Matteuccia
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Matteuccia is a genus of ferns with one species: Matteuccia struthiopteris (common names ostrich fern, fiddlehead fern, or shuttlecock fern).[1] The species epithet struthiopteris comes from Ancient Greek words Script error: No such module "Lang". (Template:Grc-tr) "ostrich" and Script error: No such module "Lang". (Template:Grc-tr) "fern".[2]
Description
The fronds are dimorphic, with the deciduous green sterile fronds being almost vertical, Script error: No such module "convert". tall[3] and Script error: No such module "convert". broad, long-tapering to the base but short-tapering to the tip,[3] so that they resemble ostrich plumes, hence the name.[4] The fertile fronds are shorter, Script error: No such module "convert". long, brown when ripe,[3] with highly modified and constricted leaf tissue curled over the sporangia; they develop in autumn, persist erect over the winter and release the spores in early spring. Along with Dryopteris goldieana, it is one of the largest species of fern in eastern North America.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
Classification
Matteuccia struthiopteris is the only species in the genus Matteuccia. Some sources include two Asian species, M. orientalis and M. intermedia, but molecular data shows that M. struthiopteris is more closely related to Onocleopsis and Onoclea (sensitive fern) than it is to M. orientalis and M. intermedia, and so the latter should be moved to a genus Pentarhizidium which contains those two species.[5] Formerly classified as a member of the Dryopteridaceae, Matteuccia has been reassigned to the new much smaller family Onocleaceae.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
Distribution
It is a crown-forming, colony-forming plant, occurring in temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere in central and northern Europe,[6] northern Asia,[7] and northern North America.[8] It grows from a completely vertical crown, favoring riverbanks and sandbars, but sends out lateral stolons to form new crowns. It can thus form dense colonies resistant to destruction by floodwaters.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
Cultivation and uses
The ostrich fern is a popular ornamental plant in gardens. It has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.[9][10] While choosing a place of planting it should be taken into account that this fern is very expansive and its leaves often lose their beauty throughout the summer, especially if not protected from wind and hail.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
The tightly wound immature fronds, called fiddleheads, are also used as a cooked vegetable,[11] and are considered a delicacy mainly in rural areas of northeastern North America.[12] It is considered inadvisable to eat uncooked fiddleheads.[11][13] Brown "scales" are inedible and should be scraped or rinsed off.[3]
The sprouts are also picked all over Japan, ("kogomi" in Japanese)[14] as well as in other Asian regions,[15] where they are considered a delicacy.
Additionally, in Norway, fiddleheads were apparently used in the manufacture of beer, and in Russia, in the control of gut parasites.[12]
Matteuccia species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including Sthenopis pretiosus.
Fungal host
Its base hosts the mushroom Woldmaria filiformis, which is uniquely linked with this species of fern.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
References
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- ↑ Altervista Flora Italiana, Felce penna di struzzo, Matteuccia struthiopteris (L.) Tod.
- ↑ Template:EFloras
- ↑ Template:BONAP
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Sources
- Hyde, H. A., Wade, A. E., & Harrison, S. G. (1978). Welsh Ferns. National Museum of Wales.
Template:Plant classification Template:Fern classification Template:Taxonbar
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- Polypodiales
- Ferns of Asia
- Ferns of the Americas
- Ferns of Europe
- Ferns of the United States
- Flora of Asia
- Flora of Europe
- Flora of Northern America
- Leaf vegetables
- Perennial vegetables
- Japanese vegetables
- Garden plants of Asia
- Garden plants of Europe
- Garden plants of North America
- Monotypic fern genera