List of stutterers

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Man in robes with long brown hair against a background of waves reaching the shore
Greek orator Demosthenes practicing oratory at the beach with pebbles in his mouth

Stuttering (alalia syllabaris), also known as stammering (alalia literalis or anarthria literalis), is a speech disorder in which the flow of speech is disrupted by involuntary repetitions and prolongations of sounds, syllables, words or phrases, and involuntary silent pauses or blocks during which the person who stutters is unable to produce sounds.[1] The exact etiology of stuttering is unknown; both genetics and neurophysiology are thought to contribute.[2] There are many treatments and speech-language pathology techniques available that may help increase fluency in some people who stutter to the point where an untrained ear cannot perceive stuttering; however, there is essentially no cure for the disorder at present.[3][4]

People who stutter include British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, orator Demosthenes, King George VI, actor James Earl Jones, US President Joe Biden, and country singer Mel Tillis. Churchill, whose stutter was particularly apparent to 1920s writers,[5] was one of the 30% of people who stutter who have an associated speech disorder—a lisp in his case—and led his nation through World War II.[6][7] Demosthenes stammered and was inarticulate as a youth, and, through dedicated practice using methods such as placing pebbles in his mouth, became a great orator of Ancient Greece.[8] King George VI hired speech therapist Lionel Logue to enable him to speak more easily to his Empire, and Logue effectively helped him accomplish this goal.[9] This training and its results are the focus of the 2010 film The King's Speech.[10] James Earl Jones has stated he was mute for many years of his youth, and he became an actor noted for the power of his voice.[11][12] Mel Tillis stutters when talking but not when singing.[13] Many people had their speech impairment only during childhood.[14]

Actors

Man looking at the camera
Actor James Earl Jones in 2013
Emily at the premiere of Edge of Tomorrow
Emily Blunt in 2014
Man in suit with left hand in pocket facing left
German silent film actor Bruno Kastner circa 1920
Woman in hot pink dress dancing and singing with both arms raised
Actress Marilyn Monroe in 1953's Gentlemen Prefer Blondes
Actors with stutters
Name Lifetime Comments Reference(s)
Template:Sortname 1955–present English comedian, screenwriter, and actor who incorporates his stuttering into his work by using over-articulation [15][16]
Template:Sortname 1983–present English actress who won a Golden Globe Award in 2007 [17]
Template:Sortname 1938–present American actor and producer who played Jerry the orthodontist on The Bob Newhart Show [18]
Template:Sortname 1972–present American actor, comedian, TV host, and singer [19]
Template:Sortname 1971–present American actor [20]
Template:Sortname 1973–present British comedian who won British Stammering Association Writing Award in 2006 [21][22]
Template:Sortname 1960–present English actor who won a BAFTA and a Golden Globe Award in 1995 [23]
Template:Sortname 1957–present American television and radio presenter, actor, author, businessman, and former stand-up comedian. [24]
Template:Sortname 1937–2018 German actor and TV producer; started stuttering after being trapped under a staircase after a bombing raid in World War II [25][26]
Template:Sortname 1931–2024 American actor noted for his powerful voice [11][23][27]
Template:Sortname 1948–present American actor who has appeared in over 100 films; active in Civil Rights Movement [23]
Javivi 1961–present Spanish actor who has appeared in films and TV series, usually in comical roles [28]
Template:Sortname 1890–1932 German film actor and producer; died by suicide with the advent of sound films [29]
Template:Sortname 1939–present American stage and movie actor [30]
Template:Sortname 1967–present Australian actress and film producer [31]
Template:Sortname 1977–present English comedian winner of the Perrier Comedy Award in 2002 [23][32]
Template:Sortname 1946–2019 American actress who played "Julie Barnes" on The Mod Squad [30]
Template:Sortname 1991–present American comedian; brother of Stephen Lynch and Season 10 runner-up on America's Got Talent [33]
Template:Sortname 1965–present American radio personality known as "Stuttering John" [34]
Template:Sortname 1992–present American actor [35]
Template:Sortname 1926–1962 American actress, singer, model, and sex symbol; Golden Globe Award nominee in 1956 [23][27]
Template:Sortname 1947–present New Zealand actor [36]
Template:Sortname 1940–present American actor, playwright, theatrical director, and instructor [18]
Template:Sortname 1964–present Puerto Rican-American actress [37]
Template:Sortname 1915–2001 Mexican-American actor, painter, and writer [30]
Template:Sortname 1974–present Indian Bollywood actor who won numerous Best Actor awards [30][38]
Template:Sortname 1956–present American actor, Golden Globe Award nominee in 1978; brother of actress Julia Roberts [30]
Template:Sortname 1967–present One of the highest paid American actresses in terms of box office receipts; sister of actor Eric Roberts [30][39]
Template:Sortname 1961–2023 American actor and producer [30]
Template:Sortname 1992–present American actor, twin of Dylan Sprouse [30][40]
Template:Sortname 1908–1997 American film and stage actor whose stutter was a signature trait of his work [41][42][43][44]
Template:Sortname 1955–present American actor, producer, and musician [23]
Template:Sortname 1889–1967 British actor whose career spanned nearly 7 decades, Tony Award winning actor [45]
Template:Sortname 1929–2024 American actor and comedian, known for his stammer [46]
Template:Sortname 1938–2020 Australian entertainer, comedienne and television personality [47]
Template:Sortname 1898–1978 American actor, provided the original voice of Porky Pig [48][49]
Template:Sortname 1917–2000 English actor and comedian [50][51]
Template:Sortname 1917–1992 English actor and comedian [52][53]
Template:Sortname 1887–1951 French actor, theatre director and filmmaker [54]
Template:Sortname 1923–2020 English actor, and radio and television presenter [55]
Template:Sortname 1929–2015 English actor and dancer [56]
Template:Sortname 1887–1969 English actor, voice of Grinch [57]
Template:Sortname 1936–present English actor [58]
Template:Sortname 1937–present English actor [59]
Template:Sortname 1922–2007 American actor in British theater and television [60]

Athletes

Man in a Harlem Globetrotters uniform is on one knee and holding a basketball.
Basketball player Wilt Chamberlain in 1959 while a Harlem Globetrotter
Woman in peak cap and sunglasses is wearing a red T-shirt.
Golfer Sophie Gustafson in 2008
Athletes with stutters
Name Lifetime Comments Reference(s)
Template:Sortname 1982–present Scottish rugby union player [61]
Template:Sortname 1937–2014 American boxer known as "The Hurricane" [18]
Template:Sortname 1936–1999 American basketball player, holds numerous official NBA all-time records [62]
Template:Sortname 1973–present American baseball outfielder [63]
Template:Sortname 1973–present Swedish golfer [18]
Template:Sortname 1964–present American basketball player [18]
Template:Sortname 1955–present American football cornerback [64]
Template:Sortname 1961–present Canadian sprinter [18]
Template:Sortname 1962–present American baseball and football player, 1985 Heisman Trophy winner [65]
Template:Sortname 1943–present American baseball pitcher [18]
Template:Sortname 1979–present Croatian tennis player [66]
Template:Sortname 1993–present American basketball player [67]
Template:Sortname 1987–present American football cornerback [68]
Template:Sortname 1960–present American diver [18]
Template:Sortname 1942–2024 American basketball player [69]
Template:Sortname 1997–present American racing driver [70][71]
Template:Sortname 1959–present Puerto Rican baseball player [72][73]
Template:Sortname 1977–present American basketball player [18]
Template:Sortname 1987–present Canadian hockey player [18]
Template:Sortname 1979–present American football running back [18]
Template:Sortname 1969–present Puerto Rican boxer [18]
Template:Sortname 1956–present American boxer who was a world champion in the light-heavyweight and heavyweight divisions (1981–1988) [18]
Template:Sortname 1989–present American baseball outfielder [74]
Template:Sortname 1983–present American football running back [75]
Template:Sortname 1958–present American actor and fitness personality who had a fitness line "Body by Jake" and TV show called Body by Jake [76]
Template:Sortname 1947–2024 American football running back [18]
Template:Sortname 1955–present American ice hockey player [18]
Template:Sortname 1931–2013 American golfer and golf broadcaster [77]
Template:Sortname 1952–2024 American Basketball Hall of Famer [78]
Template:Sortname 1975–present American golfer, formerly ranked World No. 1 (2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009) [79]
Template:Sortname 1991–present Colombian soccer player [80]
Template:Sortname 1958–present Australian rules footballer [81]
Template:Sortname 1915–1981 American track and field coach [82]
Template:Sortname 1997–present American football linebacker [83]
Template:Sortname 1916–2006 American boxer [84]

Politicians

Churchill is wearing his trademark overcoat and top hat.
Prime Minister Winston Churchill in 1942
Biden standing with US flags behind him
President Joe Biden in 2021
Politicians with stutters
Name Lifetime Comments Reference(s)
Template:Sortname 1967–present British Labour politician; former Member of Parliament (2005–2015) [85]
Template:Sortname 1947–present Mayor of Naples (1994–1998); President of Campania (2000–2010); member of Italian Communist Party [18]
Template:Sortname 1951–present French politician; Prime Minister of France since December 2024 [86]
Template:Sortname 1942–present United States Senator from Delaware (1973–2009), 47th Vice President of the United States (2009–2017), 46th President of the United States (2021–2025) [18][87][88]
Template:Sortname 1874–1965 Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (1940–1945, 1951–1955); Nobel Prize in Literature recipient in 1953 [23][27]
Template:Sortname Template:Dts – 54 AD Emperor of Rome (41–54), exaggerated his ailment in youth amid fratricidal dynastic conflicts [89][90]
Template:Sortname Template:Dts384 – 322 BC Ancient Greek orator and politician [8]
Template:Sortname 1940–present Irish Labour Party politician; Member of the European Parliament (1989–1992, 1999–) [91]
Template:Sortname 1976–present Argentine Peronist politician; Minister of the Interior (2019–) [92]
Template:Sortname 1935–present American politician, 48th Governor of New Jersey (1982–1990) [93]
Template:Sortname 1982–present Portuguese politician, Member of the Assembly of the Republic (2019–) [94]
Template:Sortname 1909–1998 Indian communist politician; Chief Minister of Kerala (1957–1959, 1967–1969) [95]
Template:Sortname 1955–present Prime Minister of Finland (2003–2010) [96]
Template:Sortname 1780–1857 Anglo-Irish Member of Parliament [97]
Template:Sortname 1918–1989 Romanian communist leader [98]
Template:Sortname 1905–1981 Canadian politician and City of Toronto mayor [99]
Template:Sortname 1801–1856 Brazilian politician, diplomat, judge, and monarchist [100]
Template:Sortname 1781–1847 British Whig politician [101]

Musicians

Black man singing
Blues guitarist John Lee Hooker
Man in white slacks and black jacket standing singing on stage
Country singer Mel Tillis in 2007 at the Grand Ole Opry
Singers and musicians with stutters
Name Lifetime Comments Reference(s)
Template:Sortname 1957–present English singer and songwriter [102]
Template:Sortname 1917–1995 English composer, cellist and music critic [103]
Template:Sortname 1937–2011 Irish singer, who represented Ireland at the 1967 Eurovision song contest [104]
Template:Sortname 1967–present English singer, guitarist, and vocalist [105]
Template:Sortname 1984–present English singer and songwriter [106]
Template:Sortname 1912–2001 American blues guitarist [107]
Template:Sortname 1942–1999 American scat singer [108]
Template:Sortname 1959–present Scottish singer and songwriter [23]
Template:Sortname 1931–2021 American music professor and composer of experimental music [18]
Template:Sortname 1977–present English singer, songwriter, and pianist [23]
Template:Sortname 1968–present Australian singer, songwriter, and actress [23]
Template:Sortname 1957–present English singer, songwriter, and actor [109]
Template:Sortname Template:Circa – 912 Frankish composer, poet and scholar [110]
Template:Sortname 1948–present English singer, songwriter and television personality [111]
Template:Sortname 1935–1977 American rock and roll singer [27]
Template:Sortname 1945–present American singer, songwriter, musician, and children's author; recipient of two Grammy Awards, an Academy Award, and a Golden Globe Award; member of Grammy Hall of Fame [18][112]
Template:Sortname 1938–1972 English musician and vocalist [113]
Template:Sortname 1932–2017 American country singer, spokesman and honorary chairman of the Stuttering Foundation of America in 1998 [13][114]
Template:Sortname 1971–present American musician [18]
Template:Sortname 1938–2020 American singer, songwriter, and musician [18][115][116]
Template:Sortname 1984–present Chinese singer, songwriter, and musician [117]
Template:Sortname 1986–present Australian singer, songwriter and musician [118]
Template:Sortname 1942–2015 American gospel singer, songwriter, record producer and pastor [119]
Template:Sortname 1991–present Pakistani rapper, songwriter, record producer and filmmaker [120]
Template:Sortname 1917–2001 American operatic baritone and actor [121]
Template:Sortname 1946–2015 Scottish pop rock singer and musician [122]
Template:Sortname 1947–present Reggae and rocksteady singer [123]
Template:Sortname 1945–2007 American folk singer-songwriter, comedian [124]
Template:Sortname present Israeli multi-disciplinary artist, singer and musician [125]
Template:Sortname 1994–present Australian singer who won the second series of The Voice [126]
Template:Sortname 1950–present American singer and songwriter, lead singer of Heart (band) [127]

Writers

Man with moustache standing in suit
Writer W. Somerset Maugham in 1934
Man with moustache standing in suit and facing right
Writer Machado de Assis circa 1896
Black woman with head covering, close up, smiling and looking to the right
Sonia Sanchez in 1998
Writers with stutters
Name Lifetime Comments Reference(s)
Template:Sortname 1867–1931 English journalist and novelist [18]
Template:Sortname 1922–1996 British comedian, script-writer, and reader of children's books [18]
Template:Sortname 1899–1973 Irish novelist and short story writer [18]
Template:Sortname 1832–1898 English author, mathematician, logician, Anglican deacon and photographer [23][27]
Template:Sortname 1945–present American cartoonist [128]
Template:Sortname 1838–1908 Brazilian novelist, short story writer, poet, and literary critic [129]
Template:Sortname 1939–present English novelist, biographer, and literary critic [130]
Han, FeiHan Fei Template:Dts280 BC – 233 BC Chinese philosopher and writer [18]
Template:Sortname 1932–present American nature and travel writer [131]
Template:Sortname 1843–1916 American-born writer and critic who spent most of his life in England [18]
Template:Sortname 1960–present British journalist and editor [132][133]
Template:Sortname 1874–1965 English novelist, playwright, and short story writer [23][27]
Template:Sortname 1942–2016 American illustrator, author, and publisher [18]
Template:Sortname 1969–present English novelist [134]
Template:Sortname 1929–2016 Irish poet [18]
Template:Sortname 1914–2009 American screenwriter, television producer, novelist and sports writer [18]
Template:Sortname 1937–present British screenwriter; BAFTA and Academy Award-winning writer of The King's Speech [135]
Template:Sortname 1956–present American writer of fiction and nonfiction [18]
Template:Sortname 1899–1960 British novelist and aeronautical engineer [18]
Template:Sortname 1943–2022 American author and poet [18]
Template:Sortname 1927–1980 English theater critic and writer [18]
Template:Sortname 1932–2009 American novelist, poet, short story writer, art critic, and literary critic [23]
Template:Sortname present British writer and public speaker [136]
Template:Sortname 1978- Canadian poet [137]
Template:Sortname 1965–present German poet, novelist, writer, literary editor, and musician [138]
Template:Sortname 1934–1992 American author, poet, professor, activist [139]
Template:Sortname 1916–1991 Australian author, screenwriter, and fighter pilot [140]
Template:Sortname 1923–1917 English author [141][142]
Template:Sortname 1871–1914 English Catholic priest and writer, popular preacher [143]
Machado de Assis 1839–1908 Brazilian novelist, poet, playwright [144]
Template:Sortname 1930–2023 British author, mostly science fiction, but including a nonfiction book about stuttering [145]
Template:Sortname 1923–1983 English journalist and thriller novelist whose stutter initially exempted him from military conscription [146]
Template:Sortname 1966–present English author [147]
Template:Sortname 1775–1834 English essayist and poet [148]
Template:Sortname 1895–1962 American physiologist and science writer [149]
Template:Sortname 1949–present English screenwriter and producer [150]
Template:Sortname 1934–present American poet, writer, and professor [151][152][153]

Others

File:Portrait of Charles Darwin. Wellcome M0010103.jpg
Charles Darwin
Man standing in royal regalia
King George VI of the United Kingdom circa 1940–1946
Man in beige shirt standing and talking, with finger pointed
Zoologist Alan Rabinowitz
Woodcut of man facing left with cloth hat and robe
Mathematician Niccolò Tartaglia later in life
File:Alan Turing Aged 16.jpg
Alan Turing at age 16
Other people with stutters
Name Lifetime Comments Reference(s)
Template:Sortname 197–264 Three Kingdoms period general, Grand Commandant [154]
Template:Sortname 1958–present Prince of Monaco [18][87]
Template:Sortname 1888–1969 United States Army Major General during World War II [155]
Template:Sortname 1908–2002 Publisher, philanthropist, and diplomat [156]
Template:Sortname Template:Dts384 BC – 322 BC Greek philosopher and writer [23][27]
Template:Sortname 1907–1991 American newspaper reporter who won two Pulitzer Prizes for combat reporting—one each during World War II and the Korean War [157]
Template:Sortname 1939–2016 American photographer and biographer of Muhammad Ali [18]
Template:Sortname 1942–present American businessman, co-founder of The Home Depot and owner of the National Football League's Atlanta Falcons [18]
Template:Sortname 1884–1960 British-American psychiatrist; researcher on stuttering [158]
Template:Sortname 1913–1980 3rd Baron Glenavy, Irish-born British journalist, humorist and television personality [18]
Template:Sortname 1915–2001 British Field Marshal, tank commander in World War II; Chief of the Defence Staff [159]
Template:Sortname 1902–1986 British biographer, historian and professor [18]
Template:Sortname 1600–1649 King of England (1625–1649) [160]
Template:Sortname 1809–1882 English naturalist [30]
Template:Sortname 1893–1969 American car designer, first vice president of design at General Motors [18]
Template:Sortname 1941–2012 Canadian movie producer, director, and financier [161]
Template:Sortname 1494–1547 King of France (1515–1547) [162]
Template:Sortname 1903–1994 American philanthropist and businessman [163][164]
Template:Sortname 1933–2015 Film critic and BBC radio producer [165]
Template:Sortname 1895–1952 King of the United Kingdom (1936–1952) [23]
Template:Sortname 1920–2020 Wife of astronaut and United States Senator John Glenn; She was inducted into the National Stuttering Association Hall of Fame. [166][167]
Template:Sortname 1975–present Navy SEAL, athlete, and motivational speaker [168]
Template:Sortname 1918–1999 American chemist who worked with the Central Intelligence Agency [18]
Template:Sortname 1945–present American banker [18]
Template:Sortname 1633–1701 King of England (1685–1688) [169]
Template:Sortname 1906–1965 American psychologist, stutter research [170]
Template:Sortname 846–879 King of Aquitaine and West Francia [171]
Template:Sortname 770–829 Byzantine emperor, founder of the Amorian (Phrygian) dynasty [172]
Template:Sortname 1946–present Polish editor, historian, essayist, and political commentator [18]
Template:Sortname 1642–1727 English physicist, mathematician, astronomer, natural philosopher, alchemist, and theologian [23]
Template:Sortname 1950–present British fashion designer [18]
Template:Sortname 1953–present Polish journalist, social campaigner [173]
Template:Sortname 1320–1367 King of Portugal (1357–1367) [174]
Template:Sortname 1953–2018 American zoologist, conservationist, field biologist, and President and CEO of Panthera [18][175]
Template:Sortname 1863–1949 German-American botanist, Harvard professor [23]
Template:Sortname 1947–present American consumer reporter, investigative journalist, author, and libertarian columnist [176]
Template:Sortname 1499–1557 Italian mathematician, engineer, and surveyor [18]
Template:Sortname 1912–1954 British mathematician [177]
Template:Sortname 1905–1994 American speech pathologist [170]
Template:Sortname 1935–2020 American chemical engineer, businessman, and author [18]
Template:Sortname 1889–1951 Austrian philosopher [23]
Template:Sortname 1819–1875 Priest, historian, novelist, poet [178]
Template:Sortname 1911–1944 American Women Airforce Service Pilots member, disappeared during World War II [179]
Template:Sortname 1831–1902 Irish-American industrialist [180]
Template:Sortname 1906–2001 English ophthalmologist who invented the introcular lens [181]
Template:Sortname 1896–1972 Professional soldier in New Zealand Military Forces [182]
Template:Sortname 1904-1938 Mexican integrist [183]
Template:Sortname 1856–1941 German linguist, ethnographer, and archeologist [184]
Template:Sortname 1933–present British barrister and judge [185]
Template:Sortname 1766–1828 Queen of Württemberg  [186]
Template:Sortname 12th or 15th Century Founder of the Iroquois Confederacy, also known as Great Peacemaker [187]
Template:Sortname 1901–1987 Australian botanical artist [188]
Template:Sortname 1819–1887 American lawyer and socialite. Called "the most popular man of New York" [189]
Template:Sortname 1812–1886 American fur trapper and explorer known as the leader "Ezekiel 'Stuttering Zeke' Merritt" [190]
Template:Sortname 1825–1883 Warrior and a leader of the Nednhi band of the Chiricahua Apache [191]

References

Template:ReflistTemplate:Stuttering Template:Main other

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  11. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  13. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  118. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  122. ↑ Terence Dackomb, "Chris Rainbow" Template:Webarchive, The Rocking Vicar, 2 July 2012, accessed 17 March 2015; Tobe Richards, "Chris Rainbow", Stuttering Didn't Stop Them! Famous People Who Stutter From Around The World, accessed 17 March 2015.
  123. ↑ Katz, David (2000), People Funny Boy - The Genius of Lee "Scratch" Perry, Payback Press, Template:ISBN
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  126. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  127. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  128. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  129. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  130. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  131. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  132. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  133. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  134. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  135. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  137. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  140. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  141. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  143. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  144. ↑ Scarano, Júlia Maria Leonor (1969). Grandes Personagens da Nossa História. São Paulo: Abril Cultural. p. 770
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  146. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  147. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  148. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  149. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  150. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  151. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  152. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  153. ↑ Gates, Henry Louis, and Valerie Smith (eds), The Norton Anthology of African American Literature. W.W. Norton & Company, 2014 (Third edition).
  154. ↑ Records of the Three Kingdoms, vol. 28.
  155. ↑ Template:Cite magazine
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  158. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  159. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  160. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  161. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  162. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  165. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  166. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  168. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  170. ↑ a b Williams, D. Wendell Johnson and Charles Van Riper. Minnesota State University (22 February 1999). Retrieved on 2008-08-30.
  171. ↑ Rosamond McKitterick, The Frankish Kingdoms under the Carolingians, (Pearson Education Limited, 1999), 258.
  172. ↑ File:Wikisource-logo.svg This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Script error: No such module "template wrapper".
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  174. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  175. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  176. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  178. ↑ Project MUSE, Journal of Victorian Culture
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  180. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  181. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  182. ↑ Template:DNZB
  183. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  184. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  185. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  186. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  187. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  188. ↑ Template:Cite AuDB
  189. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  190. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  191. ↑ Roberts, David. (1993) Once They Moved Like the Wind. New York: Simon & Schuster. Template:ISBN. p.63.
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