List of private spaceflight companies

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Template:Short description Script error: No such module "Unsubst". Private spaceflight companies include non-governmental or privately-owned entities focused on developing and/or offering equipment and services geared towards spaceflight, both robotic and human. This list includes both inactive and active entities.

List of abbreviations used in this article

LEO: Low Earth orbit
GTO: Geostationary transfer orbit
HCO: Heliocentric orbit
VTOL: Vertical take-off and landing
SSTO: Single-stage-to-orbit
TSTO: Two-stage-to-orbit
SSTSO: Single-stage-to-sub-orbit

Commercial astronauts

Manufacturers of space vehicles

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Cargo transport vehicles

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Company name Spacecraft Launch system Length (m) Dry mass (kg) Launch mass (kg) Payload (kg) Payload volume (m3) Return payload (kg) Diameter (m) Generated power (W) Automated docking Status
SpaceX Dragon Falcon 9 Block 5 Template:Nts Template:Nts[4] Template:Nts Template:Nts[5] pressurized or unpressurized, in any mixture[6] Template:Nts (pressurized), plus Template:Nts (unpressurized), or Template:Nts (unpressurized with extended trunk)[7] Template:Nts capsule return[8] Template:Nts Template:Nts[9] No Retired (21/22)
Dragon 2 Falcon 9 Block 5 Template:Nts Template:Nts Template:Nts[5] Template:Nts (pressurized), plus Template:Nts (unpressurized) Template:Nts[5] Template:Nts Yes Operational (10/10)
Orbital Cygnus (standard) Antares 110 Template:Nts Template:Nts[10] Template:Nts[10] Template:Nts[10] Template:NtsNone Template:Nts Template:Nts[11] No Retired (3/4)
Northrop Grumman Innovation Systems Cygnus (enhanced) Antares 230
Atlas V 401
Falcon 9 Block 5 		Template:Nts Template:Nts[12] Template:Nts[12] Template:Nts[12] Template:NtsNone Template:Nts No Operational (16/16)
Sierra Space Dream Chaser Cargo System Atlas V
Vulcan[13] 		Template:Nts[14] Template:Nts pressurized, Template:Nts unpressurized[15] Template:Nts[15] Yes Development
Planned: 2025

Crew transport vehicles

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Orbital

Company name Spacecraft Range Launch
system 		Crew
size 		Length (m) Diameter (m) Launch mass (kg) Power
system 		First
spaceflight* 		Status
Blue Origin Biconic Space Vehicle LEO New Glenn Planned date not known Development
Boeing CST-100 Starliner LEO Multiple, initially Atlas V Template:Nts[16] Template:Nts[17] Template:Nts[17] 13,000 Solar panels Crewed: 5 June 2024
(Uncrewed: 20 December 2019) 		Operational
Sierra Space Dream Chaser Space System LEO Multiple, initially Vulcan Centaur Template:Nts[18] Template:Nts[19] Template:Nts[20] 2026[21] Development
SpaceX Dragon 2 LEO Falcon 9 Block 5 Template:Nts[note 1] Template:Nts[22] Template:Nts[23] up to 6,000 Solar Crewed: May 30, 2020
(Uncrewed: 2 March 2019) 		Operational (18/18)
Starship Mars[24][note 2] Super Heavy Template:Nts[24] Template:Nts[24][note 3] Template:Nts[24] Solar panels Planned: First Crewed date not known (First Uncrewed: 20 April 2023) Testing

(1/3)

* - Format: Crewed (Uncrewed), includes failures

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  1. ↑ Number of seats will be 4 for crew member rotations for the ISS
  2. ↑ Although designed to be capable of flying to anywhere in the Solar SystemScript error: No such module "Unsubst"., this vehicle's intended maximum range (after refueling in LEO) is Mars
  3. ↑ Plus fins/legs

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Suborbital

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Company name Spacecraft Range Launch
system 		Crew
size 		Length (m) Diameter (m) Launch mass (kg) First
spaceflight* 		Status
Scaled Composites SpaceShipOne Template:Cvt White Knight Template:Nts 8.53 8.05 3,600 21 June 2004 Retired (3/3)[note 1]
Blue Origin New Shepard Crew Capsule Template:Cvt (capsule, using the launch escape system motor) New Shepard Template:Nts 3.6 Crewed: July 20, 2021

(Uncrewed: April 29, 2015)

Operational (23/24)
The Spaceship Company SpaceShipTwo Template:Cvt White Knight Two 8 (2 Pilots, 6 Passengers) 18.3 8.3 9,740 13 December 2018 Testing (10/11)[note 2]
Copenhagen Suborbitals[note 3] Tycho Deep Space Template:Cvt
 Spica Template:Nts 13 0.955 4,000 Planned date not known Development
PD AeroSpace (Unknown) Template:Cvt[25] (Unknown) Template:Nts (6 passengers, 2 pilots) 14.8[26] >6,000 Planned date not known Development
World View Explorer Capsule 30 km (19 mi) Stratospheric Balloon 10 (8 passengers, 1 pilot, 1 concierge) 5.5 4,500 Planned 2024 Development
* - Format: Crewed (Uncrewed), includes failures

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  1. ↑ Does not include crewed atmospheric flights
  2. ↑ Does not include powered flights not intended to reach space
  3. ↑ Denmark's amateur human space program.

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Launch vehicle manufacturers

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Company name Launcher
name 		Launcher
type 		No. of
stages 		Maximum
reach 		Launcher
status 		Maiden
flight 		Ref
ABL Space Systems RS1 Light rocket 2 LEO Retired (0/1) 10 January 2023 [27]
Agnikul Cosmos Agnibaan Light rocket 2 LEO Development Unknown
Alpha Impulsion Grenat Light rocket 1 LEO Development Unknown [28]
ARCA Space Haas 2b Suborbital crewed rocket 1 Suborbital Cancelled — [29]
Haas 2CA Light rocket 1 LEO Cancelled — [30]
Super Haas Medium rocket 2 LEO Proposed Unknown [31]
EcoRocket Demonstrator Reusable light rocket 3 LEO Development 2022 (planned) [32]
EcoRocket Heavy Heavy rocket 3 Deep space Proposed Unknown [32]
Australian Space Research Institute AUSROC Nano Light rocket 2 LEO Development Unknown [33]
Astra Space Astra Rocket 1 Sounding rocket 2 Suborbital Retired (0/1) 2018 [34][35][36]
Astra Rocket 2 Sounding rocket 2 Suborbital Retired (0/1) 2018 [37]
Astra Rocket 3 Light rocket 2 LEO Retired (2/5) 2020 [38][39]
Astra Rocket 4 Light rocket 2 LEO Development 2023 (planned) [40][41]
SALVO Light rocket 2 LEO Cancelled — [42][43][44]
Bellatrix Aerospace Chetak Light rocket 2 LEO Development 2023 (planned)
Blue Origin New Shepard Reusable suborbital rocket 1 Suborbital Operational (22/23) 2015
New Glenn Reusable heavy rocket 2 or 3 GTO Operational (1/1) 2025 [45][46][47]
New Armstrong Reusable super-heavy rocket 3 HCO Proposed ~2030 (proposed)
BluShift Aerospace Stardust Reusable sounding rocket 1 Suborbital Operational (1/1) 2020
Starless Rogue Sounding rocket 2 Suborbital Development Unknown
Brown Dwarf Sounding rocket 2 or 3 Suborbital Cancelled —
Red Dwarf Light rocket 3 LEO Development Q2 2024 (planned)
Borneo SubOrbitals TBA Sounding rocket 2 or 3 Suborbital Development 2022 (planned) [48][49][50]
Canadian Arrow Canadian Arrow Suborbital crewed rocket 2 Suborbital Cancelled — [51]
CubeCab Cab-3A Light rocket 3 + airplane LEO Proposed Unknown [52][53]
Datiotec Aeroespacial / INMEU A.C. JFCR.2000-Pollux Sounding rocket 1 Suborbital Development Unknown [54][55]
Dawn Aerospace Mk-II Aurora Light Rocket Suborbital Test flights (3/3) 2023 [56]
Evolution Space Gold Chain Cowboy Sounding Rocket 1 Suborbital Development 2023 [57][58]
Exos Aerospace SARGE Reusable sounding rocket 1 Suborbital Operational (3/4) 2018 [59][60]
Equatorial Space Systems Volans Light Rocket 3 LEO Development Unknown [61]
Dorado Sounding Rocket 1 or 2 Suborbital Development 2023 (planned) [62]
LAD Sounding Rocket 1 Suborbital Retired (1/1) 2020 [63]
Firefly Aerospace Firefly Alpha Light rocket 2 LEO Operational (4/5) 2021 [64]
Firefly MLV Light rocket 2 LEO Development 2026 (planned) [65]
Galactic Energy Ceres-1 Light Rocket 4 LEO Operational (13/14) 2020 [66]
General Astronautics Urania Medium rocket 3 LEO Cancelled — [67][68]
Gilmour Space Technologies RASTA Sounding rocket 1 Suborbital Retired (1/1) 2016 [69]
Eris Light rocket 3 LEO Development April 2023 (Planned) [69]
Generation Orbit X-60A (GOLauncher 1) Air-launched sounding rocket 1 + airplane Suborbital Development Unknown [70][71]
GOLauncher 2 Air-launch-to-orbit 2 + airplane LEO Development Unknown
Independence-X Aerospace DNLV (Dedicated Nano Launch Vehicle) Light rocket 2 LEO Development 2023 (planned) [72][73]
Interorbital Systems NEPTUNE N series Light rocket 3–4 LEO Development Unknown [74][75]
NEPTUNE N36 Light rocket 4 TLI Proposed Unknown [74][75]
Neptune TSAAHTO Medium rocket 2½ TLI Proposed Unknown [74]
Interstellar Technologies Momo Sounding rocket 1 Suborbital Operational (3/7) 2017 [76][77]
Isar Aerospace Spectrum Light rocket 2 LEO Development H2 2023 (planned) [78]
Launcher Light Light rocket 2 LEO Cancelled — [79]
Leaf Space Primo Light rocket 2 LEO Proposed Unknown [80][81]
Lesath International Telson Reusable Light Rocket 2 LEO Development 2029 (Planned)
Lesath International Scorpion Reusable Medium Rocket 2 TMI Proposed Unknown
Lin Industrial Taymyr Light rocket 3 LEO Development Unknown [82][83]
Lockheed Martin VentureStar Reusable spaceplane 1 LEO Cancelled — [84]
Athena Medium rocket 2 or 3 TLI Retired (5/7) 1995
Mishaal Aerospace M-SV Sounding rocket 1 Suborbital Development Unknown [85][86][87]
M-OV Light rocket 1 + 6 Boosters LEO Development Unknown [85][86][88]
M-LV Light rocket 1 + 8 boosters TLI Development Unknown [85][86][89]
OneSpace OS-X Sounding rocket 2 Suborbital Operational (2/2) 2018 [90]
OS-M1 Light rocket 3 LEO Operational (0/1) 2019 [91]
OS-M2 Light rocket 3 + 2 boosters LEO Development Unknown [92]
OS-M4 Light rocket 3 + 4 boosters LEO Development Unknown [93]
Orbex Prime Light rocket 2 LEO Development 2023 (planned) [94]
OrbitX Haribon SLS-1 Light rocket 2 LEO Development 2023–2024 (planned)
Outerstellar Space Crocoship Medium rocket 1 LEO Development 2040 (planned) [95]
Northrop Grumman Innovation Systems Antares Medium rocket 3 LEO Operational (17/18) 2013 [96]
Minotaur-C, formerly Taurus Light rocket 4 LEO Operational (7/10) 1994 [97][98][99]
Pegasus Air-launch-to-orbit 3-4 + airplane HEO Operational (40/45) 1990
Omega Medium rocket 3 + 0-6 boosters GEO Cancelled (Was planned for 2021) [100]
Orbital Transport & Raketen AG OTRAG Medium rocket variable LEO (designed)
Suborbital (achieved) 		Retired (15/18) 1977 [101]
Perigee Aerospace Blue Whale 1 Light rocket 2 LEO Development Unknown [102][103]
PLD Space Miura 1 Sounding rocket 1 Suborbital Operational (1/1) 6 October 2023 [104][105][106][107][108]
Miura 5 Light rocket 3 LEO Development 2024 (planned) [107]
Relativity Space Terran 1 Light rocket 2 LEO Retired (0/1) 23 March 2023 [109][110]
Terran R Reusable heavy rocket 2 Deep space Development 2024 (planned) [111]
Rocket Crafters Intrepid-1 Light rocket 2 LEO Development Unknown [112][113]
Rocket Lab Ātea-1 Sounding rocket 2 Suborbital Retired (1/1) 2009 [114][115]
Ātea-2 Sounding rocket 2 Suborbital Cancelled — [116]
Electron Reusable light rocket 2 TLI Operational (34/37) 2017 [117]
Neutron Reusable medium rocket 2 GTO Development 2024 (planned) [118][119]
RocketStar Star-Lord Light rocket 2 LEO Development Unknown [120]
Rocket Factory Augsburg RFA One Light rocket 3 LEO Development 2023 (planned) [121][122][78]
Skyroot Aerospace Vikram S Sounding rocket 3 LEO Operational 2022 November 18 [123]
Vikram-II Light rocket 3 LEO Development Unknown
Vikram-III Light rocket 3 LEO Development Unknown
Skyrora Skyrora 1 Sounding rocket 1 Suborbital Development Unknown [124][125][126]
Skylark Micro Sounding rocket 2 Suborbital Operational (1/1) 2021 [127]
Skylark L Sounding rocket 1 Suborbital Development 2022 (planned) [128][129]
Skyrora XL Light rocket 3 LEO Development 2023 (planned) [130][131][132][133]
SpaceForest Bigos Sounding rocket 1 Suborbital Operational (5/5) 2015 [134]
Candle-2 Sounding rocket 1 Suborbital Operational (1/1) 2016 [135][136][137]
Perun Sounding rocket 1 Suborbital Operational (1/1) 2020[138] [139]
SIR (Suborbital Inexpensive Rocket) Sounding rocket 1 Suborbital Development 2022 (planned) [134][140]
Space Services Inc. Percheron Sounding rocket 1 Suborbital Cancelled — [141]
Conestoga 1620 Medium rocket 4 LEO (designed)
Suborbital (achieved) 		Retired (0/1) 1995 [141]
SpaceLS Prometheus-1 Light rocket 2 LEO Development Unknown [142][143]
Space Pioneer Tiansuo-1 Vertical landing test stage 1 Suborbital Development Unknown [144]
Tianlong-1 Light rocket LEO Development Unknown [144]
SpaceX Falcon 1 Light rocket 2 LEO Retired (2/5) 2006 [145]
Falcon 1e Light rocket 2 LEO Cancelled — [145]
Falcon 5 Medium rocket 2 GTO Cancelled — [146]
Falcon 9 v1.0 Medium rocket 2 GTO (designed)
LEO (achieved) 		Retired (5/5) 2010 [147]
Falcon 9 v1.1 Medium rocket 2 HCO Retired (14/15) 2013 [147]
Falcon 9 Full Thrust
Block 1-4 		Reusable medium rocket /
Heavy rocket (expendable) 		2 TMI[148] Retired (36/36) 2015 [147]
Falcon 9 Block 5 Reusable medium rocket /
Heavy rocket (expendable) 		2 TMI[148] Operational (Template:Falcon rocket statistics/Template:Falcon rocket statistics) 2018 [149][150]
Falcon Heavy Reusable heavy rocket /
Super-heavy rocket (expendable) 		2 + 2 boosters Deep space (Pluto)[151] Operational (Template:Falcon rocket statistics/Template:Falcon rocket statistics) 2018 [147][152]
Starship Super-Heavy Reusable super-heavy rocket 2 Deep space Testing (2/4) 2023
Stoke Space Nova Reusable light rocket 2 LEO Development Unknown [153]
Success Rockets Nebo 1 Ultralight rocket 1 Suborbital Operational (1/1) December 2021 [154]
Stalker Ultralight rocket 2 LEO Development 2024 [155]
United Launch Alliance Atlas V Medium rocket 2 + 0-5 boosters TMI Operational (98/99) 2002 [156]
Delta II 6000 Medium rocket 2-3 + 9 boosters GTO Retired (17/17) 1989 [157]
Delta II 7000 Light rocket 2-3 + 3, 4 or 9 boosters GTO Retired (130/132) 1990 [157]
Delta II 7000H Medium rocket 2-3 + 9 boosters TMI Retired (6/6) 2003 [157]
Delta IV Medium rocket 2 + 0, 2 or 4 boosters GTO Retired (29/29) 2003 [158]
Delta IV Heavy Heavy rocket 2 + 2 boosters GTO Retired (14/15) 2004 [159]
Vulcan Heavy rocket 2 + 0-6 boosters GTO Operational (1/1) 2024 [160][161]
UP Aerospace Skyloft/Skyloft XL Sounding rocket 1 Suborbital Operational (18/19) 2006
Spyder Light rocket 2 LEO Development 2023
Vector Launch Vector-R Light rocket 2 LEO Development 2023 (2 prototype launches in 2017)
Vector-RE1 Light rocket 2 or 3 LEO Cancelled —
Vector-H Light rocket 2 LEO Cancelled —
Vector-HE1 Light rocket 2 or 3 LEO Cancelled —
Virgin Orbit LauncherOne Air-launch-to-orbit 2 + airplane LEO Retired (4/6) 2020 (First successful attempt Jan 2021) [162]
X-Bow Systems Bolt Light rocket 1 LEO Development July 2022 [163][164]
Zero2infinity Bloostar Rockoon system (high-altitude balloon and space launcher) 3 + high-altitude balloon LEO Development Unknown [165]

Landers, rovers and orbiters

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Company name Craft name Craft type Craft status Ref
ARCASPACE ELE (European Lunar Explorer) lunar orbiter Development [166]
Astrobotic Technology Red Rover lunar rover Development [167]
Griffin (previously Artemis Lander) lunar lander Development [168]
Peregrine Lander lunar lander Template:HsRetired [169][170]
Blue Origin Blue Moon lunar lander Development
Integrated Lander Vehicle crewed lunar lander Development
Dynetics Dynetics HLS lunar lander Development
Euroluna ROMIT lunar rover Cancelled [171]
Firefly Aerospace Blue Ghost lunar lander Operational
Elytra orbital vehicle Development
Golden Spike Company
(defunct) 		unnamed crewed lunar lander Cancelled [172]
Hakuto Sorato lunar rover Development [173][174]
Tetris lunar rover Cancelled [175]
Independence-X Aerospace SQUALL (Scientific Quest Unmanned Autonomous Lunar Lander) lunar lander Cancelled [176]
Interorbital Systems RIPPER (Robotic InterPlanetary Prospector Excavator Retriever) lunar lander Development [177]
Intuitive Machines Nova-C lander, and Universal Reentry Vehicle (URV)[178] lunar lander; reusable orbital vehicle Operational [179]
Lunar Mission One unnamed lunar lander Proposed (2014) [180]
Lunar Outpost MAPP rover lunar rover Testing [181]
Masten Space Systems XEUS lunar lander Negotiating [168]
Masten Space Systems XL-1 lunar lander Development [182]
Moon Express MX-1 lunar lander Testing [168][183]
Odyssey Moon MoonOne (M-1) lunar rover Cancelled [184]
Omega Envoy Sagan lunar rover Cancelled [185]
OrbitBeyond Z-01 lunar landers and rovers Proposed (2018) [186][187]
PTScientists Audi Lunar quattro lunar rover Testing [188]
PTScientists ALINA (Autonomous Landing and Navigation Module) lunar lander Development [189]
Puli Space Technologies Puli lunar rover Fundraising [190]
Roscosmos Luna 25 lunar lander Template:HsCrashed [191]
SpaceX Starship crewed mars lander Development
Starship HLS crewed lunar lander Development
Team FREDNET Picorover lunar rover Cancelled [192]
Team Italia AMALIA (Ascensio Machinae Ad Lunam Italica Arte) lunar rover Cancelled [193]
Team Indus HHK-1 lunar lander Development
Team Indus ECA lunar rover Development
TransOrbital TrailBlazer lunar orbiter Cancelled [194]
Team Plan B Plan B lunar rover Cancelled
Spacebit Asagumo lunar rover Testing [195][196]
Space IL Beresheet lunar lander Template:HsCrashed upon landing
Space Explration Corp Defiant lunar lander Cancelled [197]
Synergy Moon Tesla lunar rover Development [198]

Research craft and tech demonstrators

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Company name Craft name Craft purpose Craft status Ref
TesArc Space TesAris Satellite Constellation Testing satellite-based signal detection for defense, security, aviation monitoring, and asset tracking. Development Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
ARCA Demonstrator 2b demonstrate reusable monopropellant engine Retired
Armadillo Aerospace Quad demonstrate VTOL Retired
ASRI AUSROC I systems Testing Retired
AUSROC II payload to 10 km Retired
AUSROC 2.5 systems Testing Testing
AUSROC III payload of 150 kg to 500 km Development
Blue Origin Goddard demonstrate VTOL Retired
Deep Blue Aerospace Nebula-1 demonstrate VTOL Development [199]
Evolution Space Gold Chain Cowboy systems testing, payload to 124 km Development [200]
Interorbital Systems Neutrino systems Testing Operational
Tachyon systems Testing Operational [201]
Lockheed Martin X-33 demonstrate SSTO Cancelled
Masten Space Systems XA-0.1 demonstrate VTOL Retired
XA-0.1B Lunar Lander Challenge Level 1 Operational
XA-0.1E Lunar Lander Challenge Level 2, commercial precursor flights Retired (12 flights)
XA-0.1E2 commercial flights Destroyed (115 flights)
XA-0.1E4 commercial flights Retired (75 flights)
XA-0.1E5 commercial flights Operational
XL-1T terrestrial test bed for the XL-1 lunar lander Development
Xeus commercial flights Cancelled
McDonnell Douglas DC-X demonstrate VTOL Retired (11 test flights)
Origin Space Yang Wang-1 space mineral resources developer Development [202]
Rotary Rocket Roton ATV demonstrate VTOL Retired (3 test flights)
Space Services Inc. Conestoga I systems Testing Retired (1 test) [141]
SpaceX Grasshopper demonstrate VTOL Retired (8 tests) [203]
F9R Dev1 refine VTOL (low altitude) Destroyed (5 flights) [204]
F9R Dev2 refine VTOL (high altitude) Cancelled
Starhopper demonstrate VTOL Retired (4 test flights)
Starship prototypes demonstrate VTOL Retired (7 test flight)
Swedish Space Corp. Maxus payload to 700 km Operational
Maser payload to 300 km Operational
UP Aerospace SpaceLoft XL payload to 140 km Operational [205]
World View Enterprises Stratollite payload up to 30 km and 300 kg Operational [206][207]
zero2infinity nanobloon 1.0 payload to 32 km Operational [208]
nanobloon 2.0 payload to 33 km Operational
microbloon 1.0 payload to 24 km Operational
microbloon 2.0 payload to 31 km Operational
microbloon 3.0 payload to 27 km Operational

Propulsion manufacturers

Company name Engine Engine type Applications Status Ref
Accion Systems Inc. MAX-1, TILE electrospray ion small satellite/CubeSat Development [209][210]
Ad Astra Rocket Company VASIMR plasma propulsion space tug/orbital transfer vehicle Development [211]
ARCA Executor LOX/RP-1 IAR 111, Haas 2, Haas 2b, Super Haas Development
ArianeGroup Vulcain LH2/LOX Ariane 5/Ariane 6 Main stage Operational
Blue Origin BE-3 LH2/LOX New Shepard Operational
BE-4 LOX/[[Liquid methane|Template:Chem/link]] Vulcan, New Glenn Operational
CU Aerospace PUC microcavity discharge small satellite/CubeSat Development [212][213]
CHIPS resistojet small satellite/CubeSat Development [213][214]
PPT-11 pulsed plasma small satellite/CubeSat Development [215][216]
Exo Terra Resource Halo Hall effect small satellite/CubeSat Development [217]
Firefly Aerospace Reaver LOX/RP-1 Firefly Alpha first stage Operational
Miranda LOX/RP-1 Firefly MLV first stage Development [65]
Reaction Engines Ltd. SABRE hybrid air-breathing/chemical Skylon Development [218]
Rocket Lab Rutherford LOX/RP-1 Electron first stage Operational
Rutherford Vacuum LOX/RP-1 Electron second stage Operational
Archimedes LOX/[[Liquid methane|Template:Chem/link]] Neutron first stage Development [219]
Sierra Space VR35K-A LH2/LOX Upper Stage Development [220]
SpaceDev RocketMotorOne hybrid SpaceShipOne Retired [221]
SpaceX Kestrel LOX/RP-1 Falcon 1 second stage Retired
Merlin LOX/RP-1 Falcon 1, Falcon 9, Falcon Heavy first stage/boosters Operational [222][223][151]
Merlin Vacuum LOX/RP-1 Falcon 9 second stage, Falcon Heavy second stage Operational [223][151]
Raptor LOX/[[Liquid methane|Template:Chem/link]] SpaceX Mars transportation infrastructure, Starship, Starship HLS Operational [224]
Virgin Galactic RocketMotorTwo hybrid SpaceShipTwo Operational
Ursa Major Technologies Hadley Jet-A/LOX Hypersonics, Boost Stage, Upper Stage Development [225][226]

Satellite launchers

Company Launch vehicles Notes Refs
Arianespace Ariane, Vega Minority owned by some EU states
Astra Space Rocket 3, Rocket 4 Rocket 3 retired in August 2022 [41]
Firefly Aerospace Firefly Alpha, Firefly MLV
IHI Corporation Epsilon Some R&D by JAXA
Lesath International Telson, Scorpion
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries H-IIA R&D done by JAXA. [227]
Northrop Grumman Innovation Systems Antares, Minotaur Own launchers, funded by NASA
Rocket Lab Neutron, Electron
SpaceX Falcon 9, Falcon Heavy
Sea Launch Zenit Owned by S7 Airlines
United Launch Alliance Atlas V, Vulcan Centaur 50% owned by Lockheed Martin, 50% Boeing
Vaya Space Dauntless [228]

Space-based economy

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Space manufacturing

Company name Products Manufacturing craft Status Ref
Shackleton Energy Company propellant, space infrastructure, propellant depot Unknown Defunct (2020) [229]
Made In Space 3D printing in ISS, in-space antenna systems, fiber optics Unknown Operational (2018) [230]
Varda Space Industries building products in space and bringing them back to earth (ex: ZBLAN, 3d printed organs) Unknown Operational (2021) [231]
Deep Space Industries propellant, communications platforms, space solar power satellites MicroGravity Foundry Defunct (2020) [232]
Cosmic Shielding Corporation Space Materials; Multifunctional polymers for spacecraft and habitat structural and shielding components Unknown Operational (2021) [233][234]

Space mining

Company name Body to be mined Mining craft Mining status Ref
AstroForge Near-Earth asteroids Brokrr-1, Odin (formerly Brokkr-2) Development [235]
Deep Space Industries Near-Earth asteroids Prospector-1, Harvestor 1 Defunct (2019) [236][237]
ispace Moon Hakuto-R Development [238][239]
Moon Express Moon MX-1, MX-2, MX-5, MX-9 Development [240]
Planetary Resources Near-Earth asteroids Arkyd Series 100, 200, 300 Cancelled [241]
Shackleton Energy Company Moon TBD Defunct (2020) [229]

Space stations

Private Company name Space Craft name Space Craft type Internal
volume 		Passenger
capacity 		Craft status Orbit Around Ref
Vast Haven-1 Rigid module 45m3 4 Development Earth
Axiom Space Axiom Station Rigid module 8[242]Template:Better source needed Development Earth [243]
Bigelow Aerospace Genesis I subscale test spacecraft Inflatable module Script error: No such module "convert".[244] Uncrewed Derelict, on orbit[245] Earth [244]
Genesis II subscale test spacecraft Inflatable module Script error: No such module "convert". Uncrewed Derelict, on orbit[245][246] Earth [247][248]
Galaxy Inflatable module Script error: No such module "convert".[249][250] Uncrewed Cancelled Earth [251]
Sundancer Inflatable module Script error: No such module "convert". 3 Cancelled Earth [252]
BA 330 Inflatable module Script error: No such module "convert". 6 Cancelled[253] Earth [254][255][256]
BA 2100 Inflatable module Script error: No such module "convert". 16 Cancelled[253] Earth [257]
Space Complex Alpha Inflatable space station Script error: No such module "convert". 12 Cancelled Earth
Excalibur Almaz Almaz derivative Rigid module 3 Cancelled Earth [258][259][260]
Galactic Suite Ltd. Galactic Suite Rigid module 6 Proposed (2007) Earth [261]
Orion Span Aurora Space Station Rigid module Script error: No such module "convert". 6 (2 Crew, 4 Tourists) Proposed (2018) Earth [262][263]
Sierra Space Large Inflatable Fabric Environment Inflatable module Script error: No such module "convert". 4 Testing Moon/Mars [264]
Blue Origin Orbital Reef Rigid module Script error: No such module "convert". TBA Development (2021) Earth [265]

Spacecraft component developers and manufacturers

Company Products Refs
Altius Space Machines Rendezvous and capture technology for uncooperative satellites; magnetoshell aerocapture and aerobraking technology for CubeSats; lightweight robotic manipulatorsScript error: No such module "Unsubst". Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
Andrews Space Reusable space vehicles; HTHL spacecraft; magnetorquersScript error: No such module "Unsubst". Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
Alén Space NanoSats and CubeSats [266]
Astranis MicroGEO Satellites
TESBL Aerospace Corporation In-space services; Solar Array Drive Actuators (SADA); microgravity payload integration, since 2019Template:Dated maintenance category (articles)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". [267]

[268]

Template:Ill CubeSats [269]
CesiumAstro Active phased array communications payloads that include RF inter-satellite links as of 2017. [270][271]
Craig Technologies Small satellite deployment services (up to 110 kg); microgravity payload integrationScript error: No such module "Unsubst". [272]
EADS Astrium Satellites Spacecraft and ground segment elements Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
EADS Astrium Space Transportation Launchers and orbital infrastructure Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
Innovative Solutions In Space CubeSat manufacture and operation, since 2018Template:Dated maintenance category (articles)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". [273]
Made in Space 3D printers for use in microgravitysince 2013Template:Dated maintenance category (articles)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". [274]
Mynaric Laser communication for satellites and aircraft [275]
Portal Space Systems Satellite buses with a solar thermal propulsion system [276][277]
RUAG Space Antenna Pointing Mechanisms; Solar Array Drive Assembly (SADA); satellite components; launchers and structures since 2009Template:Dated maintenance category (articles)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". [278]Template:Better source needed
SpaceDev Small spacecraft; propulsion products and services; space components, mechanisms and structuresScript error: No such module "Unsubst". [279]
SpaceQuest, Ltd. Spacecraft and spacecraft componentsScript error: No such module "Unsubst". Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
Xplore Satellite payload transport and hosting in Earth orbit and Beyond Earth orbit (BEO) destinations, including flight to asteroids, Venus, and Mars. Active since 2020Template:Dated maintenance category (articles)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". [280]
Cosmic Shielding Corporation Radiation Shielding materials for spacecraft and spacesuits; Space Weather Forecasting and Mitigation [233]
ADDMAN Engineering Metallurgy development and production of components including thrusters, injectors, cold plates, hot gas manifolds to space and hypersonic industry, especially refractory metals (Titatnium, Niobium) as of 2020

Spaceliner companies

Company name Contracts for Craft utilised Status Notes Refs
Axiom Space SpaceX Crew Dragon Active SpaceX Axiom Space-1 launched in April 2022 [281][282]
Benson Space Company SpaceDev Dream Chaser Defunct [283]
MirCorp none Soyuz TM, Progress M1 and Mir Defunct Mir deorbited
Space Adventures - Soyuz and the ISS Active 9 tourists sent [284]
RocketShip Tours XCOR Lynx rocketplane Defunct
Virgin Galactic Scaled Composites Spaceship Two, White Knight 2 Active 7 Spaceship Two glide flights successfully completed

See also

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Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

References

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  1. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ Seedhouse, Erik. Astronauts for Hire: The Emergence of the World's First Commercial Astronaut Corps. Springer-Verlag: New York (2012).
  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  18. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  19. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  20. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  21. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  22. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  23. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  24. ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  25. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  26. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  27. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  28. ↑ https://alpha-impulsion.com/grenat/
  29. ↑ Haas2b specifications Template:Webarchive ARCA
  30. ↑ Haas2c specifications Template:Webarchive ARCA
  31. ↑ Super haas Specifications Template:Webarchive ARCA
  32. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  33. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  34. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  35. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  36. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  37. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  38. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  39. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  40. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  41. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  42. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  43. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  44. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  45. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  46. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  47. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  48. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  49. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  50. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  51. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  52. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  53. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  54. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  55. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  56. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  57. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  58. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  59. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  60. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  61. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  62. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  63. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  64. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  65. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  66. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  67. ↑ General Astronautics Urania 2001-02-01
  68. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  69. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  70. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  71. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  72. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  73. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  74. ↑ a b c Interorbital Systems Neptune Template:Webarchive Interorbital Systems
  75. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  76. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  77. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  78. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  79. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  80. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  81. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  82. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  83. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  84. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  85. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  86. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  87. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  88. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  89. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  90. ↑ China's private space sector has achieved liftoff. Michelle Toh and Serenitie Wang, CNN News. 17 May 2018.
  91. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  92. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  93. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  94. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  95. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  96. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  97. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  98. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  99. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  100. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  101. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  102. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  103. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  104. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  105. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  106. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  107. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  108. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  109. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  110. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  111. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  112. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  113. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  114. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  115. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  116. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  117. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  118. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  119. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  120. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  121. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  122. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  123. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  124. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  125. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  126. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  127. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  128. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  129. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  130. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  131. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  132. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  133. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  134. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  135. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  136. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  137. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  138. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".Template:Cbignore
  139. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  140. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  141. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  142. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  143. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  144. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  145. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  146. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  147. ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  148. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  149. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  150. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  151. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  152. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  153. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  154. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  155. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  156. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  157. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  158. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  159. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  160. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  161. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  162. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  163. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  164. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  165. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  166. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  167. ↑ Astrobotic reveals moon mission plans msnbc.msn.com
  168. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  169. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  170. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  171. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  172. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  173. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  174. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  175. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  176. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  177. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  178. ↑ Universal Reentry Vehicle Template:Webarchive. Intuitive Machines. Accessed on 1 December 2018.
  179. ↑ Houston company among 9 tapped to build moon landers. Alex Stuckey, The Houston Chronicle. 30 November 2018.
  180. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  181. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  182. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  183. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  184. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  185. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  186. ↑ OrbitBeyond Teams with Team Indus, Honeybee Robotics for NASA Lunar Program. Doug Messier, Parabolic Arc. 29 November 2018.
  187. ↑ OrbitBeyond, Inc. Press Release Template:Webarchive. 12 November 2018.
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  189. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  190. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  191. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  192. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  193. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  194. ↑ [1] BBC News: Moon opens for business
  195. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  196. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  197. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  198. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  199. ↑ Chinese space firm launches and lands small test rocket, SpaceNews, 2 August 2021.
  200. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  201. ↑ Advantages of using White Fuming Nitric Acid (WFNA) as an oXidizer in rockets [lunarlander.spaceracenews.com]
  202. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  203. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  204. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  205. ↑ Private rocket launches ashes of Star Trek's Scotty, astronaut to suborbital space [www.space.com]
  206. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  207. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  208. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  209. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  210. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  211. ↑ Fast and Robust Human Missions to Mars with Advanced Nuclear Electric Power and VASIMR® Propulsion Template:Webarchive 2013
  212. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  213. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  214. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  215. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  216. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  217. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  218. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  219. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  220. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  221. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  222. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  223. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  224. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  225. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  226. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  227. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  228. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  229. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  230. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  231. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  232. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  233. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  234. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  235. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  236. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  237. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  238. ↑ The Japanese Space Bots That Could Build Moon Valley. Sarah Scoles, Wired. 14 May 2018.
  239. ↑ ispace Home site. Accessed: 11 September 2018.
  240. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  241. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  242. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  243. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  244. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  245. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  246. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  247. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  248. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  249. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  250. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  251. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  252. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  253. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  254. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  255. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  256. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  257. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  258. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  259. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  260. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  261. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  262. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  263. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  264. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  265. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  266. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  267. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  268. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  269. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  270. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  271. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  272. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  273. ↑ ISIS - General Information. Accessed: 18 October 2018.
  274. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  275. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  276. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  277. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  278. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  279. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  280. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  281. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  282. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  283. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  284. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

External links

Template:Space exploration lists and timelines Script error: No such module "Navbox".

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