Manifesto of the Ninety-Three

The "Manifesto of the Ninety-Three" (Template:Langx; originally "To the Civilized World," , by "Professors of Germany") is a 4 October 1914 proclamation by 93 prominent Germans supporting Germany in the start of World War I. The Manifesto galvanized support for the war throughout German schools and universities, but many foreign intellectuals were outraged.

The astronomer Wilhelm Julius Foerster soon repented having signed the document. With the physiologist Georg Friedrich Nicolai, he drew up the Manifesto to the Europeans. They argued:

It seems not just a good thing, but a dire necessity, that educated men of all nations direct their influence in such a way that the terms of the peace did not become the wellspring of future wars—uncertain though the outcome of the war may now still seem. The fact that this war has plunged all European relations into an equally unstable and plastic state should rather be put to use to create out of Europe an organic whole.

Whilst various people expressed sympathy with those sentiments, only the philosopher Otto Buek and Albert Einstein signed Foerster and Nicolai's counter manifesto and it remained unpublished at the time. It was subsequently brought to light by Einstein.

In 1921, a report in The New York Times found that of 76 surviving signatories, 60 expressed varying degrees of regret, and some claimed not to have seen what they had signed.

Purpose and reaction

The manifesto was primarily designed to contradict the negative image of Germany being portrayed in the press by other countries (especially in Britain), which is indicated by the fact that it was published in ten different languages. In addition, the manifesto articulated moral indignation, laying charges against foreign governments, academic institutions, and scholars whom the authors believed had wronged the German nation.Template:Sfn They also probably hoped to undermine support for the war among the civilian population of the Entente powers by demonstrating that German scientists — who at the time were very highly reputed — were fully in support of their country, thereby inducing the intellectuals of other European nations to put pressure on the governments of their respective countries. The reaction of both the European and American press, and of academic institutions around the world, indicate that the attempt was a failure.Template:Sfn

Text

File:Manifesto dos 93.gif

German text

Here is the English translation (italics in original) as reprinted after the war:

Signatories

The 93 signatories included Nobel laureates, architects, artists, chemists, composers, philosophers, physicians, physicists, poets, theologians and known college teachers. The German composer Richard Strauss refused to sign, on the basis that "Declarations about war and politics are not fitting for an artist."

List of signatories

1. Adolf von Baeyer, chemist: synthesized indigo, 1905 recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry
2. Peter Behrens, architect and designer
3. Emil Adolf von Behring, physiologist: received the 1901 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
4. Wilhelm von Bode, art historian and curator
5. Template:Ill, Austrian-German philologist
6. Lujo Brentano, economist and social reformer
7. Justus Brinckmann, art historian
8. Johannes Conrad, political economist
9. Franz von Defregger, Austrian artist
10. Richard Dehmel, anti-conservative poet and writer
11. Adolf Deissmann, Protestant theologian
12. Wilhelm Dörpfeld, architect and archeologist (including site of ancient Troy)
13. Friedrich von Duhn, classical archaeologist
14. Paul Ehrlich, awarded the 1908 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, initiated chemotherapy, "the magic bullet"
15. Albert Ehrhard, Catholic priest and church historian
16. Karl Engler, chemist
17. Template:Ill, Catholic theologian
18. Rudolf Christoph Eucken, philosopher: winner of the 1908 Nobel Prize for Literature
19. Herbert Eulenberg, poet and playwright
20. Henrich Finke, Catholic church historian
21. Hermann Emil Fischer, chemist: 1902 recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry
22. Wilhelm Foerster, also signed counter-manifesto
23. Ludwig Fulda, Jewish playwright with strong social commitment
24. Eduard von Gebhardt, painter
25. Jan Jakob Maria de Groot, Sinologist and historian of religion
26. Fritz Haber, chemist: received the 1918 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for synthesizing ammonia
27. Ernst Haeckel, biologist: coined the words "ecology, phylum, stem cell," developed "ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny"
28. Max Halbe, dramatist
29. Adolf von Harnack, Lutheran theologian
30. Template:Ill, playwright
31. Gerhart Hauptmann, dramatist and novelist: received the 1912 Nobel Prize in Literature
32. Gustav Hellmann, meteorologist
33. Wilhelm Herrmann, Reformed theologian
34. Andreas Heusler, Swiss medievalist
35. Adolf von Hildebrand, sculptor
36. Ludwig Hoffmann, architect
37. Engelbert Humperdinck, composer: including "Hänsel und Gretel"
38. Leopold Graf von Kalckreuth, painter
39. Arthur Kampf, history painter
40. Friedrich August von Kaulbach, painter
41. Theodor Kipp, jurist
42. Felix Klein, mathematician: group theory, complex analysis, non-Euclidean geometry; "the Klein bottle"
43. Max Klinger, Symbolist painter, sculptor, printmaker, and writer
44. Aloïs Knoepfler, art historian
45. Anton Koch, Catholic theologian
46. Paul Laband, professor of law
47. Karl Lamprecht, historian
48. Philipp Lenard, physicist: winner of the 1905 Nobel Prize for Physics for cathode rays research
49. Maximilian Lenz, painter
50. Max Liebermann, Jewish Impressionist painter and printmaker
51. Franz von Liszt, jurist and legal scholar (cousin of the composer)
52. Ludwig Manzel, sculptor
53. Template:Ill, theologian
54. Template:Ill, statistician
55. Template:Ill, Catholic theologian
56. Eduard Meyer, historian
57. Heinrich Morf, linguist
58. Friedrich Naumann, liberal politician and Protestant pastor
59. Albert Neisser, physician who discovered the cause of gonorrhea
60. Walther Hermann Nernst, chemist: third law of thermodynamics, won the 1920 Nobel Prize in chemistry
61. Wilhelm Ostwald, chemist: received the 1909 Nobel Prize in Chemistry
62. Bruno Paul, architect, illustrator, interior designer, and furniture designer.
63. Max Planck, theoretical physicist: originated quantum theory, awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1918
64. Albert Plohn, professor of medicine
65. Template:Ill, author and politician
66. Max Reinhardt, Austrian-born, American stage and film actor and director
67. Alois Riehl, philosopher
68. Carl Robert, philologist and archeologist
69. Wilhelm Röntgen, physicist: known for X-rays, awarded 1901 Nobel Prize in Physics
70. Max Rubner, physiologist and hygienist
71. Fritz Schaper, sculptor
72. Adolf von Schlatter, Evangelical theologian
73. Template:Ill, theologian
74. Gustav von Schmoller, economist
75. Reinhold Seeberg, theologian
76. Template:Ill, historian
77. Franz von Stuck, symbolist/Art Nouveau painter, sculptor, engraver, and architect
78. Hermann Sudermann, dramatist and novelist
79. Hans Thoma, painter
80. Wilhelm Trübner, realist painter
81. Karl Vollmöller, playwright and screenwriter
82. Richard Voss, dramatist and novelist
83. Karl Vossler, linguist and scholar
84. Siegfried Wagner, composer, son of Richard Wagner
85. Wilhelm Waldeyer, anatomist: named the chromosome
86. August von Wassermann, bacteriologist: developed the "Wassermann test" for syphilis
87. Felix Weingartner, Austrian conductor, composer and pianist
88. Theodor Wiegand, archeologist
89. Wilhelm Wien, physicist: received the 1911 Nobel Prize for work on heat radiation
90. Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff, classical philologist
91. Richard Willstätter, organic chemist: won the 1915 Nobel Prize for Chemistry for structure of plant pigments
92. Wilhelm Windelband, philosopher
93. Wilhelm Wundt, physician, psychologist, physiologist, philosopher, "father of experimental psychology"

See also

• Septemberprogramm

General references

• Herbert Gantschacher "Warpropaganda and the manifesto of the Ninety-Three" in Herbert Gantschacher "VIKTOR ULLMANN ZEUGE UND OPFER DER APOKALYPSE - WITNESS AND VICTIM OF THE APOCALYPSE - Testimone e vittima dell'Apocalisse - Prič in žrtev apokalipse - Svědek a oběť apokalypsy" - Complete original authorized edition in German and English language with summaries in Italian, Slovenian and Czech language, ARBOS-Edition Template:ISBN, Arnoldstein-Klagenfurt-Salzburg-Vienna-Prora-Prague 2015, page 185.

External links

• Original manifestoTemplate:Authority control