List of the 72 names on the Eiffel Tower
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| The location of the names on the tower |
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On the Eiffel Tower, 72 names of French men (scientists, engineers, and mathematicians) are engraved in recognition of their contributions.[1] Gustave Eiffel chose this "invocation of science" because of his concern over the protests against the tower, and chose names of those who had distinguished themselves since 1789.[2] The engravings are found on the sides of the tower under the first balcony, in letters about Template:Cvt tall, and were originally painted in gold. The engraving was painted over at the beginning of the 20th century and restored in 1986–87 by Société Nouvelle d'exploitation de la Tour Eiffel, the company that the city of Paris contracts to operate the Tower. The repainting of 2010–11 restored the letters to their original gold colour. There are also names of the engineers who helped build the Tower and design its architecture on a plaque on the top of the Tower, where a laboratory was built as well.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
List
Location
The list is split in four parts (one for each side of the tower). The sides have been named after the parts of Paris that each side faces:
- The North-East side (also known as La Bourdonnais side)
- The South-East side (also known as the Military School side)
- The South-West side (also known as the Grenelle side)
- The North West side (also known as the Trocadéro side)
Names
In the table below are all the names on the four sides.
| Name appearing | Full name | Occupation | Location | Portrait |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| SEGUIN | Marc Seguin | engineer | NW01 Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
File:Seguin.jpg |
| LALANDE | Jérôme Lalande | astronomer | NW02 Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
File:Jérôme Lalande.jpg |
| TRESCA | Henri Tresca | engineer and mechanic | NW03 Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
File:69-Tresca.jpg |
| PONCELET | Jean-Victor Poncelet | geometer | NW04 Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
File:Jean-Victor Poncelet.jpg |
| BRESSE | Jacques Antoine Charles Bresse | civil engineer and hydraulic engineer | NW05 Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
File:JAC BRESSE.jpg |
| LAGRANGE | Joseph-Louis Lagrange | mathematician | NW06 Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
File:Joseph-Louis Lagrange.jpeg |
| BELANGER | Jean-Baptiste-Charles-Joseph Bélanger | mathematician and hydraulic engineer | NW07 Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
File:Jean-Baptiste Bélanger.png |
| CUVIER | Georges Cuvier | naturalist | NW08 Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
File:Georges Cuvier large.jpg |
| LAPLACE | Pierre-Simon Laplace | mathematician and astronomer | NW09 Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
File:Pierre-Simon Laplace.jpg |
| DULONG | Pierre Louis Dulong | physicist and chemist | NW10 Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
File:Pierre Louis Dulong.jpg |
| CHASLES | Michel Chasles | geometer | NW11 Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
File:Michel Chasles.jpg |
| LAVOISIER | Antoine Lavoisier | chemist | NW12 Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
File:Antoine lavoisier.jpg |
| AMPERE | André-Marie Ampère | mathematician and physicist | NW13 Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
File:Ampere1.jpg |
| CHEVREUL | Michel Eugène Chevreul | chemist | NW14 Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
File:Michel Eugène Chevreul.jpg |
| FLACHAT | Eugène Flachat | civil engineer | NW15 Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
File:Flachat.png |
| NAVIER | Claude-Louis Marie Henri Navier | mathematician | NW16 Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
File:Claude-Louis Navier.jpg |
| LEGENDRE | Adrien-Marie Legendre | mathematician | NW17 Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
File:Legendre.jpg |
| CHAPTAL | Jean-Antoine Chaptal | agronomist and chemist | NW18 Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
File:Jean-Antoine Chaptal 1.jpg |
| JAMIN | Jules Jamin | physicist | SW01 Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
File:Jules Celestin Jamin.jpg |
| GAY-LUSSAC | Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac | chemist | SW02 Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
File:Gaylussac.jpg |
| FIZEAU | Hippolyte Fizeau | physicist | SW03 Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
File:Hippolyte Fizeau.jpg |
| SCHNEIDER | Eugène Schneider | industrialist | SW04 Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
File:Schneider, Eugène.jpg |
| LE CHATELIER | Louis Le Chatelier | engineer | SW05 Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
File:Louis Le Chatelier.jpg |
| BERTHIER | Pierre Berthier | mineralogist | SW06 Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
File:Pierre Berthier.jpg |
| BARRAL | Jean-Augustin Barral | agronomist, chemist, physicist | SW07 Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
File:Barral.png |
| DE DION | Henri de DionTemplate:Efn | engineer | SW08 Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
File:Henri de Dion.jpg |
| GOUIN | Ernest Goüin | engineer and industrialist | SW09 Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
File:Ernest Gouin.jpg |
| JOUSSELIN | Louis Didier Jousselin | engineer | SW10 Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
File:Louis Jousselin (1776-1858). Ingeniero.jpg |
| BROCA | Paul Broca | physician and anthropologist | SW11 Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
File:Paul Broca.jpg |
| BECQUEREL | Antoine César Becquerel | physicist | SW12 Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
File:Antoine Becquerel 2.jpg |
| CORIOLIS | Gaspard-Gustave Coriolis | engineer and scientist | SW13 Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
File:Gaspard-Gustave de Coriolis.jpg |
| CAIL | Jean-François Cail | industrialist | SW14 Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
File:Jean Francois Cail.jpg |
| TRIGER | Jacques Triger | engineer | SW15 Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
File:Jules Triger.jpg |
| GIFFARD | Henri Giffard | engineer | SW16 Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
File:Giffard portrait 1 200.jpg |
| PERRIER | François Perrier | geographer and mathematician | SW17 Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
File:Francois Perrier - Project Gutenberg eText 16671.png |
| STURM | Jacques Charles François Sturm | mathematician | SW18 Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
File:Charles Sturm.jpeg |
| CAUCHY | Augustin-Louis Cauchy | mathematician | SE01 Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
File:Cauchy Augustin Louis dibner coll SIL14-C2-03a.jpg |
| BELGRAND | Eugène Belgrand | engineer | SE02 Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
File:Eugène Belgrand.jpg |
| REGNAULT | Henri Victor Regnault | chemist and physicist | SE03 Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
File:Henri Victor Regnault.jpg |
| FRESNEL | Augustin-Jean Fresnel | civil engineer and physicist | SE04 Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
File:Augustin Fresnel.jpg |
| DE PRONY | Gaspard de Prony | engineer | SE05 Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
File:Gaspard de Prony.jpg |
| VICAT | Louis Vicat | engineer | SE06 Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
File:LouisVicatJ.JPG |
| EBELMEN | Jacques-Joseph Ebelmen | chemist | SE07 Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
File:Jacques-Joseph Ebelmen.jpg |
| COULOMB | Charles-Augustin de Coulomb | physicist | SE08 Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
File:Coulomb.jpg |
| POINSOT | Louis Poinsot | mathematician | SE09 Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
File:Pointsot2.jpg |
| FOUCAULT | Léon Foucault | physicist | SE10 Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
File:Foucault 01.png |
| DELAUNAY | Charles-Eugène Delaunay | astronomer | SE11 Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
File:Charles Eugene Delaunay.jpeg |
| MORIN | Arthur Morin | mathematician and physicist | SE12 Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
File:Morin.png |
| HAUY | René Just Haüy | mineralogist | SE13 Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
File:Rene just hauy.jpg |
| COMBES | Charles Combes | engineer and metallurgist | SE14 Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
File:CPM Combes.jpg |
| THENARD | Louis Jacques Thénard | chemist | SE15 Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
File:Louis Jacques Thénard.jpg |
| ARAGO | François Arago | astronomer and physicist | SE16 Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
File:François Arago.jpg |
| POISSON | Siméon Denis Poisson | mathematician and physicist | SE17 Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
File:SiméonDenisPoisson.jpg |
| MONGE | Gaspard Monge | geometer | SE18 Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
File:Gaspard Monge.jpg |
| PETIET | Jules Petiet | engineer | NE01 Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
File:Jules Petiet.png |
| DAGUERRE | Louis Daguerre | artist and chemist | NE02 Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
File:Jean-Babtiste Sabarier-Blot L.J.M.Daguerre.1844.JPG |
| WURTZ | Charles-Adolphe Wurtz | chemist | NE03 Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
File:Wurtz Charles-Adolphe.jpg |
| LE VERRIER | Urbain Le Verrier | astronomer | NE04 Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
File:Urbain Le Verrier.jpg |
| PERDONNET | Albert Auguste Perdonnet | engineer | NE05 Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
File:Auguste Perdonnet.png |
| DELAMBRE | Jean Baptiste Joseph Delambre | astronomer | NE06 Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
File:Delambre Jean Baptiste Joseph Dibner coll smithsonian SIL14-D2-17a.jpg |
| MALUS | Étienne-Louis Malus | physicist | NE07 Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
File:Etienne-Louis Malus.jpg |
| BREGUET | Louis Breguet | physicist and inventor | NE08 Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
File:Breguet, Louis-François, Nadar, Gallica.jpg |
| POLONCEAU | Camille Polonceau | engineer | NE09 Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
File:Camille-Polonceau.jpg |
| DUMAS | Jean-Baptiste Dumas | chemist | NE10 Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
File:Jean Baptiste André Dumas.jpg |
| CLAPEYRON | Émile Clapeyron | engineer and physicist | NE11 Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
File:Benoit Clapeyron.png |
| BORDA | Jean-Charles de Borda | mathematician | NE12 Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
File:Jean Charles Borda.jpg |
| FOURIER | Joseph Fourier | mathematician | NE13 Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
File:Joseph Fourier.jpg |
| BICHAT | Marie François Xavier Bichat | anatomist and physiologist | NE14 Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
File:Marie François Xavier Bichat.jpg |
| SAUVAGE | François Clément Sauvage | engineer and geologist | NE15 Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
File:François-Clément Sauvage-portrait-D.jpg |
| PELOUZE | Théophile-Jules Pelouze | chemist | NE16 Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
File:Théophile-Jules Pelouze.jpg |
| CARNOT | Lazare CarnotTemplate:Efn | mathematician | NE17 Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
File:Portrait Lazare Carnot.jpg |
| LAME | Gabriel Lamé | mathematician | NE18 Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
File:Gabriel-Lamé.jpeg |
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Criticism
Women
The list contains no women. The list has been criticized for excluding the name of Sophie Germain, a noted French mathematician whose work on the theory of elasticity was used in the construction of the tower itself.[3] In 1913, John Augustine Zahm suggested that Germain was excluded because she was a woman.[4]
Hydraulic engineers and scholars
Fourteen hydraulic engineers and scholars are listed on the Eiffel Tower. Eiffel acknowledged most of the leading scientists in the field. Henri Philibert Gaspard Darcy is missing; some of his work did not come into wide use until the 20th century. Also missing are Antoine Chézy, who was less famous;Script error: No such module "Unsubst". Joseph Valentin Boussinesq, who was early in his career at the time;[5] and mathematician Évariste Galois. Other famous French mathematicians are missing from the list: Joseph Liouville and Charles Hermite.
Notes
References
Further reading
- Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". Reprinted as Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
External links
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