2 World Trade Center (1971–2001)
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The original Two World Trade Center (also known as the South Tower, Tower 2, Building Two, or 2 WTC) was one of the Twin Towers in the original World Trade Center Complex in New York City. The Tower was completed and opened in 1973 at a height of Script error: No such module "convert". to the roof, distinguishable from its twin, the North Tower (1 World Trade Center), by the absence of a television antenna. On the 107th floor of this building was a popular tourist attraction called "Top of the World Trade Center Observatories," and on the roof was an outdoor observation deck accessible to the public and a disused helipad at the center. The address of this building was 2 World Trade Center, with the WTC complex having its own ZIP code of 10048.
The South Tower was destroyed along with the North Tower in the September 11 attacks. At 9:03 a.m,Template:Efn seventeen minutes after its twin was hit, the South Tower was struck by United Airlines Flight 175. Although it was the second of the two skyscrapers to be hit by a hijacked airliner, it was the first to collapse, at 9:59 a.m.,Template:Efn after burning for 56 minutes. Of the 2,977 victims killed in the attacks, around 1,000 were in the South Tower or on the ground.
The new 2 World Trade Center, which is currently on hold, is planned to have a stair step-shaped façade, with no observation deck, and no mechanical floors. At the National September 11 Memorial & Museum, the southern pool marks the spot where the South Tower stood.
History
Development
In 1961, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey agreed to build the World Trade Center on the site of the Hudson Terminal in Lower Manhattan, New York City.[1] On September 20, 1962, the Port Authority announced the selection of Minoru Yamasaki as lead architect and Emery Roth & Sons as associate architects.[2] Yamasaki devised the plan to incorporate twin towers. His original plan called for the towers to be 80 stories tall,[3] but to meet the Port Authority's requirement for Script error: No such module "convert". of office space, the buildings would each have to be 110 stories tall.Template:Sfnp Yamasaki's design for the World Trade Center, unveiled to the public on January 18, 1964, called for a square plan approximately Script error: No such module "convert". in dimension on each side.[3]Template:Sfnp
In March 1965, the Port Authority began acquiring property at the World Trade Center site.[4] Demolition work began on March 21, 1966,Template:Sfnp and groundbreaking for the construction of the World Trade Center took place on August 5, 1966.Template:Sfnp In January 1967, the Port Authority awarded $74 million in contracts to various steel suppliers.[5] Construction on the South Tower was under way by January 1969.[6] The topping out ceremony for 2 WTC (the South Tower) occurred on July 19, 1971.[6] The South Tower began accepting tenants in January 1972,Template:Sfnp and a ribbon cutting ceremony took place on April 4, 1973.Template:Sfnp
Operation
In 1981, the Port Authority announced a $45 million plan to install sprinklers throughout the World Trade Center, following a major fire that occurred at the North Tower in 1975.[7]
On February 26, 1993, a Ryder truck filled with Script error: No such module "convert". of explosives (planted by Ramzi Yousef) detonated in the North Tower's underground garage.[8] According to a presiding judge, the conspirators' chief aim at the time of the attack was to destabilize the North Tower and send it crashing into the South Tower, toppling both skyscrapers.[9] Six people were killed and 1,042 others were injured in the attacks.[10][11]
In February 2001, the Port Authority leased the entire World Trade Center complex to Vornado Realty Trust.[12] However, Vornado insisted on last minute changes to the deal,[13] and the next-highest bidder, Silverstein Properties, signed a lease for the complex on July 24, 2001.[14]
September 11 attacks
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At 9:03 a.m. EDT on September 11, 2001, five terrorists crashed United Airlines Flight 175 into the southern face of the South Tower.[15][16] Three buildings in the World Trade Center complex, including 2 WTC, collapsed due to fire-induced structural failure.[17] The light construction and hollow nature of the structures allowed the jet fuel to penetrate far inside the towers, igniting many large fires simultaneously over a wide area of the impacted floors. The fuel from the planes burned at most for a few minutes, but the contents of the buildings burned over the next hour to hour and a half.[18]
The fires might not have been as centrally positioned, nor as intense, had traditionally heavy high-rise construction been standing in the way of the aircraft. Debris and fuel would likely have remained mostly outside the buildings or concentrated in more peripheral areas away from the building cores, which would then not have become unique failure points. In this scenario, the towers might have stood far longer, perhaps indefinitely.[19][20] The fires were hot enough to weaken the columns and cause floors to sag, pulling perimeter columns inward and reducing their ability to support the mass of the building above.[21] The South Tower collapsed at 9:59 a.m. after burning for 56 minutes in the fire caused by the impact of United Airlines Flight 175 and the explosion of its fuel.[17]
Architecture
Minoru Yamasaki was the lead architect for the tower, and Emery Roth & Sons were the associate architects.[2] During the World Trade Center's construction, the structural engineers ended up following draft versions of New York City's 1968 building codes, which incorporated "advanced techniques" in building design.Template:Sfnp The Twin Towers used a tube-frame design, which required 40 percent less structural steel than conventional building designs.[22] The structures were inspired by the architectural ethic of Le Corbusier and was the seminal expression of Yamasaki's gothic modernist tendencies.Template:Sfnp Yamasaki was also inspired by Islamic architecture, elements of which he incorporated in the buildings' design, having previously designed Saudi Arabia's Dhahran International Airport with the Saudi Binladin Group.[23][24]
When completed in 1973, the South Tower became the second tallest building in the world at Script error: No such module "convert"., behind the North Tower. Its rooftop observation deck was Script error: No such module "convert". high and its indoor observation deck was Script error: No such module "convert". high.[25] Each tower stood over Script error: No such module "convert". high, and occupied about Script error: No such module "convert". of the total Script error: No such module "convert". of the site's land.[26]
Facade
The Twin Towers' facades were made of high-strength, load-bearing perimeter steel columns which acted as Vierendeel trusses.[27]Template:Sfnp Although the columns themselves were lightweight, they were spaced closely together, forming a strong, rigid wall structure.Template:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp There were 59 perimeter columns, narrowly spaced, on each side of the building.Template:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp In all, the perimeter walls measured Script error: No such module "convert". long on each side, and the corners were beveled.Template:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp The perimeter structure was constructed of prefabricated modular pieces connected by spandrel plates.Template:Sfnp From the 7th floor to the ground level, and down to the foundation, the columns were spaced Script error: No such module "convert". apart to accommodate doorways.Template:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp All columns were placed on bedrock 65–85 feet (20–26 m) below the surface.[28]
Structural features
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The building's core housed the elevator and utility shafts, restrooms, three stairwells, and other support spaces. The core of each tower was a rectangular area 87 by 135 feet (27 by 41 m), and contained 47 steel columns running from the bedrock to the top of the tower.Template:Sfnp The South Tower's structural core was oriented with the long axis north to south.[29] The core columns supported about half the towers' weight.[29] All elevators were located in the core. Each building had three stairwells, also in the core, except on the mechanical floors.Template:Sfnp The large, column-free space between the perimeter and core was bridged by prefabricated floor trusses, which connected to the perimeter columns.Template:Sfnp
Hat trusses (or "outrigger truss") located from the 107th floor to the top of the North and South towers were designed to support a tall communication antenna on top of each building.Template:Sfnp The South Tower never had an antenna fitted.[30] The framed-tube design using steel core and perimeter columns protected with sprayed-on fire resistant material created a relatively lightweight structure that would sway more in response to the wind.Template:Sfnp In designing the World Trade Center, Leslie Robertson considered the scenario of the impact of a jet airliner crashing into the building.[31] The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) found a three-page white paper that mentioned another aircraft impact analysis, involving impact of a jet at Script error: No such module "convert"., was indeed considered, but NIST could not locate the documentary evidence of the aircraft impact analysis.[32]
Sprayed-fire resistant materials (SFRMs), gypsum wallboard, and vermiculite were used to provide fireproofing to the interiors.Template:Sfnp More fireproofing was added after a fire in February 1975,[33] but after the 1993 bombing, inspections found fireproofing to be deficient.[34] The 1968 New York City building codes did not require sprinklers for high-rise buildings, except for underground spaces,Template:Sfnp but the entire complex was retrofitted by 2001.Template:Sfnp
Tenants
Note: Floor numbers in red are part of United Airlines Flight 175's impact area during the September 11 attacks, with floors above this zone marked in dark gray .
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NOTE: Atlantic Bank of New York had moved out in July 2001, but they were still paying for the rent as of September 2001.
Notes
References
Citations
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- ↑ Sadek, Fahim. Baseline Structural Performance and Aircraft Impact Damage Analysis of the World Trade Center Towers(NCSTAR 1–2 appendix A). NIST 2005. pp. 305–307.
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- ↑ Template:Harvp. NIST lists upgraded floors as 92–100 and 102 plus 8 unspecified floors.
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Sources
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- Template:Cite New York 1960
External links
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- Pages with script errors
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- 1973 establishments in New York City
- Buildings and structures destroyed in the September 11 attacks
- Lists of companies based in New York (state)
- Lists of tenants in the World Trade Center (1973–2001)
- Manhattan-related lists
- Office buildings completed in 1973
- Office buildings in Manhattan
- September 11 attacks
- World Trade Center