List of wars by death toll

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This list of wars by death toll includes all deaths directly or indirectly caused by the deadliest wars in history. These numbers encompass the deaths of military personnel resulting directly from battles or other wartime actions, as well as wartime or war-related civilian deaths, often caused by war-induced epidemics, famines, or genocides. Due to incomplete records, the destruction of evidence, differing counting methods, and various other factors, the death tolls of wars are often uncertain and highly debated. For this reason, the death tolls in this article typically provide a range of estimates.

Compiling such a list is further complicated by the challenge of defining a war. Not every violent conflict constitutes a war; for example, mass killings and genocides occurring outside of wartime are excluded, as they are not necessarily wars in themselves. This list broadly defines war as an extended conflict between two or more armed political groups. Consequently, it excludes mass death events such as human sacrifices, ethnic cleansing operations, and acts of state terrorism or political repression during peacetime or in contexts unrelated to war.Template:Efn

List

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War Death
range 		Date Combatants Location % of global population (rough estimates)
World War II 70–85 million[1][2][3] 1939–1945 Allied Powers vs. Axis Powers Global 3.04%–3.69%[1]
Mongol invasions and conquests 20–60 million[4][5][6][7] 1206–1368 Mongol Empire vs. various states in Eurasia Asia and Europe 5.55%–13.54%[1][8]
Three Kingdoms 34 million[9] 220–280 Multiple sides China 13.28%–17.89%[1]
Taiping Rebellion 20–30 million[10][11] 1850–1864 Qing Dynasty vs. Taiping Heavenly Kingdom China 1.42%–2.65%[1]
Manchu Conquest of China 25 million[12][13] 1618–1683 Manchu vs. Ming Dynasty China 4.16%–5.31%[1][14]
World War I 15–22 million[15][16][3] 1914–1918 Allied Powers vs. Central Powers Global 0.85%–1.25%[1]
Conquests of Timur 7–17 million[7] 1369–1405 Timurid Empire vs. various states in Asia Central Asia, West Asia, and South Asia 1.94%–5.55%[1]
An Lushan rebellion 13 million[17] 754–763 Tang Dynasty and Uyghur Khaganate vs. Yan Dynasty China 6.04%[18]
Spanish conquest of Mexico 10.5 million[19]Template:Efn 1519–1530 Spanish Empire and allies vs. Aztec Empire and allies Mexico 2.33%[18]
Russian Civil War 7–10 million[20][3] 1917–1922 Multiple sides; Bolsheviks, anti-Bolshevik left, White Movement, Allied and Central Intervention, as well as various separatists Russia 0.37%–0.53%[21]
Chinese Civil War 4–9 million[22][3] 1927–1949Template:Efn Multiple sides; but predominantly Communists vs. Kuomintang China 0.19%–0.43%[23]
Crusades 1–9 million[24][25] 1095–1291 Originally Byzantine Empire vs. Seljuk Empire, but evolved into Christians vs. Muslims Europe and the Middle East 0.31%–2.8%[26]
Thirty Years' War 4.5–8 million[27][28] 1618–1648 Anti-Imperial Alliance vs. Imperial Alliance Europe 0.77%–1.38%[29]
Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire 7.7 million[30]Template:Efn 1533–1572 Spanish Empire vs. Inca Empire South America 1.71%[18]
Reconquista 7 million[31][32] 718–1492 Christian peninsular kingdoms vs. Muslim peninsular kingdoms Iberian Peninsula 1.94%[18]
French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars 4–7 million[33][34] 1792–1815 French Republic, later French Empire vs. Coalition forces Europe 0.49%–0.86%[1]
Conquests of Menelik II 6 million[35] 1878–1904 Ethiopian Empire vs. Emirate of Harar, Kingdom of Kaffa, Kingdom of Wolaita, and allies Horn of Africa 0.39%[36]
Second Congo War 3–5.4 million[37][38][39] 1998–2003 Multiple sides Democratic Republic of the Congo 0.05%–0.09%[18]
Spanish conquest of New Granada 5.25 million[40][41]Template:Efn 1525–1540 Spanish Empire vs. Muisca Confederation and other civilizations Colombia Venezuela 1.17%[18]
Deccan wars 4.6–5 million[42] 1680–1707 Mughal Empire vs. Maratha Confederacy Indian subcontinent 0.75%–0.82%[18]
Northern Wars 3.57–4.57 milion[43][44][45][46] 1554–1721 Multiple sides Eastern and Northern Europe
Vietnam War 1.1–4.2 million[47][48][49] 1955–1975 North Vietnam and allies vs. South Vietnam and allies Indochina
Nigerian Civil War 3.04–4.1 million[50][51] 1967–1970 Nigeria vs. Biafra Nigeria
French Wars of Religion 2–4 million[52] 1562–1598 French catholics vs Huguenots France
Korean War 2.5–3.5 million[53][22] 1950–1953 North Korea and allies vs. South Korea and allies Korean Peninsula
Hundred Years' War 2.3–3.5 million[54][55][33] 1337–1453 House of Valois vs. House of Plantagenet Western Europe
Soviet–Afghan War 1–3 million[56][3] 1979–1989 Soviet Union and Democratic Republic of Afghanistan vs. Afghan mujahideen Afghanistan
Delhi Conquest of North India 0.5–3 million[57] 1300–1310 Delhi Sultanate vs. North Indian States Indian subcontinent
Bangladesh Liberation War 0.3–3 million[58][59] 1971 India and Provisional Government of Bangladesh vs. Pakistan Indian subcontinent
Mexican Revolution 1–2.7 million[33][60] 1910–1920 Anti-government forces vs. Pro-government forces Mexico
Fang La Rebellion 2 million[33][61] 1120–1122 Song Dynasty vs. Fang La rebels China
Ethiopian Civil War and Eritrean War of Independence 1.75–2 million[62][63][64] 1961–1991Template:Efn EPRDF, later EPLF, vs. Derg and People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Horn of Africa
Russo-Circassian War and Caucasian War 1.5–2 million[65] 1763–1864 Circassian Confederation, Principality of Abkhazia, and Caucasian Imamate vs. Russian Empire Caucasus
Second Sudanese Civil War 1–2 million[66][67] 1983–2005 Sudan vs. SSPDF Sudan
Tây Sơn wars 1–2 million[68][69] 1771–1802 Tây Sơn dynasty vs. Nguyễn lords, Kingdom of Cambodia, Rattanakosin Kingdom, and Kingdom of France Indochina
Akbar's Conquest of North India 1–2 million[70] 1556–1605 Mughal Empire vs. North Indian States Indian subcontinent
Indian Rebellion of 1857 0.8–2 million[71] 1857–1858 United Kingdom and allies vs. Indian rebels and allies Indian subcontinent
Balkan Wars 0.75–1.77 million[72][73] 1912–1913 Ottoman Empire vs. Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece, and Montenegro; later Bulgaria vs. Serbia, Greece, Montenegro, and Romania Balkans
Algerian War 0.4–1.6 million[74][75] 1954–1962 France vs. Separatists National Liberation Front, Algerian National Movement, and Algerian Communist Party North Africa
Seven Years' War 1–1.5 million[76][33] 1756–1763 Great Britain, Hanover, Prussia, Portugal, and allies vs. France, Habsburg empire, Saxony, Spain, and allies Global
Warring States period and Qin's wars of unification 0.65–1.5 million[77][33] 475 BCE–221 BCE Multiple sides China
French conquest of Algeria 0.98–1.48 million[78][79][80] 1830–1903 France vs. Regency of Algiers, Emirate of Abdelkader, Kingdom of Beni Abbas, and allies North Africa
Gallic Wars 0.7–1.47 million[33][81][82][83] 58 BCE–50 BCE Roman Republic vs. Gauls and allies Gaul
Jewish–Roman wars 0.35–1.4 million[84][85] 66–135 Roman Empire vs. Judean provisional government Fertile Crescent
War of the Spanish Succession 0.4–1.25 million[86][87] 1701–1714 Habsburg Spain, Great Britain, Holy Roman Empire, and allies vs. Bourboun Spain, Kingdom of France, and allies Global
Franco-Prussian War 1.15 million[88][89] 1870–1871 Second French Empire, later Third French Republic, vs. North German Confederation Central Europe
Japanese invasions of Korea 1 million [90] 1592–1598 Joseon and Ming dynasty vs. Japan Korean Peninsula
Panthay Rebellion 1 million[91] 1856–1873 Qing Dynasty vs. Pingnan Guo China
American Civil War 0.6–1 million[92][93] 1861–1865 United States vs. Confederate States North America
Mozambican Civil War 0.5–1 million[94][95] 1977–1992 People's Republic of Mozambique, later Republic of Mozambique, and allies vs. RENAMO and allies Mozambique
First Sudanese Civil War 0.5–1 million[96][97] 1955–1972 Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, later Democratic Republic of the Sudan, vs. Sudan Defence Force Sudan
Somali Civil War 0.35–1 million[98][99] 1991–present Multiple sides Horn of Africa
Burmese–Siamese wars 0.26–0.9 million[33][100][101] 1547–1855 Thailand vs. Myanmar Southeast Asia
First Indochina War 0.4–0.84 million[102][103] 1946–1954 Viet Minh, Pathet Lao, and Khmer Issarak vs. French Union Indochina
Angolan Civil War 0.8 million[104][95] 1975–2002 People's Republic of Angola, later Republic of Angola, and allies vs. Democratic People's Republic of Angola and allies Angola
Burundian Civil War 0.55–0.8 million[105][106][95] 1993–2005 Burundi vs. Ethnic Hutu vs. Tutsi Militants Rwanda and Burundi
Second Punic War 0.77 million[107] 218 BCE–201 BCE Roman Republic vs. Ancient Carthage Southern Europe, the Mediterranean Sea, and North Africa
War of Austrian Succession 0.75 million[108] 1740–1748 France, Prussia, Spain, and allies vs. Habsburg monarchy, Great Britain, Dutch Republic, and allies Europe, Americas, and Indian subcontinent
Third Punic War 0.75 million[109][110] 149 BCE–146 BCE Roman Republic vs. Ancient Carthage North Africa
Iran-Iraq War 0.45–0.7 million[84][111][112] 1980–1988 Islamic Republic of Iran vs. Iraqi Republic Iran and Iraq
Nine Years' War 0.68 million[113] 1688–1697 Kingdom of France vs. Grand Alliance Europe
Crimean War 0.61–0.67 million[114][115][116] 1853–1856 Russian Empire vs. Ottoman Empire, France and United Kingdom Crimea, Black Sea, Caucasus and Balkans
Syrian civil war 0.58–0.61 million[117][118] 2011–present Multiple sides Levant
Mexican War of Independence 0.6 million[119] 1810–1821 Mexican patriots vs. Spanish Empire North and Central America
Bahmani–Vijayanagar Wars 0.6 million[120] 1362–1443 Vijayanagara Empire and Musunuri Nayakas vs. Bahmani Sultanate Indian subcontinent
Turkish War of Independence 0.4–0.6 million[121][122][123] 1919–1923 Turkey vs. Greece, France, United Kingdom, and Armenia Anatolia
Tigray War 0.16–0.6 million[124][125] 2020–2022 Ethiopia and Eritrea vs. Tigray People's Liberation Front and allies Horn of Africa
Roman-Germanic wars 0.54 million[126][127] 113 BCE–774 Roman Republic, later Roman Empire and Byzantine Empire, vs. Germanic tribes Germania
First Punic War 0.4–0.54 million[128][129] 264 BCE–241 BCE Roman Republic vs. Ancient Carthage Southern Europe, the Mediterranean Sea, and North Africa
Paraguayan War 0.15–0.5 million[130] 1864–1870 Empire of Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay vs. Paraguay South America
Uganda-Tanzania War and Ugandan Bush War 0.1–0.5 million[131][132][133][134] 1978–1986 Uganda vs. Tanzania, National Liberation Front, and National Resistance Movement Uganda and Tanzania
Papua conflict 0.1–0.5 million[135][136] 1962–present Indonesia vs. Free Papua Movement New Guinea
Eighty Years' War 0.1–0.5 million[137] 1566–1648 Spanish Empire vs. Separatist Dutch Republic Low Countries
Spanish Civil War 0.35–0.47 million[138][139][140] 1936–1939Template:Efn Nationalists vs. Republicans Iberian Peninsula
Colombian conflict 0.45 million[141] 1964–present Colombia vs. Colombian and Mexican drug cartels and paramilitaries vs. FARC Colombia
Polish–Ottoman Wars 0.43 million[142][143] 1485–1699 Poland-Lithuania, Holy League, and allies vs. Ottoman Empire and allies Central Europe and Balkans
Roman–Greek wars 0.42 million[144] 280 BCE–30 BCE Roman Republic vs. Greek states, later Greek rebels, and Ptolemaic Kingdom Peloponnese Peninsula, Balkans, Anatolia, Egypt and Roman Italy
Maratha invasions of Bengal 0.4 million[145][146] 1741–1751 Maratha Confederacy vs. Bengal Nawab Indian subcontinent
Colombian War of Independence 0.4 million[147] 1810–1825 Colombian patriots vs. Spanish Empire Colombia, Ecuador, and Venezuela
Third Indochina War 0.4 million[148] 1975–1991 Democratic Kampuchea, China, and Thailand vs. Vietnam, Laos, and People's Republic of Kampuchea vs. Communist Party of Thailand Indochina
War in Darfur 0.4 million[149] 2003–2020 Sudan vs. SRF and SLM/A Sudan
Mexican war on drugs 0.35–0.4 million[150][151] 2006–present Mexico vs drug cartels Mexico
Song–Đại Việt war 0.25–0.4 million[152][153] 1075–1077 Song Dynasty vs. Đại Việt Indochina
Cuban Wars of Independence and Spanish–American War 0.39 million[154][155] 1868–1898 United States, Cuban Revolutionaries, and Philippine Revolutionaries vs. Spanish Empire Caribbean and the Philippines
South Sudanese Civil War 0.38 million[156] 2013–2020 South Sudan vs. SPLM-IO, Nuer White Army, and SSDM South Sudan
Yemeni civil war 0.37 million[157][158] 2014–present Multiple sides Yemen
War in Afghanistan (2001–2021) 0.36 million[159][160] 2001–2021 Taliban and allies vs. United States-led coalition and the Afghan GovernmentTemplate:Efn Afghanistan
Boko Haram insurgency 0.35 million[161] 2009–present Multinational Joint Task Force vs. Boko Haram Nigeria
Franco-Dutch War 0.34 million[162] 1672–1678 Kingdom of France vs. Dutch Republic Western Europe
Ottoman–Venetian wars 0.34 million[163][164] 1415–1718 Ottoman Empire vs. Holy League Mediterranean Sea, Greece and Cyprus
Liberian Civil Wars and Sierra Leone Civil War 0.3–0.32 million[165][166][167] 1989–2003 Liberian government, Revolutionary United Front vs. National Patriotic Front of Liberia, Liberians United for Reconciliation and Democracy, Movement for Democracy in Liberia, Sierra Leone West Africa
Cambodian Civil War 0.27–0.31 million[168][169][170][95] 1967–1975 Khmer Rouge and allies vs. Kingdom of Cambodia, later the Khmer Republic, and allies Cambodia
Goguryeo–Sui War 0.3 million[171][172] 598–614 Sui Dynasty vs. Goguryeo Manchuria and the Korean Peninsula
Carlist Wars 0.3 million[173] 1833–1876 Carlists vs. Liberals and Republicans Iberian Peninsula
Iraqi conflict 0.27–0.3 million[174] 2003–2017 Multiple sides Levant
Gulf War 0.17–0.3 million[175][176] 1990–1991Template:Efn Kuwait and the United States-led coalition vs. Iraq Kuwait and Iraq
Social War (91–87 BC) 0.1–0.3 million[177][84] 91 BCE–87 BCE Roman Republic and allies vs. Marsic and Samnite rebels, and allies Roman Italy
Russian invasion of Ukraine 0.16–0.29 millionTemplate:Efn 2022–present Russia, Belarus, and North Korea vs. Ukraine Eastern Europe and the Black Sea
Roman conquest of Britain 0.13–0.29 million[178][179][180] 43–84 Roman Empire vs. Celtic Britons Great Britain
Philippine–American War 0.21–0.28 million[181][182] 1899–1913 United States vs. Philippine Republic, later Tagalog Republic, Sultanate of Sulu and Sultanate of Maguindanao Philippines
Kalinga War 0.25 million[183] 262 BCE–261 BCE Maurya Empire vs. Kalinga Indian subcontinent
First Congo War 0.25 million[184] 1996–1997 Zaire vs. AFDL Democratic Republic of the Congo
Cristero War 0.25 million[185] 1926–1929 Mexico vs. Cristeros Mexico
Greek War of Independence 0.24 million[186][187] 1821–1829 Ottoman Empire vs. Separatist First Hellenic Republic Balkans and Peloponnese Peninsula
Myanmar conflict 0.23 million[188][189] 1948–present National Unity Government of Myanmar vs. State Administration Council Myanmar
American Revolution 0.18–0.23 million[190][191] 1775–1783 American Patriots vs. Great Britain North America
Chechen conflict 0.08–0.23 millionTemplate:Efn 1994–2009 Russia vs. Separatist Chechen Republic of Ichkeria Caucasus
Indian Annexation of Hyderabad 0.2 million[192][193] 1947–1948 India vs. Hyderabad Indian subcontinent
La Violencia 0.2 million[194] 1948–1958 Colombian Conservative Party vs. Colombian Liberal Party Colombia
Greco-Persian Wars 0.2 million[195] 499 BCE–449 BCE Greek city-states vs. Achaemenid Empire Southeast Europe, West Asia, and Northeast Africa
Guatemalan Civil War 0.14–0.2 million[196][197] 1960–1996 Government of Guatemala vs. Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity Central America
North Yemen Civil War 0.1–0.2 million[198][199] 1962–1970 Kingdom of Yemen vs. Yemen Arab Republic Yemen
Italo-Senussi Wars 0.07-0.2 million[200][201][202] 1911–1934 Kingdom of Italy vs. Senusiyya, Ottoman Empire North Africa
Portuguese Colonial War 0.14–0.18 million[203][204][205] 1961–1974 Estado Novo vs. MPLA, PAIGC, FNLA, among others Angola, Guinea, and Mozambique
Thousand Days' War 0.1–0.18 million[206] 1899–1902 Colombian Conservative Party vs. Colombian Liberal Party Colombia
Sri Lankan Civil War 0.08–0.17 million[207][208] 1983Template:Efn–2009 Sri Lankan government vs. Separatist Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam Sri Lanka
Civil conflict in the Philippines 0.16 million[209][210] 1968–present Filipino government vs. Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters, Communist Party of the Philippines, and Abu Sayyaf Philippines
Russo-Japanese War 0.12–0.16 million[211] 1904–1905 Empire of Japan vs. Russian Empire East Asia
Sudanese civil war (2023–present) 0.15 million[212][213] 2023–present Sudan and allies vs. Rapid Support Forces and allies Sudan
Algerian Civil War 0.15 million[214] 1992–2002 Multiple sides North Africa
Arab-Israeli conflict 0.2 millionTemplate:Efn 1948Template:Efn–present Israel vs. Arab League, Iran, Hezbollah, Hamas, and the Houthi movement Levant
Lebanese Civil War 0.12–0.15 million[215][216][217] 1975–1990 Multiple sides Levant
Greek Civil War 0.08–0.15 million[218][219][95] 1946–1949 Kingdom of Greece vs. Provisional Democratic Government Balkans and Peloponnese Peninsula
Yugoslav Wars 0.13–0.14 million[220][221] 1991–2001 Separatist forces and NATO vs. Yugoslavia, later Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Balkans
Irish Nine Years' War 0.13 million[222] 1593–1603 Kingdom of England vs. Irish rebels Ireland
Chaco War 0.08–0.13 million[223][224][225] 1932–1935 Paraguay vs. Bolivia Paraguay and Bolivia
Nanda–Mauryan War 0.1 million[226] 323 BCE–321 BCE Maurya Empire vs. Nanda Empire Indian subcontinent
Federal War 0.1 million[227] 1859–1863 Federal rebels vs. Conservative government Venezuela
Wars of Alexander the Great 0.1 million[228][229][230] 336 BCE–332 BCE Macedonian empire vs. Achaemenid Empire Anatolia, Greece, Levant, Persia, Middle East, Indian subcontinent and Mesopotamia
Congo Crisis 0.1 million[231] 1960–1965 Republic of the Congo, later Democratic Republic of the Congo, and allies vs. Congo Free State, South Kasai, Katanga, Kwilu rebels, Simba rebels, and allies Congo

Charts and graphs

File:Combatant deaths in conventional wars, 1800—2011.png
Number of combatants that died due to fighting in interstate and civil wars. This excludes civilian deaths, which can make the death tolls much larger.[232]
File:Deadliest wars.png
Seven deadliest wars after 1900. The length of each spiral segment is proportional to the war's duration and its area size to its death toll.[233]
File:War Death Toll Chart.png
Bubble chart of wars with over 1.5 million deaths.[234]

See also

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Notes

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References

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  5. ↑ McEvedy, Colin; Jones, Richard M. (1978). Atlas of World Population History. New York, NY: Puffin. p. 172. Template:ISBN.
  6. ↑ Graziella Caselli, Gillaume Wunsch, Jacques Vallin (2005). "Demography: Analysis and Synthesis, Four Volume Set: A Treatise in Population". Academic Press. p.34. Template:ISBN
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  57. ↑ Conquest of Malwa (1305): 10,000-20,000 Hindus killed Muhammad bin Tughlaq (1325-1351) - Campaigns against the Rajputs: 50,000–100,000 Rajputs killed Rebellion against Muhammad bin Tughlaq (1327-1351): 100,000–200,000 casualties Firuz Shah Tughlaq (1351-1388) - Campaigns against the Jats and Rajputs: 20,000–40,000 killed Total Deaths500,000–3,000,000 deaths Sources: 1. Minhaj-i-Siraj's Tabakat-i-Nasiri 2. Hasan Nizami's Taj-ul-Ma'sir 3. Amir Khusrau's Khazain-ul-Futuh 4. Ziauddin Barani's Tarikh-i-Firuz Shahi
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  116. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  117. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  118. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  119. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  120. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  121. ↑ Death by Government, Rudolph Rummel, 1994.
  122. ↑ These are according to the figures provided by Alexander Miasnikyan, the President of the Council of People's Commissars of Soviet Armenia, in a telegram he sent to the Soviet Foreign Minister Georgy Chicherin in 1921. Miasnikyan's figures were broken down as follows: of the approximately 60,000 Armenians who were killed by the Turkish armies, 30,000 were men, 15,000 women, 5,000 children, and 10,000 young girls. Of the 38,000 who were wounded, 20,000 were men, 10,000 women, 5,000 young girls, and 3,000 children. Instances of mass rape, murder and violence were also reported against the Armenian populace of Kars and Alexandropol: see Vahakn N. Dadrian. (2003). The History of the Armenian Genocide: Ethnic Conflict from the Balkans to Anatolia to the Caucasus. New York: Berghahn Books, pp. 360–361 Template:Webarchive. Template:ISBN.
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  126. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  128. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  133. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  135. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  137. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  139. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  142. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  144. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  145. ↑ Kirti N. Chaudhuri (2006). The Trading World of Asia and the English East India Company: 1660-1760. Cambridge University Press. p. 253. ISBN 9780521031592.
  146. ↑ P. J. Marshall (2006). Bengal: The British Bridgehead: Eastern India 1740-1828. Cambridge University Press. p. 73. ISBN 9780521028226.
  147. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  148. ↑ Chuyên đề 4 CÔNG TÁC TÌM KIẾM, QUY TẬP HÀI CỐT LIỆT SĨ TỪ NAY ĐẾN NĂM 2020 VÀ NHỮNG NĂM TIẾP THEO, datafile.chinhsachquandoi.gov.vn/Quản%20lý%20chỉ%20đạo/Chuyên%20đề%204.doc
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  177. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". Page 439. – "late sources suggest that Livy may have estimated that 50,000 were killed on each side" (citing Eutrop. 5.9). However, in pages 696–697 Brunt notes that many of the Social war and later Sullan civil war estimates may be exaggerations taken from Sulla's memoirs.
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  183. ↑ Raychaudhuri, H. (2006). Political History of Ancient India: From the Accession of Parikshit to the Extinction of the Gupta Dynasty. Cosmo Publications. p. 268,305. ISBN 978-81-307-0291-9. Retrieved 27 June 2019.
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  185. ↑ Edgar Danés Rojas (2008). Noticias del Edén: la iglesia católica y la Constitución mexicana. Tamaulipas: Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, pp. 82. ISBN 978-970-819-063-3.
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  190. ↑ Peckham (ed.) 1974
  191. ↑ Clodfelter 2017, pp. 133–134
  192. ↑ Smith 1950, p. 46.
  193. ↑ Noorani, A.G. (3–16 March 2001), "Of a massacre untold", Frontline, 18 (5), retrieved 8 September 2014, "The lowest estimates, even those offered privately by apologists of the military government, came to at least ten times the number of murders with which previously the Razakars were officially accused..."
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  203. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  205. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  206. ↑ Waiss, Óscar (1954). Nacionalismo y Socialismo en América Latina. Prensa Latinoamericana, pp. 17. esta cifra carece de fundamento e implicaría prácticamente la perdida total de las fuerzas de combate de ambos bandos.
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  226. ↑ Chatterjee, Suhas (1998). Indian civilization and culture (pg-155) New Delhi: M.D. Publications. p. 155. ISBN 9788175330832.
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  229. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  230. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  231. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  233. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  234. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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Further reading

External links

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