Manado Malay

Manado Malay, Manadonese, or simply the Manado language, is a creole language spoken in Manado, the capital of North Sulawesi province in Indonesia, and the surrounding area. The local name of the language is , and the name Minahasa Malay is also used,Template:Sfn after the main ethnic group speaking the language. Since Manado Malay is used primarily for spoken communication, there is no standard orthography.

Manado Malay differs from standard Malay in having numerous Portuguese, Dutch, Spanish, and Ternate loan words, as well as having traits such as its use of as a first person singular pronoun, rather than as a first person inclusive plural pronoun. It is derived from North Moluccan Malay (Ternate Malay), which can be evidenced by the number of Ternate loanwords in its lexicon.Template:Sfn For example, the pronouns ('you', singular) and ('you', plural) are of Ternate–Tidore origin.Template:Sfn Manado Malay has been displacing the indigenous languages of the area.Template:Sfn

Phonology

Vowels

The vowel system of Manado Malay consists of five vowel phonemes.Template:Sfn

Manado Malay vowels

	Front	Central	Back
High	Template:IPA link		Template:IPA link
Mid	Template:IPA link		Template:IPA link
Low		Template:IPA link

Consonants

Manado Malay has nineteen consonants and two semivowels.Template:Sfn

Manado Malay consonants

	Labial	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link
Plosive	Template:IPA link Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link
Fricative	Template:IPA link Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link			Template:IPA link
Lateral		Template:IPA link
Trill		Template:IPA link
Semivowel	Template:IPA link		Template:IPA link

Letter-to-sound correspondences

Consonants

Source:Template:Sfn

Non-digraphs

Letter	IPA	Examples	Word meaning
b	Template:IPAblink	budo'	(adj., adv.) light-skinned
c	Template:IPAblink	cokodidi	(adj., v.) hyperactive person — in the sense of "could not sit still"
d	Template:IPAblink	dodu'	(n., v.) hiccup
f	Template:IPAblink	falo-falo	(n.) water dipper
v (interchangeable with f)		veto	(v.) to rebuke
g	Template:IPAblink	goro	(n.) rubber (material), rubber band
h	Template:IPAblink	haga	(v.) to stare
j	Template:IPAblink	jatung	(v.) to fall down
k	Template:IPAblink	karlota	(adj., n., v.) gossipy, gossip, or to gossip — a slang that emerged in the 1990s, thanks to Carlota, a gossipy servant in [[María la del Barrio#Cast|María la del Barrio]].
l	Template:IPAblink	li'u	(v.) to trip on one foot only
m	Template:IPAblink	mner	(n.) mister, sir
n	Template:IPAblink	nae	(adj., v.) to go up, to move up
p	Template:IPAblink	parampuang	(n., adj., v.) female, feminine
r	Template:IPAblink	rabu-rabu	(adj., v., adv.) quick in a hurried manner
s	Template:IPAblink	s'hal	(n.) bowl, basin
t	Template:IPAblink	tindis	(v.) to press
w	Template:IPAblink	wowo'	(adj., v.) mute person
y	Template:IPAblink	yaki	(n.) Celebes crested macaque — having the connotation of "stupid" or "dirty" if used in comparison with a person
z (usually used in loanwords)	Template:IPAblink	zigzag	(adj., v.) zigzag
' (very rarely written)	Template:IPAblink	nyanda'	(det.) no

Digraphs

Letter sequence	IPA	Examples	Word meaning
kh (very rare, mostly realized as Template:IPAblink)	Template:IPAblink	khas	(adj.) special, unique to
kw	Template:IPAblink	kwa'	(int.) particle that is used to express pity, frustration, or assertion when one didn't follow the locutor's suggestions or commands (ex. So bilang akang kwa' mar ngana cuma jba kabal! "I told you but you just won't listen!")
ky	Template:IPAblink	kyapa	(adv., int.) why
ng	Template:IPAblink	ngale-ngale	(adj., adv.) leisurely slow
ny	Template:IPAblink	nyong	(n.) boy
sy (starting to become outdated), sh (modern)	Template:IPAblink	syalom / shalom	(int.) Shalom

Vowels

Non-diphthong

Letter	IPA	Examples	Word meaning	Note
a	Template:IPAblink	aju	(v.) to mockingly mimic someone
e	Template:IPAblink	enteru	(adj., adv.) all, whole	Often realized as Template:IPAslink
	Template:IPAblink	empedu	(n.) bile	Must be a loanword (either from Indonesian, English, or other languages) to be truly realized as Template:IPAslink, otherwise would disappear or shift to Template:IPAslink or Template:IPAslink. Some accent (like Tomohon or Tondano) tend to preserve the sound from loanwords when compared to the others (such as Manado) where it would shift. But given the nationalization of Indonesian, the younger generation starts to implement more Template:IPAslink in their speech, fully or partially decreolizing the words.
i	Template:IPAblink	iyo	(det.) yes
o	Template:IPAblink	ofor	(v.) to pass or hand something over
u	Template:IPAblink	uba	(n.) medicine

Stress

Most words in Manado Malay have stress on the pre-final syllable:

	'chair'
	'half'
	'money'

However, there are also many words with final stress:

	'right, correct, true'
	'egg; testicle'
	'fast'

Note that the accents is not used in everyday writing; just to indicate the stressed syllable.

Grammar

Pronouns

Personal

Pronoun	Standard Indonesian	Manado Malay
First singular
First plural
Second singular
Second plural
Third singular
Third plural

Possessives

Possessives are built by adding to the personal pronoun or name or noun, then followed by the 'possessed' noun. Thus has the function similar to English "'s" as in "the doctor's uniform".

English	Manado Malay
My friend
Your (Template:Singular) friend
His/her book
This book is yours (Template:Singular)

Interrogative words

The following are the interrogative words or "w-words" in Manado Malay:

English	Manado Malay
why	kyapa
where
who
which one(s)

Grammatical aspect

('to be') can be used in Manado Malay to indicate the perfective aspect, e.g.:

• = 'They already went down to Wenang (the indigenous name for Manado)'
• = 'We ate already' or 'We have eaten already'

Nasal final

The final nasals and in Indonesian are replaced by the "-ng" group in Manado Malay, similar with Terengganu dialect of Malaysia (as well as other languages in Sulawesi such as Buginese and Makassarese), e.g.:

• (Indonesian ) = 'to eat',
• (Indonesian ) = 'to walk',
• (Indonesian ) = 'to shower', etc.

Prefix

"ba-" prefix

The ber- prefix in Indonesian, which serves a function similar to the English -ing, is modified into ba- in Manado Malay. E.g.: (, 'walking'), (, 'swimming'), (, 'laying eggs')

"ma(°)-" prefix

° = ng, n, or m depending on phonological context.

The me(°)- prefix in standard Indonesian, which also serves a function to make a verb active, is modified into ma(°)- in Manado Malay. E.g.: (, 'hooking fish'), (, 'dancing'), (, 'searching'), (, 'cooking'), (, 'crying').

Influences

Loanwords

Due to the historical presence of the Dutch and the Portuguese in eastern Indonesia, several Manado Malay words originate from their languages. However, there is little influence from the local Minahasan languages, and borrowings from Spanish are not very prominent either – in spite of the historical Spanish dominance – suggesting that Manado Malay was transplanted from outside the Minahasa region.Template:Sfn On the other hand, Portuguese influence is comparatively significant,Template:Sfn considering that the Portuguese presence in the area was relatively limited.Template:Sfn There is also some influence of loanwords from another Austronesian language group called Gorontalo–Mongondow languages. There is also a layer of loanwords from the non-Austronesian language of Ternate, which was controlled by the Portuguese in the period 1512–1655.Template:Sfn

Standard Indonesian	Manado Malay loanword	Source language	Source word	English
		Portuguese		cap, hat
	,	Portuguese		bored
	,	Dutch		for
	,	Dutch		fork
		Portuguese		throat
		Portuguese		chair
		Portuguese		flag
		Portuguese		handkerchief
		Dutch		but
		Portuguese		corn, maize
		Dutch		finished
		Dutch		uncle
		Dutch		grandmother
		Dutch		grandfather
		Portuguese		shade
		Portuguese		sweat
		Dutch		aunt
		Portuguese		forehead, temple
	,	Portuguese		turtle
	, ,	Portuguese		shoe(s)
		Portuguese		(agricultural) field or garden

Indonesian loanwords from Manado Malay

Several words in Manado Malay are loaned to standard Indonesian:

• (which indicates reciprocality) e.g.: ('to punch each other'), ('to hit each other'), Originally a loanword from Ternate, it has spread through Manado Malay into other regions of Indonesia.Template:Sfn

Examples

Examples :

• = I
• = you
• = we
• = they
• = yes
• = no (' = glottal stop)

Sentences :

•  : My mother went to the market
•  : You haven't eaten since yesterday.
•  : Don't lie to me!

Note that the apostrophe (') is not used in everyday writing; just to indicate the glottal stop.

External links

• Alkitab Bahasa Manado, the first Bible translation into Manado Malay (2017).
• Manado Malay-English-Indonesian Dictionary, Webonary.