List of tallest buildings and structures in London

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At Template:Convert, St Paul's Cathedral was the tallest building in London from 1710 until it was eventually surpassed by the 118 metre (387 ft) Millbank Tower in 1963. This in turn was overtaken by the BT Tower at Template:Convert tall in 1964. Throughout the 1960s and 1970s several high-rise buildings were built, mostly in the western side of Central London and the City of London. In 1980, the 183 metre (600 ft) NatWest Tower (now Tower 42) was completed in the City of London. In 1991, One Canada Square was topped-out at Template:Convert, becoming the centrepiece of the Canary Wharf development.

The 2000s saw the beginnings of a boom in skyscraper building, mostly in the City of London and Canary Wharf. Since 2012, the tallest building in London has been The Shard at London Bridge, which was topped out at Template:Convert. There are several tall buildings planned for the City and Canary Wharf, with further clusters emerging in other districts of London including: Stratford, the South Bank, Elephant and Castle, Vauxhall, Nine Elms, Islington, Lewisham as well as in places in Outer London such as Croydon.

As of 2022, there are 121 buildings or structures that are at least Template:Convert tall in the Greater London metropolitan area, with 24 of these being in the City of London and 27 being in the Canary Wharf / Isle of Dogs district. The Greater London metropolitan area contains the second most skyscrapers of any city in Europe after Moscow. There are 42 skyscrapers in Greater London that reach a roof height of at least Template:Convert.[1]

History

Medieval and early modern period

The history of tall structures in London began with the completion of the Template:Convert White Tower, a part of the Tower of London, in 1098.[2] The first structure to surpass a height of Template:Convert was the Old St Paul's Cathedral. Completed in 1310, it stood at a height of Template:Convert.[2] St Paul's was the world's tallest structure until 1311, when its height was surpassed by Lincoln Cathedral in Lincoln.[3][4] It regained the title when the spire of Lincoln Cathedral fell in 1549.[4][5][6]

Although the spire of the Old St Paul's was destroyed by lightning in 1561, it still stood as the tallest structure in London,[6] while the world's tallest structure became Strasbourg Cathedral in Strasbourg, France.[7][8]Template:Self-published inline St Paul's was severely damaged by the Great Fire of London in 1666.[9] The title of the tallest structure in London passed to Southwark Cathedral, which stands at a height of Template:Convert and no structure in London again rose above 100 metres until 1710, when the current St Paul's Cathedral was completed at Template:Convert, becoming London's tallest building.[10][2]

Late 1800s

Few skyscrapers were built in London before the late 20th century, owing to restrictions on building heights originally imposed by the London Building Act 1894 (57 & 58 Vict. c. ccxiii), which followed the construction of the 14-storey Queen Anne's Mansions.[11] Though restrictions have long since been eased, harsh regulations remain to preserve protected views, especially those of St Paul's, the Tower of London and Palace of Westminster, as well as to comply with the requirements of the Civil Aviation Authority.[12][13]

1960s and 1970s

The lifting of height restrictions caused a boom in the construction of tall buildings during the 1960s.[13][14] St Paul's Cathedral remained as London's tallest building until it was overtaken in 1963 by the Millbank Tower at Template:Convert,[2][15][16] which in turn was overtaken by the BT Tower which topped out just one year later in 1964 at Template:Convert and officially opened in 1965 (then known as the Post Office Tower).[2][17][18][19] One of London's first notable tall buildings was the Template:Convert Centre Point, completed in 1966.[20]

Others completed in the 1960s include: the Empress State Building at Template:Convert in 1961,[15][21] the Shell Centre at Template:Convert in 1961,[22][23] the London Hilton at Template:Convert in 1963,[24][25] Portland House at Template:Convert in 1963,[22][26] and Euston Tower at Template:Convert in 1970,[15][27] all built on the west side of Central London. In 1969, St. Helen's at Template:Convert was completed in the City of London,[15][28] along with Britannic House in 1967 at 122 metres (400 ft),[29][30] but the latter was refurbished in 2000, increased to 127m in height and renamed Citypoint.[31] Cromwell Tower, completed in 1973, Lauderdale Tower, completed in 1974 and Shakespeare Tower, completed in 1976, all at Template:Convert, were built as part of the Barbican Estate in the northern part of the City of London.[32][33][34]

1980s, 1990s and 2000s

The NatWest Tower, later renamed Tower 42, was completed in 1980, which at Template:Convert and 42 storeys, was considered the first "skyscraper" in the City of London.[35] Its height was controversial, being contrary to the previous height restrictions, it was the tallest building in the United Kingdom at the time and also the tallest cantilever building in the world.[35] Following an over ten-year gap, One Canada Square was completed in 1991 at Template:Convert and formed the centrepiece of the Canary Wharf development,[35] which itself is part of the Isle of Dogs and can be considered the east-side of Central London. At 50 storeys, it became the tallest building in the United Kingdom.[35]

With the encouragement of Ken Livingstone who was Mayor of London from 2000 to 2008, a renewed trend for building tall was established in the 2000s.[36][37][38]

Following another over 10-year gap, 8 Canada Square and 25 Canada Square, both standing at Template:Convert, were completed at Canary Wharf in 2002.[39][40] Several others of a smaller height followed at Canary Wharf including: Heron Quays,[41] 40 Bank Street in 2003 at Template:Convert,[41] 10 Upper Bank Street in 2003 at Template:Convert,[41] and 25 Bank Street in 2004 at Template:Convert.[41] In the City of London, The Gherkin was completed in 2003 at Template:Convert,[42] Heron Tower in 2007 at Template:Convert,[43] and the Broadgate Tower in 2008 at Template:Convert.[44][41] Notably, some of the awards given to 30 St Mary Axe include the Emporis Skyscraper Award in 2003[45] and the RIBA Stirling Prize for Architecture in 2004.[46]

2010s to present

Boris Johnson, who was Mayor of London from 2008 to 2016, approved the construction of more skyscrapers in London.[47][48][49]

At the time of its completion in 2010, Strata SE1 was the tallest residential building in London.[50] The Shard topped out in 2012 at London Bridge and at Template:Convert remains London's tallest building.[51] In 2014, the Template:Convert tall 122 Leadenhall Street, nicknamed "the Cheesegrater", was completed in the City of London.[52] In September 2016, a refit was completed of the 111m King's Reach Tower, originally built in the 1970s, which included an 11-storey height increase to bring it up to Template:Convert tall and it was renamed the South Bank Tower.[53]

One Blackfriars, also located on the South Bank, topped out in 2017 at Template:Convert.[54][55] The Scalpel, at Template:Convert was completed in the City of London in 2018 and it was designed to protect views of St Paul's Cathedral.[56] Newfoundland Quay, at Template:Convert and Landmark Pinnacle at Template:Convert topped out in Canary Wharf in 2018 and 2019 respectively.[57][58] One Park Drive at Template:Convert and South Quay Plaza at Template:Convert both also topped out at Canary Wharf in 2019.[59][60][61] 22 Bishopsgate, at Template:Convert topped out in the City of London in 2019,[62] after being approved by the current mayor of London, Sadiq Khan, in 2016.[2]

1 Undershaft, at Template:Convert, also approved by Sadiq Khan in 2016,[2] is planned to form the centrepiece of the City of London's skyscraper cluster. It is the tallest skyscraper currently proposed for London and will only be exceeded in height by The Shard.[63] It will be built on the site of the aforementioned 1969 St Helen's building which will be demolished.[64] 100 Leadenhall, at Template:Convert, and already nicknamed the "Cheesegrater 2", is also planned for the City of London.[65] Spire London, at Template:Convert is planned for Canary Wharf.[66] However, construction was halted after concerns that the building only had one escape stairwell for residents on the upper floors.[56] The tallest of the two Riverside South towers that have been planned for construction at Canary Wharf since 2008 would have exceeded that cluster's tallest building, One Canada Square, by 1 metre in height, but construction has been stalled since 2011.[67][68] Construction has started on the Template:Convert tall Consort Place (previously called Alpha Square) also at Canary Wharf.[69]

There is another major skyscraper cluster emerging in the Vauxhall and Nine Elms districts of London.[70][71] The first skyscraper to appear here was St George Wharf Tower at Template:Convert and which was completed in 2014.[72] The tallest tower planned for this cluster is the Template:Convert One Nine Elms City Tower.[73]

In 2019, Sadiq Khan blocked the construction of the 290 metre tall Tulip that would have been built in the City of London.[74] After an appeal was launched by the developers against Khan's decision, UK housing secretary Michael Gove rejected the proposal in November 2021.[75][76]

Tallest buildings and structures

This list ranks externally complete London skyscrapers and free-standing towers that stand at least 100 m (327 ft) tall, based on standard height measurement. This includes spires and architectural details but does not include antenna masts. An equals sign (=) following a rank indicates the same height between two or more buildings. The "Year" column indicates the year in which a building was completed.

Rank Name Image Height
m / ft 		Floor Year Primary
use 		Location Notes
1 The Shard File:Shard London Bridge May 2012.JPG 310 / 1,016 01.087 2012 Mixed Southwark Tallest building in the UK.[77]
2 22 Bishopsgate File:22 Bishopsgate 2019(cropped).jpg 278 / 912 02.062 2019 Office City of London Tallest building in the City of London.
3 One Canada Square File:One Canada Square (24.04.2021) (1).jpg 235 / 771 02.050 1991 Office Canary Wharf / Isle of Dogs Tallest building in the Canary Wharf business district.
4 Landmark Pinnacle File:Landmark Pinnacle geograph-6678817-by-Stephen-Richards.jpg 233 / 764 75 2020 Residential Canary Wharf / Isle of Dogs [78][79]
5 Heron Tower File:Heron Place (office Block) - panoramio.jpg 230 / 756 04.046 2011 Office City of London Only Template:Convert at roof height, but includes a Template:Convert mast.
6 122 Leadenhall Street File:Cheese Grater (16300270715).jpg 225 / 737 04.046 2014 Office City of London Nicknamed "The Cheesegrater".[80]
7 Newfoundland File:Canary Wharf from Rotherhithe Crop - Newfoundland.jpg 220 / 722 04.060 2019 Residential Canary Wharf / Isle of Dogs
8 Crystal Palace
Transmitter		 File:Cp mast.jpg 219 / 720 35.0N/A 1950 Transmitter Crystal Palace Tallest structure in London completed in the 1950s.[81]
9 Aspen at Consort Place File:Aspen at Consort Place (Previously Alpha Square) under construction October 2023 - Ground West view.jpg 216 / 709 35.064 2024 Residential Canary Wharf / Isle of Dogs Previously named Alpha Square[82][69] Approved April 2016. Topped out September 2023.[83]
10 South Quay Plaza 1 File:South Quay Plaza 1 (November 2023).jpg 215 / 705 68 2020 Residential Canary Wharf / Isle of Dogs [84] Approved in November 2014.[85][86][87]
11 One Park Drive File:One Park Drive, Canary Wharf.jpg 205 / 673 57 2021 Residential Canary Wharf / Isle of Dogs [88] Wood Wharf A1 building. Application in December 2013 and approved in July 2015.[89]
12 8 Bishopsgate File:8 Bishopsgate 2023.jpg 204 / 669 51 2023 Office City of London Approved in 2017.[90] Construction commenced in March 2019.[91] Topped out in September 2022.[92]
13= 8 Canada Square File:HSBC Building London.jpg 200 / 656 05.042 2002 Office Canary Wharf / Isle of Dogs Also known as the HSBC Tower.[93][94]
13= 25 Canada Square File:Citigroup building, Canary wharf - geograph.org.uk - 1128538.jpg 200 / 656 04.042 2002 Office Canary Wharf / Isle of Dogs Also known as the Citigroup Tower.[95][96] Currently undergoing refurbishment, to be completed in 2025.[97]
13= One Nine Elms City Tower File:One Thames City - City Tower - October 2023.jpg 200 / 656 58 2022 Residential Vauxhall / Nine Elms Topped out.[98][99]
16 Harcourt Gardens File:Harcourt Gardens (SQP 4) - May 2024 (1).jpg 192 / 630 56 2024 Residential Canary Wharf / Isle of Dogs [100] Initially rejected 12 May 2016, but granted planning permission in July 2016.
17 The Scalpel File:The Scalpel, August 2018.jpg 190 / 630 39 2018 Office City of London [101][102]
18 Wardian London
(East Tower)		 File:Wardian Tower East.png 187 / 614 55 2019 Residential Canary Wharf / Isle of Dogs Application in January 2013,[103] approved in November 2014.[85]
19 One West Point Tower 1 File:Portal West Towers - November 2024.jpg 184 / 604 04.060 2022 Residential North Acton Part of the Portal West development.[104]
20 Tower 42 File:Tower 42 looking north from Bishopsgate 2011-05-04.jpg 183 / 600 07.047 1980 Office City of London Tallest structure in London completed in the 1980s. Formerly known as the NatWest Tower.[105][106]
21 Amory Tower File:The Madison.png 182 / 597 53 2019 Residential Canary Wharf / Isle of Dogs Previously Meridian Gate and The Madison. Approved in 2015.[107][108]
22 St George Wharf Tower File:St Georges Wharf Tower 2013-09-26.jpg 181 / 594 01.049 2013 Residential Vauxhall / Nine Elms The crown of the building includes a small wind turbine which helps to generate power for the building.[109][110]
23 The Gherkin File:30 St Mary Axe from Leadenhall Street.jpg 180 / 590 09.040 2003 Office City of London Formerly known as the Swiss Re Building. Nicknamed "The Gherkin".[111][112]
24= BT Tower File:BT Tower-1.jpg 177 / 581 16.034 1964 Transmitter and Office Borough
of Camden		 Tallest building in London completed in the 1960s.[113][114] Sold in 2024 to MCR Hotels.[115]
24= One Thames City No. 8 File:One Thames City No. 8 - October 2023.jpg 177 / 581 53 2022 Residential Vauxhall / Nine Elms Planning application in 2014.[116] Topped out in 2020.[117]
26 100 Bishopsgate File:100 Bishopsgate 24.05.202 (1).jpg 172 / 563 40 2019 Office City of London [118]
27= Wardian London
(West Tower)		 Wardian London - West Tower - Canary Wharf, Isle of Dogs - May 2024 (2) 168 / 552 50 2019 Residential Canary Wharf / Isle of Dogs Approved in November 2014.[85]
27= DAMAC Tower File:Aykon One October 2023 (2).jpg 168 / 552 50 2020 Residential Vauxhall / Nine Elms Topped out in 2020.
29 One Blackfriars File:1 Blackfriars 24.04.2021 (3).jpg 166 / 546 50 2018 Mixed South Bank Nicknamed "The Boomerang".[119]
30 Broadgate Tower File:Broadgate Tower.jpg 164 / 539 14.035 2008 Office City of London [120][121]
31= Principal Tower File:Principal Tower 20.09.2020 (1).jpg 161 / 528 51 2018 Residential Shoreditch [122][123]
31= One Nine Elms River Tower File:One Nine Elms Towers October 2023 (2) (cropped).jpg 161 / 528 43 2022 Residential Vauxhall / Nine Elms Topped out.[98][124]
33 20 Fenchurch Street File:Walkie-Talkie - Sept 2015.jpg 160 / 525 14.037 2014 Office City of London Nicknamed "The Walkie-Talkie".
34 One Thames Quay File:One Thames Quay, Marsh Wall - May 2024.png 158 / 518 14.048 2024 Residential Canary Wharf / Isle of Dogs [125] The 180m scheme was rejected by Tower Hamlets Council but later approved by the Secretary of State. Topped out November 2024[126][127]
35 One Churchill Place File:Barclays HQ.jpg 156 / 513 22.032 2004 Office Canary Wharf / Isle of Dogs [128][129]
36 Carrara Tower
(250 City Road)		 File:250 City Road Tower 1 - November 2024.jpg 155 / 508 42 2018 Residential Islington City Forum site.[130]
37 40 Leadenhall Street File:40 Leadenhall Street 2023.jpg 154 / 505 34 2022 Office City of London [131][132] Approved in 2015.[133]
38= 25 Bank Street File:25 Bank Street 2012.JPG 153 / 502 19.033 2003 Office Canary Wharf / Isle of Dogs [134][135]
38= 40 Bank Street File:40 Bank Street Heron Quay London.jpg 153 / 502 20.033 2003 Office Canary Wharf / Isle of Dogs [136][137]
40 Croydon Transmitter File:Croydon Transmitter.JPG 152 / 499 36.0N/A 1964 Transmitter Croydon [138][139]
41 10 Upper Bank Street File:10 Upper Bank Street - November 2023.jpg 151 / 495 23.032 2003 Office Canary Wharf / Isle of Dogs [140][141]
42= South Bank Tower File:Southbank Tower 24.04.2021 (2).jpg 150 / 492 45 1972 / 2016 Residential South Bank Previously known as King's Reach Tower.[142][143] Height increase from Template:Convert to Template:Convert, completed in May 2016.[144][145]
42= 10 Park Drive
(Wood Wharf A3)		 File:10 Park Drive 29.05.2021 (2).jpg 150 / 492 43 2019 Residential Canary Wharf / Isle of Dogs [146]
44= College Road Tower A File:College Road - November 2023 (Facing North).jpg 149 / 489 49 2022 Residential Croydon Topped out in November 2022. Europe's tallest modular building.[147][148]
44= Baltimore Tower File:Cropped image of Baltimore Tower - 30435639090 bf141ef3b1 o.jpg 149 / 489 46 2016 Residential Canary Wharf / Isle of Dogs [149][150][151][152]
44= Highpoint File:Highpoint 24.04.2021 (9A).jpg 149 / 489 46 2017 Residential Elephant & Castle [153][154][155]
47= Pan Peninsula
East Tower		 File:Pan Peninsula London.jpg 147 / 484 02.048 2008 Residential Canary Wharf / Isle of Dogs [156][157]
47= One Bank Street File:HeronQuaysWestCanaryWharf.jpg 147 / 482 28 2019 Office Canary Wharf / Isle of Dogs Formerly known as Heron Quays West. Application submitted in December 2013.[158]
47= Strata File:Strata SE1 from Monument 2014.jpg 147 / 484 43 2010 Residential Elephant & Castle [159][160][161] The tallest residential building in London at the time of its completion.[50]
50 Maine Tower (Harbour Central Block D) File:MaineTowerCanaryWharf.jpg 144 / 472 42 2018 Residential Canary Wharf / Isle of Dogs [162][163] Topped out in 2020.
51= Manhattan Loft Gardens File:Manhattan Loft Gardens, April 2018.jpg 143 / 469 42 2018 Residential Stratford [164]
51= Guy's Tower File:Guys hospital tower.jpg 143 / 469 17.034 1974 Hospital Southwark Second tallest all-hospital building in the world. Tallest structure in London completed in the 1970s.[165][166]
53 24 Marsh Wall
East Tower		 File:22 Marsh Wall.jpg 140 / 458 44 2010 Residential Canary Wharf / Isle of Dogs
54 Imperial West
Residential Building		 File:White City North Campus over the Westway, Wood Lane (cropped).jpg 139 / 456 35 2019 Residential White City [167][168] Located at 88 Wood Lane, W12 0FD.
55 250 City Road, Tower 2 File:250 City Road Tower 2 - November 2024.jpg 137 / 454 36 2019 Residential Islington
56 Charrington Tower File:Charrington Tower 29.05.2021 (2).jpg 136 / 446 44 2016 Residential Blackwall [169][170][171]
57 101 George Street File:101 George Street - November 2023 (Facing North-West).jpg 135.6 / 444 44 2019 Residential Croydon Upon completion was the world's tallest modular building.[172][173]
58= One Bishopsgate Plaza File:One Bishopsgate Plaza 24.05.2021 (5).jpg 135 / 443 44 2020 Hotel City of London Located at 150 Bishopsgate, EC2M 4HX.
58= London Eye File:London Eye - TQ04 26.jpg 135 / 443 37.0 N/A 1999 Ferris wheel South Bank The world's tallest Ferris wheel from 1999 to 2006.[174][175]
60= Saffron Square File:Saffron Square Tower, Croydon, London (cropped).jpg 134 / 440 44 2015 Residential Croydon [176][177]
60= Two Fifty One File:TwoFiftyOne 24.04.2021 (3).jpg 134 / 440 42 2017 Residential Elephant & Castle [178][179][180] Formerly Eileen House.
62 Atlas Building File:Atlas Building 2023.jpg 134 / 438 40 2018 Residential Hackney 145 City Road. Replaced Crown House.
63= 150 High Street,
Stratford		 File:150 High Street, Stratford.jpg 133 / 436 42 2013 Residential Stratford [181]
63= Wembley Stadium File:Wembley Stadium, From the Outside.JPG 133 / 436 34.06 2007 Stadium Wembley Second-tallest stadium in the world.[182][183]
65 25 Churchill Place File:25 Churchill Place, Canary Wharf.jpg 130 / 428 10.023 2014 Office Canary Wharf / Isle of Dogs [184][185]
66= One West Point Tower 2 File:Portal West Towers - November 2024.jpg 128 / 420 04.060 2022 Residential North Acton Part of the Portal West development.[104]
66= 40 Marsh Wall File:Novotel Hotel Canary Wharf.jpg 128 / 420 39 2017 Hotel Canary Wharf / Isle of Dogs [186] Tallest all-hotel building in the United Kingdom.[187]
66= Keybridge Lofts File:Keybridge Lofts Nine Elms 20.06.2021 (1).jpg 128 / 420 37 2019 Residential Vauxhall / Nine Elms [188] Upon completion was the UK's tallest brick residential tower.[189] Replaced former BT building called Keybridge House.[190] Topped out in 2020.[191]
66= 10 George Street (Wood Wharf E2) File:Grid Building.png 128 / 420 35 2018 Residential Canary Wharf / Isle of Dogs [192] Application in December 2013, approved in 2014.[193][194][195] Topped out in 2019.[196]
70 CityPoint File:City Point 29.01.2020 (6).jpg 127 / 417 36 1967 / 2000 Office City of London Previously known as Britannic House (1967) at 122m tall,[29][30] refurbished in 2000, increased height to 127m and renamed CityPoint.[31]
71 Gladwin Tower File:Gladwin Tower - October 2023.jpg 126 / 411 37 2019 Residential Vauxhall / Nine Elms [197][198][199] Also known as Nine Elms Point. Completed in 2020.[200]
72= Willis Building File:Willis Building (London).jpg 125 / 410 29.026 2007 Office City of London [201][202]
72= Harbour Central Block C File:Harbour Central Block C.jpg 125 / 410 36 2018 Residential Canary Wharf / Isle of Dogs [203][204] Topped out in 2020.
74 One Thames City No. 9 File:One Thames City No.9 - October 2023.jpg 124.6 / 408.8 36 2022 Residential Vauxhall / Nine Elms Planning application in 2014.[116] Topped out in 2020.[205]
75= One The Elephant File:One The Elephant 24.04.2021 (2).jpg 124 / 406 37 2015 Residential Elephant & Castle [206][207] Formerly St. Mary's. Completed in June 2016.[208]
75= Euston Tower File:Euston Tower 2004.jpg 124 / 408 12.036 1970 Office Euston [209][210]
77= Cromwell Tower File:Crowell Tower, London.jpg 123 / 404 08.042 1973 Residential City of London [211][212]
77= Lauderdale Tower File:Lauderdale Tower, Barbican Estate, London.jpg 123 / 404 06.043 1974 Residential City of London [213][214]
77= Shakespeare Tower File:Barbican Estate Tower 2007.jpg 123 / 404 05.043 1976 Residential City of London [215][216]
77= One Crown Place Tower 1 File:One Crown Place - July 2024 (2).jpg 123 / 403 33 2020 Residential Shoreditch [217] Topped out in 2020.
81= Pan Peninsula
West Tower		 File:Pan Peninsula London.jpg 122 / 400 10.039 2008 Residential Canary Wharf / Isle of Dogs [218][219]
81= 1 Casson Square (Southbank Place) File:1 Casson Square (24.04.2021).jpg 122 / 400 37 2018 Residential South Bank [220][221][222] Topped out in 2018.[223]
81= Stratosphere Tower File:Stratosphere Tower, Stratford, London.jpg 122 / 400 39 2017 Residential Stratford [224][225] Formerly called Broadway Chambers.
81= Chelsea Waterfront West Tower File:Chelsea Waterfront 3.jpg 122 / 400 37 2019 Residential Chelsea Harbour Completed in 2019.[226]
81= Alta at Consort Place* File:Alta at Consort Place (Previously Alpha Square) nearing construction October 2023 - North West view.jpg 122 / 400 34 2023 Residential Canary Wharf / Isle of Dogs Nearing completion.[227][228]
86 Sky Gardens Nine Elms File:Sky Gardens Nine Elms 20.06.2021.jpg 120 / 394 35 2017 Residential Vauxhall / Nine Elms [229]
87 Millbank Tower File:Millbank Tower, Westminster, London, 24Apr04.jpg 119 / 390 21.033 1963 Office Westminster [230][231]
88 St. Helen's File:St. Helen's - St. Mary Axe- 2011-05-04.jpg 118 / 387 28.028 1969 Office City of London Formerly known as the Aviva Tower.[232][233]
89= Centre Point File:Centre Point London.jpg 117 / 385 15.035 1967 Residential West End [234][235] Converted from office space to flats in 2015.[236]
89= Conington Road File:Bale and Anchor - Conington Road - May 2024.jpg 117 / 385 15.034 2024 Residential Lewisham Tallest in Lewisham Town Centre.[237][238][239] Practical completion March 2024.[240]
89= Empress State Building File:Empress State Building.JPG 117 / 385 24.031 1961 Office Fulham Originally stood at a height of Template:Convert before a height extension in 2003.[241][242]
92 Lexicon Tower
(aka Chronicle Tower)		 File:Lexicon City Road.png 116 / 380 36 2015 Residential Islington [243][244][245] Located at 261 City Road.[246]
93= The Stage, Shoreditch File:The Stage - October 2023.jpg 115 / 377 38 2022 Residential Shoreditch Topped out in 2021.[247][248]
93= Rudolf Place File:Rudolf Place - October 2023.jpg 115 / 377 37 2021 Office/Student Vauxhall / Nine Elms Topped out in 2021.[249][250]
93= 22 Ropemaker File:22 Ropemaker - Moorgate, City of London.jpg 115 / 377 27 2023 Office City of London Topped out in 2022.[251]
93= ArcelorMittal Orbit File:ArcelorMittal Orbit at night.jpg 115 / 377 37.02 2012 Viewing
platform		 Stratford [252]
97 Queen's Quarter Building 1 114 / 374 35 2021 Residential Croydon [253][254][255] Topped out in 2021[256]
97 Halo Tower Building 1 114 / 374 42 2013 Residential
98= Insignia Point 113 / 371 30 2018 Residential Stratford East Village E20, Site N08 Tower 2, completed in 2018.[257][258]
98= Battersea Power Station File:Battersea.power.station.london.arp.jpg 113 / 370 33.010 1953 Industrial Battersea [259][260]
100 The Heron File:The Heron, Milton Court.jpg 112 / 367 35 2013 Residential City of London Also known as Milton Court.[261][262]
101 Manor Road Quarter 112 / 367 34 2024 Residential Canning Town Tower A. Part of new residential scheme in Canning Town. Topped out September 2023.[263] Topped out September 2023.
102 St Paul's Cathedral File:Cathédrale St-Paul - entrée principale.jpg 111 / 364 38.0N/A 1710 Religious City of London Tallest place of worship in London. Tallest structure completed in London in the 1700s.[264][265]
103 Dollar Bay Tower File:Dollar Bay Tower E14 9BX.jpg 109 / 358 31 2016 Residential Canary Wharf / Isle of Dogs [266][267]
104 1 West India Quay File:OneWestIndiaQuay.jpg 108 / 354 13.036 2004 Office Canary Wharf / Isle of Dogs [268][269]
105= Shell Centre File:Shell Centre, London, UK, June 2004.jpg 107 / 351 30.026 1961 Office South Bank [270][271]
105= One Crown Place Tower 2 File:One Crown Place - July 2024 (2).jpg 107 / 351 29 2020 Residential Shoreditch [217] Topped out in 2020.
107= Finsbury Tower File:Finsbury Tower 24.05.2021 (3).jpg 105 / 344 28 2021 Office Finsbury [272]
107= 33 Canada Square File:33 Canada Square 25.05.2021 (2).jpg 105 / 344 32.018 1999 Office Canary Wharf / Isle of Dogs [273][274]
107= Sky View Tower File:Capital Towers, Stratford, London (cropped).jpg 105 / 345 35 2016 Residential Stratford [275] Tallest of the Capital Towers development.[276]
107= Chapter Spitalfields File:Nido 100 Middlesex Street.jpg 105 / 344 34 2009 Residential
(student)		 City of London [277]
107= Pioneer Point North File:Poineer Point, Ilford- geograph.org.uk - 3398883.jpg 105 / 344 31 2011 Residential Ilford [278][279]
107= Lewisham Exchange Tower File:Lewisham Exchange 3.jpg 105 / 344 33 2021 Residential/Student Lewisham Topped out in 2021.
113= 99 Bishopsgate File:99 Bishopsgate from above.jpg 104 / 340 31.026 1976 Office City of London [280][281]
113= Ontario Tower File:Blackwall Tunnel ventilation shafts and the Ontario Tower - geograph.org.uk - 789359.jpg 104 / 340 25.029 2007 Residential Blackwall [282][283]
115 Legacy Tower File:Stratford Central (Legacy Tower), Stratford, London.jpg 103 / 338 33 2018 Residential Stratford [284] Completed in late 2018.
116= Upper Riverside Building 5 102 / 335 31 2020 Residential Greenwich Peninsula [285][286] Topped out in 2020.[287]
116= Victoria Tower File:Westminster Palace Victoria Tower.jpg 102 / 336 39.0N/A 1858 Government Westminster Tallest non-religious building in the world upon completion. Tallest structure completed in London in the 1800s.[288][289]
116= Hurlock Heights 102 / 336 31 2019 Residential Elephant & Castle Tallest building in the Elephant Park Development.[290]
116= Westmark Tower 102 / 336 30 2021 Residential Paddington Part of the West End Gate mixed used development scheme in Paddington.[291][292]
120= Portland House File:Portland House, London, England.jpg 101 / 331 26.029 1963 Office Westminster [293][294] Currently undergoing refurbishment, expected completion in 2025.[295]
120= London Hilton
on Park Lane		 File:The London Hilton on Park Lane (cropped).JPG 101 / 331 26.028 1963 Hotel West End
120= Skyline,
Woodberry Down		 File:Skyline, Woodberry Down, London, UK.jpg 101 / 331 31 2016 Residential Hackney [296]
120= One Angel Court File:1 Angel Court 2020.png 101 / 331 24 2017 Office City of London [297] Refurbishment of Template:Convert building.[298]
124= Stock Exchange Tower File:Former London Stock Exchange Building - geograph.org.uk - 1501273.jpg 100 / 328 26.027 1970 Office City of London [299][300]
124= Urbanest King's Cross File:Urbanest King's Cross, London.jpg 100 / 328 26.027 2013 Residential Borough
of Camden		 [301]
124= Laurel Point 100 / 328 28 2018 Residential Stratford East Village E20, Site N08 Tower 1, completed in 2018.[302]
124= 4 Casson Square (Southbank Place) File:4 Casson Square (24.04.2021).jpg 100 / 327 29 2019 Residential South Bank [303][220][221] Topped out in 2018.[304]

* Indicates still under construction, but has been topped-out

Tallest under construction, approved and proposed

Under construction

This lists buildings that are under construction in London and are planned to rise at least Template:Convert. Under construction buildings that have already been topped out are listed above.

Name Image Height
m / ft 		Floors Year (est.) Primary use Location Notes
40 Charter Street (Wood Wharf E4) File:Wood Wharf - 40 Charter Street - May 2024.jpg 185.1 / 607 51 2027 Residential Canary Wharf / Isle of Dogs Updated application approved in February 2022.[305][306]
Bankside Yards "Opus" 166 / 545 50 2026 Residential South Bank Part of the Bankside Yards development.[307][308][309][310][311][312][313][314]
50-60 Charter Street Tower 1 (Wood Wharf J3) File:Wood Wharf - 50-60 Charter Street - May 2024 (2).jpg 161 / 528 49 2025 Residential Canary Wharf / Isle of Dogs Updated application approved in February 2022.[305][315]
One Leadenhall File:1 Leadenhall Street November 2023 (1).jpg 158 / 518 36 2024 Office City of London [316] Application submitted August 2016. Approved January 2017.[317]
2–3 Finsbury Avenue 156 / 511 38 Office City of London Proposed in 2015, slight design changes, resubmitted application in 2016 and approved in December 2021.[318]
Canada Water Building C4 "The Founding" File:The Founding, Canada Water - May 2024.jpg 150 / 492 40 Residential Canada Water [319][320][321]
Millharbour Village G3 142 / 466 45 Residential Canary Wharf / Isle of Dogs [322]
2 Trafalgar Way, Tower 1 File:2 Trafalgar Way - May 2024.jpg 138 / 451 48 2026 Residential Poplar Part of a new student accommodation development under construction near Blackwall.[323][324]
The Mall 137 / 449 34 Residential Walthamstow [325]
Chapter London Bridge File:Chapter London Bridge October 2023.jpg 133 / 436 39 2025 Residential Southwark [326] Construction of a 39-storey student accommodation tower near London Bridge station. Approved in May 2019, with construction commencing in March 2022.[327][328]
Millharbour Village West G2.1 126 / 413 37 Residential Canary Wharf / Isle of Dogs [322]
Elephant and Castle Town Centre Tower 1 121 / 397 32 Residential Elephant & Castle Tallest tower of Elephant and Castle Town Centre redevelopment. Application approved June 2021.[329][330]
Sampson House B 120 / 394 34 Residential South Bank Part of the Bankside Yards development.[307][308][309][311][312]
Elephant and Castle Town Centre Tower 3 117 / 384 35 Residential Elephant & Castle Elephant and Castle Town Centre redevelopment. Application approved June 2021.[329][330]
Millharbour Village West G2.2 113 / 371 35 Residential Canary Wharf / Isle of Dogs [322][331]
Twelvetrees Park Tower 1 113 / 371 34 Residential West Ham [332]
Cassini Tower (White City Living) 112 / 367 35 Residential White City [333]
50-60 Charter Street Tower 2 (Wood Wharf J1) File:Wood Wharf - 50-60 Charter Street - May 2024 (1).jpg 112 / 367 34 2025 Residential Canary Wharf / Isle of Dogs Updated application approved in February 2022.[305]
2 Trafalgar Way, Tower 2 File:2 Trafalgar Way - May 2024.jpg 110 / 358 36 2026 Residential Poplar Part of a new student accommodation development under construction near Blackwall.[323][324]
Twelvetrees Park Tower 2 107 / 351 32 Residential West Ham [332]
Millharbour Village West G4 102 / 334 32 Canary Wharf / Isle of Dogs [334]

Approved

This lists buildings that are approved for construction in London and are planned to rise at least Template:Convert.

Name Image Height
metres / ft 		Floors Year (est.) Primary Use Location Notes
1 Undershaft 294 / 965 74 2030 Office City of London Planning application submitted in February 2016.[335] Approved November 2016.[336] Updated proposal submitted January 2024,[337] which was approved in December 2024.[338]
55 Bishopsgate 269 / 882* 63 2029 Office City of London Planning application approved July 2023.[339]
100 Leadenhall 249 / 817 56 2026 Office City of London Planning application approved in July 2018.[340]
99 Bishopsgate 240 / 787 54 2030 Office City of London Planning application approved January 2025. [341]
Riverside South Tower 1 237 / 778 45 Office Canary Wharf / Isle of Dogs [342][343] Built to ground level. On hold.
Spire London File:Spire London Site.png 235 / 771 67 Residential Canary Wharf / Isle of Dogs [344] Replaces two proposals on this site – Columbus Tower and Hertsmere Tower.[345] Application 8 October 2015, approved 2016[346] Currently on hold.[347][348]
Ensign House 224 / 735* 56 2026 Residential Canary Wharf / Isle of Dogs Approved 17 February 2022.[349]
4 Portal Way Tower 1 203 / 666 55 Residential North Acton Approved 20 July 2016[350][351]
One Portal Way Tower 1 196 / 643 56 Residential North Acton Proposal for a mixed use development in North Acton.[352] Approved October 2023.[353]
18 Blackfriars Road "Office Building" 191 / 627 48 Office Blackfriars [354][355] This is the third proposal for this development site. Previous proposals included from 2008,[356] and 2016.[357] Approved May 2024.[358]
One Portal Way Tower 2 186 / 610 51 Residential North Acton Proposal for a mixed use development in North Acton.[352] Approved October 2023.[353]
Riverside South Tower 2 186 / 610 37 Office Canary Wharf / Isle of Dogs [359][360] Built to ground level. On hold.
Vauxhall Cross Tower 1 185 / 606.9 53 Residential Vauxhall / Nine Elms Approved in April 2020[361]
One Portal Way Tower 3 182 / 597 51 Residential North Acton Proposal for a mixed use development in North Acton.[352] Approved October 2023.[353]
Cuba Street 172 / 564 52 2025 Residential Canary Wharf / Isle of Dogs Updated application approved after initial concerns by the London Fire Brigade suggesting the single staircase serving the upper floors being inadequate during emergency situations.[362] A second staircase was incorporated into the design and approved by Tower Hamlets council in March 2022.[363]
One East Point 170 / 558 52 Residential Canary Wharf / Isle of Dogs Approved October 2024. [364]
One Lansdowne Road Tower 1 164 / 538 50 Residential Croydon Approved December 2024. [365]
Ten Bank Street 161 / 528 31 Office Canary Wharf / Isle of Dogs Heron Quays West 1[366][367] 10 Bank Street. Site preparation.
Wood Wharf B1 160 / 525 Canary Wharf / Isle of Dogs Application 19 December 2013. Approved 2014.[193]
30 Marsh Wall 156 / 512 48 2025 Residential Canary Wharf / Isle of Dogs New student residential tower. Approved 31 March 2022 [368]
13–14 Appold Street 156 / 512 45 2019 Hotel Shoreditch [369] Approved 2015[370]
One Station Road 154/ 505 42 Residential Ilford Approved in 2019 by Redbridge council.[371][372]
99 City Road 152 / 501 35 Office Islington Approved in September 2023 [373]
One Thames City N.10 151 / 495 46 Residential Vauxhall / Nine Elms As per planning application of 2014.[116]
18 Blackfriars Road "Stamford Building" 151 / 495 44 Residential Blackfriars Proposal for a 40-storey residential tower at Blackfriars.[374][355] This is the third proposal for this development site. Previous proposals included from 2008,[356] and 2016.[357] Approved May 2024.[358]
Vauxhall Cross Tower 2 151 / 495 42 Residential Vauxhall / Nine Elms Approved in April 2020[361]
7 Brannan Street (Wood Wharf F1) 150 / 492 50 2028 Residential Canary Wharf / Isle of Dogs Outline application for a new student let tower in the new Wood Wharf development area.
1 Merchant Square 150 / 492 42 Residential Paddington [375] Planned to be the tallest building in the City of Westminster. On hold.
50 Fenchurch Street 150 / 492 36 Office City of London Approved 14 May 2020[376]
56-58 Marsh Wall 147 / 482 46 Residential Canary Wharf / Isle of Dogs Approved April 2023.[377]
60 Gracechurch Street 147 / 482 36 2029 Office City of London Approved December 2024.[378]
Bermondsey Place Building B4 143 / 469 44 Residential Southwark Formerly known as Malt Street regeneration.[379] The tower is the tallest of a new cluster of buildings, formed as part of the Old Kent Road regeneration scheme.[380]
Skipton House Tower 1 143 / 469 39 Residential Elephant & Castle Approved July 2016[381]
Doon Street Tower 140 / 459 43 Residential South Bank [382] On hold.
Stratford Island Tower 1 140 / 459 42 Residential Stratford [383][384] Tallest building as part of redevelopment of Stratford Centre. Work expected to begin 2017.
54 Marsh Wall 140 / 459 39 Residential Canary Wharf / Isle of Dogs [385] Proposed 2014. New plans submitted and approved January 2017.[386]
Millharbour Village East G1.1 139 / 456 45 Residential Canary Wharf / Isle of Dogs [322]
West End Gate 138 / 452 39 Residential Paddington West End Gate scheme on the site of the former Paddington Green Police Station. Approved March 2023.[387][388]
70 Gracechurch Street 138 / 452 34 Office City of London Proposal for a new office development. Approved in February 2021.[389]
55 Gracechurch Street 130 / 426 30 Office City of London Proposal for a new office development in the City of London. Approved in January 2021.[390]
12–20 Wyvil Road 126 / 413 37 2020 Residential Vauxhall [391][392] Old design Approved.[393] New scheme named Grand South application submitted 2016[394]
Vicarage Field Tower 1 125 / 410* 36 Residential Barking [395] Tallest tower of proposed Vicarage Field development in Barking. Approved 16 January 2017.[396]
Botanical House 124 / 407 36 2027 Residential Croydon Proposal for a new residential tower in Croydon. Approved November 2023.[397]
1 Selsdon Way 123 / 403.5 35 Residential Canary Wharf / Isle of Dogs Approved January 2025. [398]
4 Portal Way Tower 2 123 / 403.5 45 Residential North Acton [351]
Elizabeth House 123 / 403 29 Office South Bank Waterloo
Millharbour Village East G1.3 122 / 400 39 Residential Canary Wharf / Isle of Dogs [322][399]
Morden Wharf Tower 1 122 / 400 36 Residential Greenwich Proposal for a new residential complex in Greenwich. New developer for project announced November 2023.[400]
Cherry Park Tower 1 121 / 397* 39 2023 Residential Stratford Tallest building in Cherry Park scheme, Stratford, East London.[401]
IQL Park Place Tower 1 120 / 394 35 2026 Residential Stratford Tallest planned building in the Stratford Cross cluster in Stratford.[402]
One Peninsula Square 120 / 393* 36 Residential Greenwich Peninsula Proposal for a new 820-room student residential tower in Greenwich Peninsula.[403][404] Approved March 2024.[405]
Convoys Wharf Tower 1 116 / 380 40 Residential Deptford
South Quay Plaza 2 115 / 378 35 Residential Canary Wharf / Isle of Dogs [84] Phase one under way.
Ram Quarter Tower 113 / 371 36 Residential Wandsworth Part of the second Phase of the ram brewery development, not started yet.
Republic at East India Dock 110 / 360 36 Residential Blackwall Proposal for a mixed use development including a new student residential tower. Proposal approved by appeal after initially being rejected.[406][407]
Edge London Bridge 109 / 357 27 Residential Southwark [408]
207–209 Shoreditch High Street 107 / 351 30 Hotel Shoreditch [409]
Westferry Printworks Tower 1 106 / 348 29 Residential Canary Wharf / Isle of Dogs Approved in April 2016 after public inquiry.[410] Demolition of current buildings ongoing.[411]
Skipton House Tower 2 106 / 348 25 Residential Elephant & Castle Approved July 2016[381]
One Lansdowne Road Tower 2 105 / 344 31 Residential Croydon Approved December 2024. [365]
The Bellamy 104 / 341 26 Residential Canary Wharf / Isle of Dogs Proposal for a new residential tower in Canary Wharf. Approved July 2022.[412]
Morden Wharf Tower 2 103 / 338 30 Residential Greenwich Proposal for a new residential complex in Greenwich. New developer for project announced November 2023.[400]
115-123 Houndsditch 103 / 338 24 Office City of London Proposal for a new office development in the City of London. Approved December 2021.[413][414]
Enderby Place Tower 1 102 / 334 29 Residential Greenwich

* Table entries without text indicate that information regarding a building's expected year of completion has not yet been released.

** Approximate figure.

Proposed

Template:More citations needed section This lists buildings that are proposed for construction in London and are planned to rise at least Template:Convert. Once a planning application has been submitted, a decision by the relevant authority may take two or three years.

Name Height
m / ft 		Floors Year (Proposal) Notes
North Quay Tower 1 222 / 728 67 2017 Application PA/17/01193/A1. New proposal for approved North Quay development in Canary Wharf.
North Quay Tower 2 212 / 696 61 2017 Application PA/17/01193/A1. New proposal for approved North Quay development in Canary Wharf.
North Quay Tower 3 203 / 666 47 2017 Application PA/17/01193/A1. New proposal for approved North Quay development in Canary Wharf.
One Park Place 199 / 653* 60 2021 Application PA/21/02292/A1. New proposal for a 60-storey residential tower in Canary Wharf.[415]
Neasden Goods Yard Tower 1 (Plot A2) 177 / 580* 50 2023 Application 23/3462 (PP-12403737). New proposal for the redevelopment of Neasden Goods Depot, including construction of new residential, student accommodation and commercial space.[416]
63 St Mary Axe 176 / 577 46 2025 Application 25/00223/FULEIA. Proposal for a new office tower in the City of London. [417]
Vauxhall Cross Island 175 / 574* 53 2017
The Goodsyard Tower 1 166 / 545 46 2015 Decision on planning delayed in April 2016
31 Bury Street 164 / 538 44 2024 Application 24/00021/FULEIA. Proposal for a new office tower in the City of London. [418]
Project Skylines 160 / 525* 48 2017 Tallest of the proposed buildings of scheme on the Isle of Dogs. Application PA/17/01597/A1
Borough Triangle Tower 1 158 / 518 46 2022 Application 22/AP/3149. Proposal for one of four towers with the tallest two over 100m.[419]
Earls Court Masterplan - WB04 154 / 505* 42 2024 Application 2024/01942/COMB. Proposal for a new residential tower within the Earls Court Regeneration Masterplan.
Neasden Goods Yard Tower 2 (Plot R2) 150 / 492* 41 2023 Application 23/3462 (PP-12403737). New proposal for the redevelopment of Neasden Goods Depot, including construction of new residential, student accommodation and commercial space.[416]
Borough Triangle Tower 2 149 / 489 42 2022 Application 22/AP/3149. Proposal for one of four towers with the tallest two over 100m.[419]
Neasden Goods Yard Tower 3 (Plot A2) 148 / 485* 42 2023 Application 23/3462 (PP-12403737). New proposal for the redevelopment of Neasden Goods Depot, including construction of new residential, student accommodation and commercial space.[416]
130 Fenchurch Street 146 / 479 35 2025 Application 25/00529/FULEIA. Proposal for a new office tower in the City of London. [420]
85 Gracechurch Street 138 / 452 32 2022 Application 22/01155/FULEIA. Proposal for a 32-storey office tower in the City of London.[421]
82 West India Road 136 / 446 39 2016 [422] Residential tower.
East Village E20 Tower 1 135 / 443 36
East Village E20 Tower 2 135 / 443 36
Neasden Goods Yard Tower 4 (Plot A3) 130 / 426* 39 2023 Application 23/3462 (PP-12403737). New proposal for the redevelopment of Neasden Goods Depot, including construction of new residential, student accommodation and commercial space.[416]
Nest Battersea 122 / 400* 35 2025 Application 2025/0907. Proposal for a new residential tower in Battersea. [423]
Mondial House 120 / 393* 35 2016 [424] 102 George Street, Croydon. Recommended for approval.[425] Replaces original proposal of 40 storeys.
Neasden Goods Yard Tower 5 (Plot S2) 118 / 388 33 2023 Application 23/3462 (PP-12403737). New proposal for the redevelopment of Neasden Goods Depot, including construction of new residential, student accommodation and commercial space.[416]
Houndsditch Street 117 / 384 23 2021 Application submitted.[426]
One South Quay 116 / 350* 35 2020 Application PA/20/02649. Proposal for a mixed used development containing serviced apartments and a hotel.[427]
The Culinary Quarter Tower 1 110 / 361* 35 2016 2 Portal Way, Acton. Tallest of two towers proposed. Application 165950EIA.[428]
North Quay Tower 4 107 / 351 30 2017 Application PA/17/01193/A1. New proposal for approved North Quay development in Canary Wharf.
16–19 Hatfields/1-5 Paris Garden 110 / 361 24 2017 [429]
East Village E20 Tower 4 103 / 338 29 Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

* Approximate figure.

Cancelled constructions

This lists proposals for the construction of buildings in London that were planned to rise at least Template:Convert, for which planning permission was rejected or which were otherwise withdrawn.

Name Height
m / ft 		Floors* Year' Notes
London Millennium Tower 386 92 1996 [430]
London Bridge Tower (Old Design) 366 87 2000 [431]
The Spark Plug (Battersea Eco-tower) 300 40 2008 [432][433]
The Tulip 290 / 951 12 2025 Observation tower in the City of London. Approved 2 April 2019; then refused planning permission by Sadiq Khan on 15 July 2019.[434]
Minerva Building 246 53 2002
Columbus Tower (London) 237 65 2003 Proposal replaced by Hertsmere House
Elephant & Castle, Tower 1 228 55 2001 [435]
One Lansdowne Road Tower 1 227 / 744 69 2016 [436][437] Approved 2012. Received funding in November 2015.[438] New plans submitted 2016,[439] Application withdrawn November 2022.[440] Site was sold to a new developer in January 2023, and a new mixed-use development proposed in July 2023.[441]
6–8 & 22–24 Bishopsgate Redevelopment (Original Design) 216 50 2002 [442]
New London Bridge House Redevelopment 211 50 2004 [443]
Stratford City Tower 210 50 [444]
Citypoint (Santiago Calatrava) 203 27 1997 [445]
Ropemaker Place Tower 200 38 2001 [446]
Elephant & Castle, Tower 2 182 35 2001 [447]
King's Cross Towers 1 & 2 180 44 1987 [448][449]
Stratford Waterfront Tower 1 160 / 525* 47 2016 [450] Two towers originally proposed at 47 stories. New plans will reduce height of towers. Part of the Olympic Park development.[451] Replaced by shorter Ballymore scheme. [452]
Stratford Waterfront Tower 2 160 / 525* 47 2016 [450] Two towers originally proposed at 47 stories. New plans will reduce height of towers. Part of the Olympic Park development.[451] Replaced by shorter Ballymore scheme.[452]
Ruskin Square Building 159 / 522 26 [453] Aka Croydon Gateway.
The Blade, Paddington 150 44 [454][455]
Skylines Village Block B1 148 / 486 45 2012 Application 7 March 2012. Rejected 2013[456]
20 Blackfriars Road tower 1 148 / 486 43 2016 Residential tower, replaced by 18 Blackfriars Road scheme[457]
Ram Brewery Tower 1, Wandsworth 145 / 476 42 2008 [458][459] Rejected
The Leaf Block F, Ealing 138 49 [460]
Victoria Interchange Buildings 2 & 7 134 42 [461][462]
Croydon Vocational Tower 134 / 440 29 [463]
70–100 City Road Block A 131 / 430 39 2008 [464]
One Lansdowne Road Tower 2 129 / 423 39 2016 [436][437] Approved 2012. Received funding in November 2015.[438] New plans submitted 2016,[439] rejected in 2016.[465] Application withdrawn November 2022.[440] Site was sold to a new developer in January 2023, and a new mixed-use development proposed in July 2023.[441]
Clapham Junction Towers 1 & 2 127 / 417 40 2008 [466][467]
Bishops Place Building 1 126 / 414 32 2006 [123][468]
31 London Street 125 / 410 35 2015 [469][470] The 'Paddington Pole'. Height was reduced from 254 m (833 ft). Replaced by a new design.
Chiswick Curve 120 / 394 32 2015 [471] Rejected January 2017.[472] Application submitted. Replaced two cancelled schemes – Octopus & Gateway Tower.
Meridian Tower, Greenwich 118 / 387 32 Greenwich Peninsula[473]
St. John's Tower, Stratford 116 / 381 30 [474]
1 Crown Place, Hackney 114 / 365 24 2009 [475] Application withdrawn
Brickfields Tower 108 / 355 30 2013 Planned for White City.[476] Cancelled after Imperial College purchased site.[477]
Walbrook Square Building 1 107 / 351 22 2006 [478] Redesigned
20 Blackfriars Road tower 2 105 / 344 23 2016 Office tower, replaced by 18 Blackfriars Road scheme[457]
Trinity Building 3 100 / 328 25 2008 [479] Existing building to be refurbished
4–5 South Quay Square 100 / 328 30 2006 [480] Application withdrawn

Demolished buildings

This lists all demolished buildings in London that stood at least Template:Convert tall.

Name Image Height
m / ft 		Floors Year built Year demolished Notes
Drapers' Gardens File:Drapersgardens cropped.jpg 100 / 328 30 1967 2007 Designed by Richard Seifert, replaced by building Template:Convert tall.[481]
Southwark Towers File:Southwark Towers, PwC, London.jpg 100 / 328 25 1976 2009 Replaced by The Shard.[482][483]

Visions of skyscrapers

Name Height
metres 		Floors Year Notes
Mile High Eco Tower 1500 500 2007 [484][485]
European Trade Centre Tower 1 500 111 2019
Citygate Ecotower 485 108 2002 [486]
Mallory Clifford Project 476 100 1998 [487] Aka Southwark Tower
Green Bird 442 83 1990 [488]
Wembley Park Tower 353 1890 [489]
Aldegate Tower 325 85 1989 [490]
Glass Tower 304 80 1852 [491]
Oakwood Tower 300 80 2016 [492] Made of wood, designed by PLP Architecture and Cambridge University for the City of London.
Vortex Tower 300 70 2004 [493]
The Three Spires 253 64 2009 [494] Three towers, the tallest of which was 253 m (830 ft)
Credit Suisse First Boston Building 250 50 1989 [495]
Glengall View Place 230 54 2006 [496][497] Greenwich View Place
European Trade Centre Tower 2 230 53 2019
European Trade Centre Tower 3 230 53 2019
European Trade Centre Tower 4 230 53 2019
European Trade Centre Tower 5 230 53 2019
Cricklewood Tower 216 47 [498][499]
80 & 88–104 Bishopsgate Redevelopment 214 50 [500]
Folgate Street (Project Cosmos) 50 [501]
Skyhouse 168 50 [502][503] Originally 305m
Royal Courts of Justice 165* 1865 [504]
Corporation of London Tower 150* 1944

* Estimated height.

Timeline of tallest buildings and structures

File:Tower of London White Tower.jpg
The White Tower stood as the tallest structure in London from 1098 until 1310.

This lists free-standing structures that have at some point held the title of tallest structure in London.

Name Image Location Years as tallest Height
m / ft 		Floors Reference
White Tower File:The White Tower, Tower of London.jpg Tower Hill 1098–1310 (212 years) 01.027 / 90 03.0N/A [505]
Old St Paul's Cathedral<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[A] File:Old St Paul's Cathedral photographic reconstruction.jpg City of London 1310–1666 (356 years) 07.0150 / 493<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[B] 08.0N/A [506]
Southwark Cathedral File:Catedral Southwark, Londres, Inglaterra, 2014-08-11, DD 105.JPG Southwark 1666–1677 (11 years) 02.050 / 163 04.0N/A [507]
Monument to the Great Fire of London File:The Monument to the Great Fire of London.JPG City of London 1677–1683 (6 years) 03.062 / 202 05.0N/A [508]
St Mary-le-Bow File:St Mary-Le-Bow 01.jpg City of London 1683–1710 (27 years) 04.072 / 236 06.0N/A [509]
St Paul's Cathedral File:Cathédrale St-Paul - entrée principale.jpg City of London 1710–1939 (229 years) 05.0111 / 365 07.0N/A [265]
Battersea Power Station<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[C] File:Battersea.power.station.london.arp.jpg Battersea 1939–1950 (11 years) 06.0113 / 370 01.010 [259]
Crystal Palace transmitting station<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[D] File:Cp mast.jpg Crystal Palace Park 1950–1991 (41 years) 08.0219 / 720 09.0N/A [81]
One Canada Square File:London MMB S6 Canary Wharf.jpg Canary Wharf 1991–2012 (21 years) 09.0236 / 771 02.050 [510]
The Shard File:Shard London Bridge May 2012.JPG Southwark 2012–present (Script error: No such module "age". years) 310 / 1016 87 [511]

Skylines

See also

Template:Portal bar

Notes

Footnotes

A.<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>^ This structure was destroyed by the Great Fire of London in 1666, allowing a shorter structure to become the tallest in the city.[513]
B.<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>^ The exact height of the Old St. Paul's Cathedral remains unknown. Heights ranging between Template:Convert and Template:Convert have all been reported.[513] The spire was destroyed by fire in 1561.
C.<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>^ If counting the tallest habitable floors in buildings, then the record would be held between 1961 and 1962 by the Shell Centre, at Template:Convert and having 26 floors; and before it by the Victoria Tower at Template:Convert, completed in 1858 and having 14 floors.[514][515]
D.<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>^ If the Crystal Palace Transmitter is excluded as a "building", then the record was held by the "Post Office Tower" (later The British Telecom Tower) from 1962 to 1980, at a height excluding antenna of Template:Convert and containing 34 floors, and from 1980 to 1991 by Tower 42 at Template:Convert.

Citations

Template:Reflist

References

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External links

Template:Sister project

Template:UKSkyscrapers Template:UK tallest buildings lists Template:TBSW

  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".Template:Self-published source
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  18. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  19. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  20. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  21. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  22. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  23. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  24. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  25. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  26. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  27. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  28. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  29. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  30. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  31. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  32. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  33. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  34. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  35. ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  36. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  37. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  38. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  39. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  40. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  41. ↑ a b c d e Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  42. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  43. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  44. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  45. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  46. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  47. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  48. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  49. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  50. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  51. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  52. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  53. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  54. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  55. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  56. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  57. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  58. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  59. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  60. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  61. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  62. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  63. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  64. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  65. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  66. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  67. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  68. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  69. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  70. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  71. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  72. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  73. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  74. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  75. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  76. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  77. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  78. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  79. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  80. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  81. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  82. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  83. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  84. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  85. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  86. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  87. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  88. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  89. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  90. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  91. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  92. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  93. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  94. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  95. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  96. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  97. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  98. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  99. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  100. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  101. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  102. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  103. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  104. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  105. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  106. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  107. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  108. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  109. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  110. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  111. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  112. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  113. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  114. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  115. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  116. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  117. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  118. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  119. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  120. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  121. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  122. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  123. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  124. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  125. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  126. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  127. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  128. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  129. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  130. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  131. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  132. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  133. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  134. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  135. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  136. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  137. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  138. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  139. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  140. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  141. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  142. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  143. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  144. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  145. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  146. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  147. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  148. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  149. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  150. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  151. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  152. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  153. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  154. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  155. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  156. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  157. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  158. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  159. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  160. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  161. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  162. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  163. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  164. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  165. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  166. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  167. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  168. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  169. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  170. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  171. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  172. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  173. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  174. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  175. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  176. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  177. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  178. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  179. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  180. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  181. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  182. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  183. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  184. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  185. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  186. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  187. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  188. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  189. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  190. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  191. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  192. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  193. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  194. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  195. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  196. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  197. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  198. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  199. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  200. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  201. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  202. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  203. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  204. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  205. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  206. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  207. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  208. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  209. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  210. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  211. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  212. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  213. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  214. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  215. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  216. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  217. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  218. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  219. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  220. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  221. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  222. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  223. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  224. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  225. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  226. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  227. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  228. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  229. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  230. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  231. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  232. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  233. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  234. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  235. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  236. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  237. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  238. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  239. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  240. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  241. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  242. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  243. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  244. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  245. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  246. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  247. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  248. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  249. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  250. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  251. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  252. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  253. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".Template:Dead link
  254. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  255. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  256. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  257. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  258. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  259. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  260. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  261. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  262. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  263. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  264. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  265. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  266. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  267. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  268. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  269. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  270. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  271. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  272. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  273. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  274. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  275. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  276. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  277. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  278. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  279. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  280. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  281. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  282. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  283. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  284. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  285. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  286. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  287. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  288. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  289. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  290. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  291. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  292. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  293. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  294. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  295. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  296. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  297. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  298. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  299. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  300. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  301. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  302. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  303. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  304. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  305. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  306. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  307. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  308. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  309. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  310. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  311. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  312. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  313. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  314. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  315. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  316. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  317. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  318. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  319. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  320. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  321. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  322. ↑ a b c d e Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  323. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  324. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  325. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  326. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  327. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  328. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  329. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  330. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  331. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  332. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  333. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  334. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  335. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  336. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  337. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  338. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  339. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  340. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  341. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  342. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  343. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  344. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  345. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  346. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  347. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  348. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  349. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  350. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  351. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  352. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  353. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  354. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  355. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  356. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  357. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  358. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  359. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  360. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  361. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  362. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  363. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  364. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  365. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  366. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  367. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  368. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  369. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  370. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  371. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  372. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  373. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  374. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  375. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  376. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  377. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  378. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  379. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  380. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  381. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  382. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  383. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  384. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  385. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  386. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  387. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  388. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  389. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  390. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  391. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  392. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  393. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  394. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  395. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  396. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  397. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  398. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  399. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  400. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  401. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  402. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  403. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  404. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  405. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  406. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  407. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  408. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  409. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  410. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  411. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  412. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  413. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  414. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  415. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  416. ↑ a b c d e Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  417. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  418. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  419. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  420. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  421. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  422. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  423. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  424. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  425. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".Template:Dead link
  426. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  427. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  428. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".Template:Dead link
  429. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  430. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  431. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  432. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  433. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  434. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  435. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  436. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  437. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  438. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  439. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  440. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  441. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  442. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  443. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  444. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  445. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  446. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  447. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  448. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  449. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  450. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  451. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  452. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  453. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  454. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  455. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  456. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  457. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  458. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  459. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  460. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  461. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  462. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  463. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  464. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  465. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".Template:Dead link
  466. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  467. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  468. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  469. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  470. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  471. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  472. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  473. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  474. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  475. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  476. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  477. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  478. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  479. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  480. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  481. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  482. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  483. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  484. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  485. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  486. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  487. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  488. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  489. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  490. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  491. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  492. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  493. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  494. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  495. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  496. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  497. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  498. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  499. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  500. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  501. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  502. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  503. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  504. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  505. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  506. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  507. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  508. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  509. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  510. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  511. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  512. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  513. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  514. ↑ House of Commons Information Office;The Palace of Westminster; Factsheet G11; General Series; Revised May 2009: Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  515. ↑ Jackson-Rowe case study: Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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