Macclesfield Bank

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File:Macclesfield Bank 1920 nautical chart.jpg
A 1920 American nautical chart, based on British surveys - depths in fathoms

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Macclesfield Bank is an elongated sunken atoll of underwater reefs and shoals in the South China Sea. It lies east of the Paracel Islands, southwest of Pratas Island and north of the Spratly Islands. It is about Script error: No such module "convert". long from southwest to northeast, and about Script error: No such module "convert". wide at its broadest part. [1] With an ocean area of Script error: No such module "convert". it is one of the largest atolls in the world.[2] The Macclesfield Bank is part of what China calls the Zhongsha Islands, which includes a number of geographically separate submarine features, and also refers to a county-level administrative division.

History

Macclesfield banks reportedly were named after British ship named Macclesfield,[3][4] though there is some ambiguity which vessel this was. By one account, the vessel was the British East India Company East Indiaman Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters"., which mapped and recorded the shoals in early 1701 on her way back to England from China.[5] An alternative origin story attributes the name to an HMS Macclesfield that reportedly ran aground in the vicinity of these shoals in 1804.[6][7]Template:Efn

In April 1888 Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities"., under the command of William Usborne Moore, with Percy Bassett-Smith as Surgeon-Naturalist, mapped the banks. They found a depth of Script error: No such module "convert". inside the bank, with the rim rising to within Script error: No such module "convert". of the surface. Dredging found live corals, showing that although entirely submerged, the bank was an actively growing reef.[8]

Geography

The broken coral reef rim of Macclesfield Bank, with a width of up to Script error: No such module "convert"., has depths of Script error: No such module "convert". at Pygmy Shoal on the northeast end of the bank and depths of 11.6 to Script error: No such module "convert". elsewhere. Within the lagoon, Walker Shoal marks the least known depth of Script error: No such module "convert".. In general, the central lagoon is very deep, with depths up to Script error: No such module "convert".. While the bank is everywhere submerged, with no drying shoals, it is usually visible due to the turbulence it causes, the seas becoming "high and confused" in heavy weather.[1]

The elongated atoll consists of the following shoals, clockwise starting in the northeast, and at the end the six named shoals in the lagoon:

English
Name		 Romanized
Name		 Chinese
Name		 Coordinates least
depth
(fathoms)
Pigmy (Pygmy) Shoal Biwei Ansha 比微暗沙 Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 7
Engeria (Egeria) Bank Yinji Tan 隱磯灘 Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 10
Howard Shoal Wuyong Ansha 武勇暗沙 Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 10
Learmonth Shoal Jimeng Ansha 濟猛暗沙 Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 9
Plover Shoal Haijiu Ansha 海鳩暗沙 Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 10
Addington Patch Anding Lianjiao 安定連礁 Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 10
Smith Shoal Meixi Ansha 美溪暗沙 Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 9
Bassett Shoal Bude Ansha 布德暗沙 Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 9
Balfour Shoal Bofu Ansha 波洑暗沙 or 波伏暗沙 Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 8
Parry Shoal Paibo Ansha 排波暗沙 Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 8
Cawston Shoal Guodian Ansha 果淀暗沙 Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 10
Penguin Bank Paihong Tan 排洪灘 Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 9
Tancred Shoal Taojing Ansha 濤靜暗沙 Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 10
Combe Shoal Kongpai Ansha 控湃暗沙 Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 7
Cathy (Cathay) Shoal Huaxia Ansha 華夏暗沙 Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 7
Siamese Shoal Simen Ansha 西門暗沙 Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 9
Bankok Shoal Bengu Ansha 本固暗沙 Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 7
Magpie Shoal Meibin Ansha 美濱暗沙 Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 8
Carpenter Shoal Luban Ansha 魯班暗沙 Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 8
Oliver Shoal Zhongbei Ansha 中北暗沙 Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 7
Hardy Patches1 Shitang Lianjiao 石塘連礁 Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 8
Hand Shoal1 Zhizhang Ansha 指掌暗沙 Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 9
Margesson Shoal1 Nanfei Ansha 南扉暗沙 Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 8
Walker Shoal1 Manbu Ansha 漫步暗沙 Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 5
Phillip's Shoal1 Lexi Ansha 樂西暗沙 Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 9
Payne Shoal1 Pingnan Ansha 屏南暗沙 Script error: No such module "Coordinates". 8

1 inside lagoon

Territorial claims

File:Karta CN SouthChinaSea.PNG
South China Sea

Macclesfield Bank is claimed, in whole or in part, by China[9] and Taiwan (Republic of China).[10][11]

Jose Zaide, a Filipino diplomat of ambassadorial rank, has written that the Philippines does not claim the Macclesfield Bank.[12] Moreover, Macclesfield Bank is not within UNCLOS 200 or Philippines EEZ.[13]

As the bank is entirely underwater, some scholars have raised questions regarding the legality of territorial claims upon it with regards to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS).[14][15][16][17] However, the Philippines filed claim for another underwater feature, the Benham Rise, in 2008 in compliance with the requirements of UNCLOS and UN officially approved the claim in April 2012.[18][19][20][21]

Notes

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References

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  1. ↑ a b Template:Cite enroute
  2. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  18. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  19. ↑ UN to decide on Phl claim on 13-M hectare Benham Rise Template:Webarchive, August 16, 2011, Philippine Star.
  20. ↑ UN approves PH territorial claim to Benham Rise Template:Webarchive, April 28, 2012, Philippine Daily Inquirer.
  21. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

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See also

External links

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