Mailuan languages
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The Mailuan or Cloudy Bay languages are a small family of Trans–New Guinea languages spoken around Cloudy Bay in the "Bird's Tail" (southeastern peninsula) of New Guinea. They are classified within the Southeast Papuan branch of Trans–New Guinea.
Languages
The languages, which all share about half of their vocabulary, are,
Bauwaki–O'oku is closely related to the Mailuan languages.
Classification
Dutton (1971) said Bauwaki was a link to the Yareban languages. It has greater lexical similarity with Aneme Wake (Yareban) than the closest Mailuan language, Domu. Usher (2020) classifies Mailuan, Bauwaki and Yareban together.[1]
Magi shows evidence of language shift from an Oceanic language in many Oceanic words.
Pronouns
Usher (2020) reconstructs the proto-Mailuan–Yareban pronouns as:[1]
sg du pl 1excl *na *ge 1incl *gu *i 2 *ga *ja 3 *e *ema
Ross (1995) reconstructs the Mailuan pronouns as:
sg du pl 1 *i *gu- *ge 2 *ga *[j]a *[j]a, *mee 3 *emu
Vocabulary comparison
Template:Cleanup lang The following basic vocabulary words are from Thomson (1975)[2] and various SIL field notes, as cited in the Trans-New Guinea database.[3]
The words cited constitute translation equivalents, whether they are cognate (e.g. kuma, uma, tuma for “louse”) or not (e.g. baka, ulim, muruu for “egg”).
| gloss | Bauwaki | Binahari | Mailu[4] | Mailu (Delebai d.) |
Mailu (Asiaoro d.) |
Mailu (Baibara d.) |
Mailu (Geagea d.) |
Mailu (Ilai d.) |
Mailu (Domara d.) |
Morawa |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| head | awara | sol | moru; uru | moru | moru | moru | ioru | ilolo | moru | din |
| hair | i'iri | git | limuu | ʔuru | liʔimu | limuʔu | ʔuru | liʔimu | ʔuru | bo |
| ear | ome | ofi | ope | ʔope | ʔope | ʔope | ʔope | ʔope | ʔope | ope |
| eye | ni'aba | ni | ini | ini | ini | ini | ini | ini | ini | nikaba |
| nose | iru | lilim | durumu | durumu | durumu | durumu | durumu | durumu | durumu | dunun |
| tooth | ni'o | maʔa | gagina; maa | maʔa | maʔa | maʔa | maʔa | maʔa | maʔa | ma'akisa |
| tongue | meana | koba | goba | goba | goba | goba | goba | goba | goba | goba |
| leg | doboro | aᵘ | ʔau | ʔau | ʔau | ʔau | ʔau | ʔau | au | |
| louse | kuma | uma | tuma | tuma | tuma | tuma | tuma | tuma | tuma | tuma |
| dog | wa'ai | waʔaⁱ | waai | waʔai | dari | waʔai | dari | dari | dari | va'ai |
| pig | boro | boro | boraʔa | boraʔa | boraʔa | boraʔa | talae | natu | ||
| bird | adau | adaᵘ | manu | manu | manu | manu | manu | manu | manu | adau |
| egg | baka | ulim | muruu | muruʔu | muruʔu | muruʔu | muruʔu | muruʔu | muruʔu | unimi |
| blood | dana | lala | lala | lala | lala | lala | lala | |||
| bone | i sa | gisa | kisa | kisa | tara | kisa | kisa | kisa | iriga | |
| skin | ofe | ofi | opi | ʔopi | ʔopi | ʔopi | ʔopi | ʔopi | ʔopi | ubu |
| breast | ama | ⁱama | hama | ama | ama | ama | ama | ama | ama | ama |
| tree | ana | ʔana | ana | ana | ana | ana | ana | ana | ana | |
| man | eme | ɛmɛkʰ | egi | egi | egi | egi | egi | egi | egi | emegi |
| woman | aveka | aveha | avesa | avesa | avesa | avesa | avesa | avesa | aveha | |
| sky | nogara | nogara | nogara | nogara | nogara | nogara | nogara | |||
| sun | evaka | budiwa | nina | nina | nina | nina | nina | nina | rina | |
| moon | manabe | debaʔaʰ | dovele | dovele | dovele | dovele | dovele | deveni | ||
| water | ya'a | yaʔah | aʔaʔma; mami | ʔaʔama | ʔaʔama | ʔaʔama | ʔaʔama | ʔaʔama | ʔaʔama | ya'ama |
| fire | yo | kɛu | eu | eu | eu | eu | eu | eu | badau | eu |
| stone | oma | bagᵃ | budi; nabua; gomagomana |
gomana | gomana | gomana | gomana | korau | korao | |
| road, path | da'aba | legaʰ | laea | laea | laea | laea | laea | laea | laea | nara |
| name | ibi | im | omu | omu | omu | omu | omu | omu | omu | |
| eat | isi | kihi | isiisi | isiisi | isiisi | isiisi | isiisi | isiisi | ʔiʔa | isi |
| one | dim dai | opmigau | omu | ʔomu | ʔomu | ʔomu | ʔomu | ʔomu | ʔomu | obumiya |
| two | yara | haᵘřa | ava | ʔava | ʔava | ʔava | ʔava | ʔava | ʔava | hauna |
Additional word lists can be found in Ray (1938).[5]
Evolution
Mailuan reflexes of proto-Trans-New Guinea (pTNG) etyma are:[6]
- ama ‘breast’ < *amu
- maa ‘mouth’ < *maŋgat[a]
- kisa ‘bone’ < *kondaC
- tupa ‘short’ < *tu(p,mb)a(C)
- guia ‘cassowary’ < *ku(y)a
- baba ‘father’ < *mbapa
- idi ‘hair’ < *iti[C]
- (ine) ibi ‘name’ < *imbi
- iini- ‘sleep’ < *kin(i,u)-
References
Bibliography
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Notes
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- ↑ a b New Guinea World, Owen Stanley Range
- ↑ Thomson, N.P. "The Dialects of Magi". In Conrad, R., Dye, W., Thomson, N. and Bruce Jr., L. editors, Papers in New Guinea Linguistics No. 18. A-40:37-90. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1975. Script error: No such module "CS1 identifiers".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Saville, W. J. V. 1912. A Grammar of the Mailu Language, Papua. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland 42: 397-436.
- ↑ Ray, Sidney H. 1938. The languages of the Eastern and South-Eastern Division of Papua. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland 68: 153–208.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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Template:Southeast Papuan languages Template:Trans–New Guinea languages Template:Papuan languages