Manilkara

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Manilkara is a genus of trees in the family Sapotaceae. They are widespread in tropical and semitropical locations, in Africa, Madagascar, Asia, Australia, and Latin America, as well as various islands in the Pacific and in the Caribbean.[1] A close relative is the genus Pouteria.

Trees of this genus yield edible fruit, useful wood, and latex. The best-known species are M. bidentata (balatá), M. chicle (chicle) and M. zapota (sapodilla). M. hexandra is the floral emblem of Prachuap Khiri Khan Province in Thailand, where it is known as rayan. M. obovata shares the vernacular name of African pear with another completely different species, Dacryodes edulis, and neither should be confused with Baillonella toxisperma, known by the very similar name, African pearwood.

Manilkara trees are often significant, or even dominant species in their native ecosystems, such as East Deccan dry evergreen forests, Central American premontane tropical wet forests, or together with Cynometra, in the Arabuko Sokoke National Park. Manilkara fruit are an important food item for various frugivores, in particular birds. The red fruit bat (Stenoderma rufum) is the primary – and possibly the only – seed disperser of M. bidentata in parts of the Caribbean. Tuckerella xiamenensis, a species of peacock mite, was described from a sapodilla tree.

Taxonomy

The generic name, Manilkara, is derived from the Malayalam word manil-kara, a vernacular name for M. kauki; it combines Manil from Manilha, the Portuguese name of Manila in the Philippines, and kara meaning "fruit".[2]Template:Rp

Species

File:Sapota.JPG
Manilkara zapota plant and fruit in Tamil Nadu, India

Species accepted by Plants of the World Online as of December 2022:[3]

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  • Manilkara adolfi-friederici (Engl. & K.Krause) H.J.LamScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Manilkara bequaertii (De Wild.) H.J.LamScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Manilkara bidentata (A.DC.) A.Chev.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Manilkara boivinii Aubrév.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Manilkara bolivarensis T.D.Penn.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Manilkara butugi Chiov.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Manilkara capuronii Aubrév.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Manilkara casteelsii (De Wild.) H.J.LamScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Manilkara cavalcantei Pires & Rodr. ex T.D.Penn.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Manilkara celebica H.J.LamScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Manilkara chicle (Pittier) GillyScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Manilkara concolor (Harv.) GerstnerScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Manilkara dardanoi DuckeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Manilkara dawei (Stapf) Chiov.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Manilkara decrescens T.D.Penn.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Manilkara discolor (Sond.) J.H.Hemsl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Manilkara dissecta (L.f.) DubardScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Manilkara doeringii (Engl. & K.Krause) H.J.LamScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Manilkara dukensis (Engl. & K.Krause) H.J.LamScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Manilkara elata (Allemão ex Miq.) Monach.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Manilkara excelsa (Ducke) Standl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Manilkara excisa (Urb.) H.J.LamScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Manilkara fasciculata (Warb.) H.J.Lam & Maas Geest.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Manilkara fischeri (Engl.) H.J.LamScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Manilkara fouilloyana Aubrév. & Pellegr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Manilkara frondosa (Hiern) H.J.LamScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Manilkara gonavensis (Urb. & Ekman) Gilly ex CronquistScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Manilkara hexandra (Roxb.) DubardScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Manilkara hoshinoi (Kaneh.) P.RoyenScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Manilkara huberi (Ducke) Standl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Manilkara ilendensis (Engl.) H.J.LamScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Manilkara inundata (Ducke) DuckeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Manilkara jaimiqui (C.Wright ex Griseb.) DubardScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Manilkara kanosiensis H.J.Lam & B.MeeuseScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Manilkara kauki (L.) DubardScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Manilkara koechlinii Aubrév. & Pellegr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Manilkara kribensis (Engl.) H.J.LamScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Manilkara kurziana H.J.Lam & B.MeeuseScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Manilkara letestui Aubrév. & Pellegr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Manilkara letouzeyi Aubrév.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Manilkara littoralis (Kurz) DubardScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Manilkara longifolia (A.DC.) DubardScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Manilkara longistyla (De Wild.) C.M.EvrardScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Manilkara lososiana Kenfack & EwangoScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Manilkara mabokeensis Aubrév.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Manilkara maxima T.D.Penn.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Manilkara mayarensis (Ekman ex Urb.) CronquistScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Manilkara microphylla Aubrév. & Pellegr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Manilkara mochisia (Baker) DubardScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Manilkara multifida T.D.Penn.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Manilkara nicholsonii A.E.van WykScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Manilkara obovata (Sabine & G.Don) J.H.Hemsl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Manilkara paraensis (Huber) Standl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Manilkara pellegriniana Tisser. & SillansScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Manilkara perrieri Aubrév.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Manilkara pleeana (Pierre ex Baill.) CronquistScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Manilkara pobeguinii Pierre ex DubardScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Manilkara pubicarpa Monach.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Manilkara roxburghiana (Wight) DubardScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Manilkara rufula (Miq.) H.J.LamScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Manilkara sahafarensis Aubrév.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Manilkara salzmannii (A.DC.) H.J.LamScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Manilkara samoensis H.J.Lam & B.MeeuseScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Manilkara sansibarensis (Engl.) DubardScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Manilkara seretii (De Wild.) H.J.LamScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Manilkara sideroxylon (Griseb.) DubardScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Manilkara smithiana H.J.Lam & Maas Geest.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Manilkara spectabilis (Pittier) Standl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Manilkara staminodella GillyScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Manilkara suarezensis Aubrév.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Manilkara subsericea (Mart.) DubardScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Manilkara sulcata (Engl.) DubardScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Manilkara sylvestris Aubrév. & Pellegr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Manilkara triflora (Allemão) Monach.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Manilkara udoido Kaneh.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Manilkara valenzuelana (A.Rich.) T.D.Penn.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Manilkara vitiensis (H.J.Lam & Olden) B.MeeuseScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Manilkara zapota (L.) P.RoyenScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Manilkara zenkeri Lecomte ex Aubrév. & Pellegr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

Several species are endangered due to overexploitation and habitat destruction. M. gonavensis of Haiti and M. spectabilis of Costa Rica are almost extinct.

References

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  1. ↑ Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
  2. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

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