Martyazo

The Republic of Martyazo (Template:Langx) was a short-lived secessionist state proclaimed by Hutu rebels at Vyanda in Burundi's province of Makamba in the early May 1972 during the Ikiza, a period of genocidal violence affecting Burundi.

History

On 29 April 1972, a Hutu rebellion broke out in Burundi. The insurgents quickly began to target Tutsi civilians and officials, carrying out massacres in Bururi, Rumonge, Nyanza Lac.Template:Sfn Uprisings also took place in Cankuzo and Bujumbura. The rebels were joined by armed Congolese, largely former Simba rebels.Template:Sfn Despite these ethnic killings, researcher Nigel Watt argued that the insurgents initially hoped to gain the support of Tutsi monarchists who were upset over the arrest of Ntare V. The latter was the former king (mwami) of the country and had been imprisoned by the republican, Tutsi-led government of Michel Micombero.Template:Sfn Ntare V had been regarded as a defender of Hutu interests as well as a champion of Tutsi groups which had been excluded from power by Micombero's regime.Template:Sfn

After taking control in the south, the rebels regrouped in Vyanda and declared the creation of the "Republic of Martyazo" in an attempt to "build a political base".Template:Sfn Within their territory the rebels hoisted a red and green flag and subjected captured Tutsis to "people's tribunals".Template:Sfn The latter were often held in the local banana plantations, judging and executing Tutsi hostages.Template:Sfn Rebel forces also continued their advance, capturing Mabanda, raising their flag in Kayogoro, and eventually reaching the Tanzanian border.Template:Sfn

However, the self-proclaimed state already began to crumble from the day of its proclamation. Burundian government troops retook Rumonge on 1 May, followed by Nyanza Lac on the next day. According to witnesses, all of the rebels captured by the Burundian Army were summarily executed and buried in mass graves. All persons seeking shelter in the bush or bearing scarification were deemed "rebels" by the government and hunted down. This provoked an exodus of thousands of refugees towards Zaire and Tanzania, particularly those who had resided on the coast of Lake Tanganyika. One Burundian helicopter dropped leaflets stating that order would soon be restored, while another strafed columns of fleeing civilians. Between 30 April and 5 May the army focused on recapturing the Lake Tanganyika coastline.Template:Sfn Within a week, the Republic of Martyazo had ceased to exist.Template:Sfn On 10 May the government announced that it had complete military control over southern Burundi, though some conflict persisted.Template:Sfn After the rebellion's suppression, the Burundian government continued a campaign of mass murder targeting the Hutu population as well as political opposition, resulting in the killing of more than 100,000 people in a period dubbed "Ikiza".Template:Sfn

Assessment

Owing to its short existence of little more than a week, there is a lack of reliable information on the republic. Researcher René Lemarchand described Martyazo as "mysterious" and an "experiment".Template:Sfn Researchers Template:Ill and Jean-François Dupaquier termed it an "ephemeral" state.Template:Sfn Researchers Warren Weinstein, Robert Schrere, and later Catherine Scott argued that the Hutu rebellion represented an "attack by the countryside against the town", an attempt to stop intrusions into local village life by Micombero's government. They likened it to agrarian revolts of the colonial era. In this sense, the three researchers framed Martyazo as a popular republic whose declaration was possibly supposed to signify the overthrow of the "managerial elite" by "the peasants".Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn

The rebels who proclaimed Martyazo also used a flag, but its exact design is unclear. It is described as either a tricolor or bicolor in conflicting reports.Template:Sfn An official report released by the secessionist government mentions a green-red-green flag.Template:Sfn Contemporary reports, however, mention a green-red-black, black-red-yellow or even green-red-blue tricolor. This is attributed to the second-hand nature of the information, as well as a language barrier between French and Kirundi.Template:Sfn