Mesembryanthemum

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Mesembryanthemum is a genus of flowering plants in the family Aizoaceae, indigenous to southern Africa. As with many members of that family, it is characterized by long-lasting flower heads. Flowers of Mesembryanthemum protect their gametes from night-time dews or frosts but open in sunlight.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". There is an obvious evolutionary advantage to doing this; where sun, dew, frost, wind or predators are likely to damage exposed reproductive organs, closing may be advantageous during times when flowers are unlikely to attract pollinators.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

Many Mesembryanthemum species are known as ice plants because of the glistening globular bladder cells covering their stems, fruit and leaves,[1] "... they sparkle like ice crystals".[2] In South Africa, Mesembryanthemums are known as "vygies" (from Afrikaans "vy"), although that term refers to many plants in the family Aizoaceae.

Species formerly placed in Mesembryanthemum have been transferred to other genera, such as Cleretum and Carpobrotus, although sources differ.

Etymology

Jacob Breyne coined the name of the flower in 1684, using the spelling Mesembrianthemum ("midday flower"[3]), from the Greek roots Script error: No such module "Lang"., meaning "noon", and Script error: No such module "Lang"., meaning "flower", because the species known in his time flowered at midday. In 1719, with the discovery that some species flowered at night, Johann Jacob Dillenius changed the spelling to Mesembryanthemum ("flower with the pistil in the center"[3]), rederiving the first part of the word from Greek Script error: No such module "Lang". ("middle") and Script error: No such module "Lang". ("pistil" or "embryo"). Carl Linnaeus used the Dillenius spelling (with the "y") in his description of the Mesembryanthemum species and the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature requires the retention of the original, deliberate spelling.[3][4]

Description

Raphides are found in abundance in this genus.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

Uses

Mesembryanthemums are often cultivated as ornamental plants for their showy flowers. Ornamental plants may escape into the wild and consequently have become widely naturalized outside their native range. They are considered an invasive weed in certain places.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

Culture and society

Some Mesembryanthemum species are thought to be hallucinogenic plants, like related Aizoaceae,[5] and as such may be subject to legal restrictions (e.g., Louisiana State Act 159).

Species

As of March 2019Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters"., Plants of the World Online accepted the following 108 species:[6]

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Gallery

Legal status

United States

Louisiana

Except for ornamental purposes, growing, selling or possessing any species of Mesembryanthemum is prohibited by Louisiana State Act 159.

See also

References

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  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ Oxford English Dictionary Online, s.v. "Mesembryanthemum, n." (accessed June 24, 2008).
  5. ↑ Watt, John Mitchell; Breyer-Brandwijk, Maria Gerdina: The Medicinal and Poisonous Plants of Southern and Eastern Africa 2nd ed Pub. E & S Livingstone 1962
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

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Bibliography

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Further reading

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