Machaerotidae
Template:Short description Template:Automatic taxobox Machaerotidae are a family of bugs in the superfamily Cercopoidea which were formerly placed within Cercopidae. They are sometimes called tube-forming spittle-bugs as the nymphs form a calcareous tube within which they live. These bugs are mainly found in the Old World tropics. The adults of many genera have a long, free and spine-like process originating from the scutellum and thus superficially similar to the tree-hoppers, Membracidae. The tegmen or forewing, like typical bugs of the suborder Heteroptera, always has a distinct, membranous apical area.
Like other cercopoids, these are xylem-sap feeders.[1] The nymph extracts calcium from the xylem fluid and constructs a calcareous tube from Malphigian gland secretions.[2] They typically feed on woody dicots and immerse themselves in a rather clear fluid excretion inside the tube. The tubes strongly resemble the shells of certain serpulid sea worms or helicoid land snails and contain no less than 75% calcium carbonate. This habit is quite uncommon in the class Insecta and markedly different from that of typical spittlebugs, which make and live in a froth mass.[3] Machaerotids produce foam only when they emerge from the tube to moult. There are about 115 species in 31 genera placed in 4 tribes. The majority of species are found in Southeast Asia with a small number in Africa. They were traditionally separated into two subfamilies; Machaerotinae which have the scutellar spine, and Enderleiniinae which lack it. A third subfamily, also lacking the spine, Apomachaerotinae, was recognized in 2014. The scutellum has a "tail" or appears raised towards the posterior end.[4] Template:Cladogram A list of the subfamilies, tribes and genera is as follows:[4]
- Apomachaerotinae
- Apomachaerota Schmidt, 1907Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Serreia Baker, 1927Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Machaerotinae
- Maxudeini
- Blastacaen Maa, 1963Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Conditor Distant, 1916Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Maxudea Schmidt, 1907Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Machaerotini
- Dianmachaerota Nie & Liang, 2009Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Grypomachaerota Schmidt, 1907Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Irridiculum Hamilton, 2014Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Machaerota Burmeister, 1835Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Platymachaerota Schmidt, 1918Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Romachaeta Maa, 1963Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Sigmasoma Schmidt, 1907Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Tapinacaena Maa, 1963Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Maxudeini
- Enderleiniinae
- Hindoloidini
- Aphrosiphon China, 1935Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Hindoloides Distant, 1915Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Kyphomachaerota Bell & Cryan, 2013Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Trigonurella Maa, 1963Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Enderleiniini
- Aecalusa Maa, 1963Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Allox Hamilton, 2014Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Chaetophyes Schmidt, 1981Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Enderleinia Schmidt, 1907Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Hindola Kirkaldy, 1900Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Labramachaerota Bell & Cryan, 2013Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Labrosyne Maa, 1963Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Machaeropsis Melichar, 1903Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Makiptyelus Maki, 1914Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Neuroleinia Lallemand, 1936Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Neuromachaerota Schmidt, 1912Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Pectinariophyes Kirkaldy, 1906Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Polychaetophyes Kirkaldy, 1906Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Taihorina Schumacher, 1915Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Hindoloidini
References
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