Martakert

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Martakert (Template:Langx, Template:Langx, also Script error: No such module "lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang".) or Aghdara (Template:Langx Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handlerScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".) is a town in the Aghdara District of Azerbaijan,[1] in the region of Nagorno-Karabakh. Until 2023 it was controlled by the breakaway Republic of Artsakh, as the centre of its Martakert Province. The village had an ethnic Armenian-majority population[2] until the exodus of the Armenian population of Nagorno-Karabakh following the 2023 Azerbaijani offensive in Nagorno-Karabakh.[3] The town underwent heavy destruction by Azerbaijani forces while under their control during the First Nagorno-Karabakh War.[4]

Etymology

Traditionally, the Armenian name of the town is interpreted as consisting of the elements Script error: No such module "lang". ('man, person,' or in this context 'brave') and Script error: No such module "lang". ('built by'), supposedly referring to the inhabitants' reputation for bravery.[5] Other explanations link the name with the word Script error: No such module "lang". ('chapel').[5] The Azerbaijani name for the settlement, Aghdara, translates to 'white river'.

History

File:Martakert, Church - panoramio.jpg
St. John the Baptist Church in Martakert

The site of the settlement was historically a part of the Melikdom of Jraberd, one of the Melikdoms of Karabakh.[6]

In 1918, a battle took place near the town between Ottoman and Armenian forces where the latter emerged victorious.[5]

During the Soviet period, Martakert was the administrative centre of the Martakert District of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast. It received the status of an urban-type settlement in 1960.

Nagorno-Karabakh conflict

First Nagorno-Karabakh War

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". During the First Nagorno-Karabakh War (1991–94), Martakert and the surrounding district saw heavy fighting, especially during the Azerbaijani Operation Goranboy and the Mardakert and Martuni Offensives in 1992.[6] The town was captured by Azerbaijani forces on 4 July 1992, forcing Martakert's Armenian population to flee the town.[7] Martakert was heavily damaged during the First Nagorno-Karabakh War and many of its buildings remain ruined and uninhabited.[7] According to Thomas Goltz, who was in Martakert in September 1992, the town became a "a pile of rubble", noting "more intimate detritus of destroyed private lives: pots and pans, suitcases leaking sullied clothes, crushed baby strollers and even family portraits, still in shattered frames".[8] HRW later noted that harsh actions taken by Karabakh Armenian forces during and after the offensive against Aghdam were seen as a revenge for the Azeri destruction of Martakert, in the context of the tit-for-tat nature of the conflict.[9] Martakert was recaptured by Armenian forces on 27 June 1993.[7] The area around the town has been controlled by Artsakh since the end of the war. Some of Martakert's natives gradually returned over the years, but many remained in Armenia, Russia, and elsewhere.[7]

Border clashes (1994–2020)

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File:AZ-qa-location-en.svg
The situation in the area after the 1994 ceasefire

The 2008 Mardakert clashes began on 4 March after the 2008 Armenian election protests. It involved the heaviest fighting between ethnic Armenian[10] and Azerbaijani forces[11] over the disputed region of Nagorno-Karabakh[11][12] since the 1994 ceasefire after the First Nagorno-Karabakh War.

Armenian sources accused Azerbaijan of trying to take advantage of ongoing unrest in Armenia.[13] Azerbaijani sources blamed Armenia, claiming that the Armenian government was trying to divert attention from internal tensions in Armenia.[13]

In 2020, some clashes along the ceasefire lines took place near Martakert.

Second Nagorno-Karabakh war

During the Second Nagorno-Karabakh war, the town was bombed by Azerbaijani forces more than once, resulting in civilian deaths.[14][15]

2023 Nagorno-Karabakh offensive

The town came under Azerbaijani control on 24 September 2023, following the 2023 Nagorno-Karabakh offensive.[16]

Geography

The town is located on the right bank of the Tartar River, between two mountains.[5]

Economy and culture

The population mainly works in different state institutions as well as with agriculture. As of 2015, Martakert has a municipal building, a house of culture, two schools, two kindergartens, a youth centre, 88 commercial enterprises, two factories and a regional hospital.[17] The enlarged municipal community of Martakert includes the villages of Haykajur, Jraberd, Maralyan Sarov, and Levonarkh.[7]

Historical heritage sites

Historical heritage sites in and around the town include tombs from the 2nd–1st millennia BCE, the pre-Christian Script error: No such module "lang". Cemetery, the medieval village of Script error: No such module "lang"., cemeteries from between the 17th and 19th centuries, St. John the Baptist Church (Script error: No such module "lang".) built in 1883 (possibly originating from as early as the 13th century), and a bridge across the Kusapat River from the early 20th century.[17][6]

Demographics

Year Armenians Azerbaijanis Russians Ukrainians Total
1907[5][18] Mostly Armenian 4,676
1970[19] 5,472 96.3% 135 2.4% 44 0.8% 9 0.2% 5,683
1979[20] 6,264 93.6% 349 5.2% 41 0.6% 5 0.1% 6,690
2005[21] 4,262 100% 4,262
2015[22] 4,600 100% 4,600

Climate

The climate in Martakert is classified as Humid subtropical climate (Cfa) by the Köppen climate classification.[23]

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Twin towns – sister cities

Partnership agreement:

  • Template:Flagicon Bourj Hammoud, Lebanon. In May 2018, representatives of the Artsakh city of Martakert and the Lebanese town of Bourj Hammoud signed a Memorandum of Cooperation. The memorandum states that aiming at the establishment of social, economic, tourism, and cultural relations between the two towns as well as realizing that cooperation between the towns can contribute to the strengthening of regional stability and peace.[25]

Gallery

References

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  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  6. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ a b c d e Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ Thomas Goltz. In TCG-33, Institute of Current World Affairs, Hanover, New Hampshire, September 18, 1992.
  9. ↑ AZERBAIJAN: Seven Years of Conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh Human Rights Watch/Helsinki. page 47, 1994
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  18. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  22. ↑ Cite error: Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".
  23. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  24. ↑ Official page of Vagarshapat city
  25. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

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External links

Template:Sister project

Template:Aghdara DistrictTemplate:Martakert Province Template:Administrative divisions of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic Template:Portal bar

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