Lycium
Template:Short description Template:Automatic taxobox Lycium is a genus of flowering plants in the nightshade family, Solanaceae.[1] The genus has a disjunct distribution around the globe, with species occurring on most continents in temperate and subtropical regions. South America has the most species, followed by North America and southern Africa. There are several scattered across Europe and Asia, and one is native to Australia.[2] Common English names for plants of this genus include box-thorn,[3] wolfberry, and desert-thorn.[4] Plants of the World Online currently accepts 101 species.[5] Other estimates are of 70[2] to 80[6][7] species.
Etymology
The generic name Lycium is derived from the Greek word λυκιον (lykion), which was applied by Pliny the Elder (23-79) and Pedanius Dioscorides (ca. 40–90) to a plant known as dyer's buckthorn. It was probably a Rhamnus species and was named for Lycia (Λυκία), the ancient southern Anatolian region in which it grew.[8][9] The berry is called lycii fructus ("lycium fruit") in old Latin pharmacological texts.
Description
Lycium are shrubs, often thorny, growing 1 to 4 meters tall. The leaves are small, narrow, and fleshy, and are alternately arranged, sometimes in fascicles. Flowers are solitary or borne in clusters. The funnel-shaped or bell-shaped corolla is white, green, or purple in color. The fruit is a two-chambered, usually fleshy and juicy berry which can be red, orange, yellow, or black. It may have few seeds or many.[3][6] Most Lycium have fleshy, red berries with over 10 seeds, but a few American taxa have hard fruits with two seeds.[7]
While most Lycium are monoecious, producing bisexual flowers with functional male and female parts, some species are gynodioecious, with some individuals bearing bisexual flowers and some producing functionally female flowers.[10]
Uses
Lycium has been known to European herbalists since ancient times, and species were traded from the Far East to Europe by the Romans, for example via Ariaca and the port of Barbarikon near today's Karachi, as mentioned in the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea. In his Naturalis historia, Pliny the Elder describes boxthorn as a medicinal plant, as does Pedanius Dioscorides in his P. Dioscoridae pharmacorum simplicium reique medicae.[11]
In his 1753 publication Species Plantarum, Linnaeus describes three Lycium species: L. afrum, L. barbarum, and L. europaeum.[11]
Lycium, particularly L. barbarum, have long been used in traditional Chinese medicine.[12][13] The leaves and roots of other species of Lycium, such as L. europaeum, when mixed with water, have been used in folk medicine.[14] The fruit of L. barbatum and L. chinense, known as goji berry, is commonly consumed as a dried fruit.[12] The Chinese tonic gou qi zi ("wolfberry fruit") is made of the fruit of any of several Lycium species, and is used as a dietary supplement.[12]
Ecology
Lycium species mostly occur in arid and semi-arid climates, and a few are known from coastal zones in somewhat saline habitat types.[2]
Invasive species include L. ferocissimum, which was introduced to Australia and New Zealand and has become a dense, thorny pest plant there. It injures livestock, harbors pest mammals and insects, and displaces native species.[15]
Species
101 species are accepted.[5][16][17]
- Lycium acutifolium E.Mey. ex DunalScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Lycium afrum L. – Kraal honey thorn
- Lycium amarum Lu Q.HuangScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Lycium ameghinoi Speg.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Lycium americanum Jacq.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Lycium amoenum DammerScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Lycium anatolicum A.Baytop & R.R.MillScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Lycium andersonii A.GrayScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Anderson boxthorn, water-jacket
- Lycium arenicola MiersScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Lycium armatum Griff.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Lycium arochae F.Chiang, T.Wendt & E.J.LottScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Lycium athium BernardelloScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Lycium australe F.Muell.
- Lycium barbarum L.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Barbary matrimony-vine, Chinese boxthorn, Duke of Argyll's teaplant, goji-berry, Himalayan goji, Tibetan goji
- Lycium barbinodum MiersScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Lycium berlandieri Dunal – Berlandier wolfberry
- Lycium boerhaviifolium L.f.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Lycium bosciifolium SchinzScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Lycium brevipes Benth.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Baja desert-thorn
- Lycium brevipes var. hassei (Greene) C.L.Hitchc.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Santa Catalina Island desert-thorn
- Lycium bridgesii (Miers) R.A.Levin, Jill S.Mill. & G.BernardelloScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Lycium californicum Nutt. ex A.GrayScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – California boxthorn, California desert-thorn
- Lycium carolinianum Walter – Carolina desert-thorn, Christmas berry
- Lycium cestroides Schltdl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Lycium chanar Phil.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Lycium chilense Bertero
- Lycium chinense Mill.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Chinese teaplant, Chinese wolfberry, Chinese boxthorn
- Lycium ciliatum Schltdl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Lycium cinereum Thunb.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Kriedoring
- Lycium confertum MiersScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Lycium cooperi A.GrayScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – peachthorn, Cooper's wolfberry
- Lycium cuneatum DammerScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Lycium cyathiforme C.L.Hitchc.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Lycium cylindricum Kuang & A.M.LuScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Lycium dasystemum Pojark.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Lycium decumbens Welw. ex HiernScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Lycium densifolium WigginsScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Lycium depressum Stocks
- Lycium deserti Phil.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Lycium distichum MeyenScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Lycium edgeworthii DunalScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Lycium eenii S.MooreScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Lycium europaeum L. – European teatree, European matrimony-vine
- Lycium exsertum A.Gray – Arizona desert-thorn, littleleaf wolfberry
- Lycium ferocissimum MiersScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – African boxthorn
- Lycium flexicaule Pojark.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Lycium fremontii A.GrayScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Frémont's desert-thorn
- Lycium fuscum MiersScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Lycium gariepense A.M.VenterScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Lycium geniculatum FernaldScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Lycium gilliesianum MiersScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Lycium glomeratum Sendtn.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Lycium grandicalyx Joubert & VenterScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Lycium hantamense A.M.VenterScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Lycium hirsutum DunalScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Lycium horridum Thunb.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Lycium humile Phil.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Lycium infaustum MiersScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Lycium intricatum Boiss.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Lycium isthmense F.ChiangScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Lycium kopetdaghi Pojark.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Lycium leiospermum I.M.Johnst.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Lycium leiostemum Wedd.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Lycium macrodon A.Gray – desert wolfberry
- Lycium makranicum Schönb.-Tem.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Lycium martii Sendtn.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Lycium mascarenense A.M.Venter & A.J.Scott
- Lycium megacarpum WigginsScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Lycium minimum C.L.Hitchc.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Lycium minutifolium J.RémyScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Lycium ningxiaense R.J.Wang & Q.LiaoScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Lycium oxycarpum Dunal
- Lycium pallidum Miers – pale desert-thorn
- Lycium parishii A.GrayScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Parish's desert-thorn
- Lycium petraeum FeinbrunScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Lycium pilifolium C.H.WrightScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Lycium puberulum A.GrayScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – downy desert-thorn
- Lycium pubitubum C.L.Hitchc.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Lycium pumilum DammerScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Lycium qingshuigeense Xu L.Jiang & J.N.LiScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Lycium rachidocladum DunalScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Lycium repens Speg.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Lycium ruthenicum Murray
- Lycium sandwicense A.Gray – ʻŌhelo kai, Hawaii desert-thorn
- Lycium schizocalyx C.H.WrightScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Lycium schreiteri F.A.BarkleyScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Lycium schweinfurthii DammerScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Lycium shawii Roem. & Schult. – Arabian boxthorn
- Lycium shockleyi A.GrayScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Shockley's desert-thorn
- Lycium sokotranum R.Wagner & Vierh.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Lycium stenophyllum J.RémyScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Lycium strandveldense A.M.VenterScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Lycium tenue Willd.
- Lycium tenuispinosum MiersScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Lycium tetrandrum Thunb.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Lycium texanum CorrellScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Texas wolfberry
- Lycium torreyi A.GrayScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Torrey's boxthorn, squawthorn
- Lycium truncatum Y.C.WangScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Lycium villosum SchinzScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Lycium vimineum MiersScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Lycium yunnanense Kuang & A.M.LuScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Formerly placed here
- Buchozia japonica (Thunb.) Callm. (as L. foetidum L.f. or L. japonicum Thunb.)[16]
References
External links
Template:Sister project Template:Sister project
- Project Lycieae Template:Webarchive, Amherst College
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b c Fukuda, T., et al. (2001). Phylogeny and biogeography of the genus Lycium (Solanaceae): Inferences from chloroplast DNA sequences. Template:Webarchive Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 19(2), 246-58.
- ↑ a b Lycium. The Jepson eFlora 2013.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedpowo - ↑ a b Lycium. Flora of China.
- ↑ a b Levin, R. A. and J. S. Miller. (2005). Relationships within tribe Lycieae (Solanaceae): paraphyly of Lycium and multiple origins of gender dimorphism. American Journal of Botany 92(12), 2044-53.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Huxley, A., ed. (1992). New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. Macmillan Template:ISBN.
- ↑ Miller, J. S. and D. L. Venable. (2002). The transition to gender dimorphism on an evolutionary background of self-incompatibility: an example from Lycium (Solanaceae). American Journal of Botany 89(12), 1907-15.
- ↑ a b Hitchcock, C. L. (1932). A monographic study of the genus Lycium of the Western Hemisphere. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 19(2/3), 179-348 and 350-66. doi:10.2307/2394155 (First page image).
- ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Nissim Krispil, Medicinal Plants in Israel and Throughout the World - the Complete Guide, Or Yehuda (Israel) 2000, pp.Template:Nbsp38–39 (Hebrew)
- ↑ Lycium ferocissimum (African boxthorn). Invasive Species Compendium. CABI.
- ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "template wrapper".