides have half-lives of at least four years (the longest-lived nuclide in the gap is radon-222 with a half life of less than four days). Radium's longest lived isotope, at 1,600 years, thus merits the element's inclusion here.
  9. ↑ Specifically from thermal neutron fission of uranium-235, e.g. in a typical nuclear reactor.
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
    "The isotopic analyses disclosed a species of mass 248 in constant abundance in three samples analysed over a period of about 10 months. This was ascribed to an isomer of Bk248 with a half-life greater than 9 [years]. No growth of Cf248 was detected, and a lower limit for the β− half-life can be set at about 104 [years]. No alpha activity attributable to the new isomer has been detected; the alpha half-life is probably greater than 300 [years]."
  11. ↑ This is the heaviest nuclide with a half-life of at least four years before the "sea of instability".
  12. ↑ Excluding those "classically stable" nuclides with half-lives significantly in excess of 232Th; e.g., while 113mCd has a half-life of only fourteen years, that of 113Cd is eight quadrillion years.

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Notes

Template:Notelist

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