Lower Mamberamo languages

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The Lower Mamberamo languages are a recently proposed language family linking two languages spoken along the northern coast of Papua province, Indonesia, near the mouth of the Mamberamo River. They have various been classified either as heavily Papuanized Austronesian languages belonging to the SHWNG branch, or as Papuan languages that had undergone heavy Austronesian influence. Glottolog 3.4 classifies Lower Mamberamo as Austronesian, while Donohue classifies it as Papuan. Kamholz (2014) classifies Warembori and Yoke each as coordinate primary subgroups of the South Halmahera–West New Guinea languages.[1]

Languages

The two languages, Warembori and Yoke, were listed as isolates in Stephen Wurm's widely used classification. Donohue (1998) showed them to be related with shared morphological irregularities.[2] Ross (2007) classified Warembori as an Austronesian language based on pronouns; however, Donohue argues that these are borrowed, since the two pronouns most resistant to borrowing, 'I' and 'thou', do not resemble Austronesian or any other language family. The singular prefixes resemble Kwerba languages, but Lower Mamberamo has nothing else in common with that family. (See Warembori language and Yoke language for details.) Donohue argues that they form an independent family, though one perhaps related to another Papuan family, that has been extensively relexified under Austronesian influence, especially in the case of Warembori.

Pauwi, now extinct, may have been a Lower Mamberamo language.[3]

'Ambermo'

Script error: No such module "Infobox".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".<templatestyles src="Template:Infobox/styles-images.css" />Script error: No such module "Check for conflicting parameters". In 1855, G. J. Fabritius collected numerals from around Geelvink Bay. At the 'Ambermo' (Mamberamo) River at the eastern extent of his coverage, he collected Script error: No such module "Lang". '1' and Script error: No such module "Lang". '2' from an unnamed language. However, he notes that the people only 'count' by means of singular and plural, so it is doubtful whether Script error: No such module "Lang". and Script error: No such module "Lang". are actually numerals. In any case, these words do not resemble the numerals in any language of the area, so the language Fabritius encountered remains unidentified.[4]

Pronouns

Reconstructed independent pronouns in proto-Lower Mamberamo are:[3]

sg pl
1 Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang".
2 Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang".
3 Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang".

Foley observes that there are likely similarities with Austronesian languages, likely due to contact.

Script error: No such module "Lang". 'I' and Script error: No such module "Lang". 'you (sg)' are also shared with neighboring Kwerba languages.[3]

Cognates

Basic vocabulary, mostly cognates, of the Lower Mamberamo languages (Warembori and Yoke) listed in Foley (2018):[3]

Lower Mamberamo family basic vocabulary
gloss Warembori Yoke notes
'bird' Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". < Austronesian
'bone' Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang".
'eat' Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". < Austronesian ?
'egg' Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang".
'give' Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang".
'go' Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". < Austronesian ?
'hair' Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". < Austronesian
'hear' Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang".
'kill' Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". < Austronesian
'leg' Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang".
'louse' Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". < Austronesian ?
'man' Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang".
'name' Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang".
'tree' Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". < Austronesian

Vocabulary comparison

The following basic vocabulary words are from Voorhoeve (1975),[5] as cited in the Trans-New Guinea database:[6]

gloss Warembori Yoke
head Script error: No such module "Lang".
hair Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang".
eye Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang".
tooth Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang".
leg Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang".
louse Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang".
dog Script error: No such module "Lang".
pig Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang".
bird Script error: No such module "Lang".
egg Script error: No such module "Lang".
blood Script error: No such module "Lang".
bone Script error: No such module "Lang".
skin Script error: No such module "Lang".
tree Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang".
man Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang".
sun Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang".; Script error: No such module "Lang".
water Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang".; Script error: No such module "Lang".
fire Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang".
stone Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang".
name Script error: No such module "Lang".
eat Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang".
one Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang".
two Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang".

Notes

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  1. ↑ Kamholz, David (2014). Austronesians in Papua: Diversification and change in South Halmahera–West New Guinea Script error: No such module "webarchive".. Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Berkeley. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8zg8b1vd
  2. ↑ Donohue, Mark (1998 [2003]). Warembori, and the Lower Mamberamo family.
  3. ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ Template:Glottolog
  5. ↑ Voorhoeve, C.L. Languages of Irian Jaya: Checklist. Preliminary classification, language maps, wordlists. B-31, iv + 133 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1975. Script error: No such module "CS1 identifiers".
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

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References

  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

See also

External links

Template:Papuan languages Script error: No such module "navbox".

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