List of presidents of Syria
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Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates Script error: No such module "Sidebar".
This is a list of presidents of Syria since 1922.
List of officeholders
Syria (1922–1958)
| No. | Portrait | Name (Birth–Death)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
Elected | Term of office | Political party | Note(s) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Took office | Left office | Time in office | |||||||
| French mandate (1922–1930) | |||||||||
| Syrian Federation (1922–1925) | |||||||||
| Position not established (Template:Dts – Template:Dts) | |||||||||
| 1 | File:Subhi barkat.jpg | Subhi Bey Barakat Script error: No such module "Lang". (1889–1939)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
— | 29 June 1922[1] | 1 January 1925 | Template:Ayd | style="background:Template:Party color;" | | Independent | |
| State of Syria (1925–1930) | |||||||||
| (1) | File:Subhi barkat.jpg | Subhi Bey Barakat Script error: No such module "Lang". (1889–1939)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
— | 1 January 1925 | 21 December 1925 | Template:Ayd | style="background:Template:Party color;" | | Independent | |
| Vacant (Template:Dts – Template:Dts) | |||||||||
| — | File:Pierre Alype - NAC.jpg | François Pierre-Alype Script error: No such module "Lang". (1886–1956)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
— | 9 February 1926 | 28 April 1926 | Template:Ayd | style="background:Template:Party color;" | | Independent | Acting President as Envoy Extraordinary of the High Commissioner. |
| 2 | File:Ahmad nami (3x4 cropped).jpg | Ahmad Nami Script error: No such module "Lang". (1873–1962)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
— | 28 April 1926 | 15 February 1928 | Template:Ayd | style="background:Template:Party color;" | | Independent | |
| — | File:Taj al-Din al-Hasani (3x4 cropped).jpg | Taj al-Din al-Hasani Script error: No such module "Lang". (1885–1943)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
— | 15 February 1928 | 14 May 1930 | Template:Ayd | style="background:Template:Party color;" | | Independent | |
| First Syrian Republic (1930–1950) | |||||||||
| Mandatory Syrian Republic (1930–1946) | |||||||||
| — | File:Taj al-Din al-Hasani (3x4 cropped).jpg | Taj al-Din al-Hasani Script error: No such module "Lang". (1885–1943)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
— | 14 May 1930 | 19 November 1931 | Template:Ayd | style="background:Template:Party color;" | | Independent | |
| — | Léon Solomiac Script error: No such module "Lang". (1873–1960)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
— | 19 November 1931 | 11 June 1932 | Template:Ayd | style="background:Template:Party color;" | | Independent | Acting President as High Commissioner. | |
| 3 | File:Muhammad Ali al-Abid.jpg | Muhammad Ali Bey al-Abid Script error: No such module "Lang". (1867–1939)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
1932 | 11 June 1932 | 21 December 1936 | Template:Ayd | style="background:Template:Party color;" | | Independent | |
| 4 | File:Hashim Al Atassi.jpg | Hashim al-Atassi Script error: No such module "Lang". (1875–1960)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
1936 | 21 December 1936 | 7 July 1939 | Template:Ayd | style="background:Template:Party color;" | | National Bloc | |
| 5 | File:Bahij al-Khatib.jpg | Bahij al-Khatib Script error: No such module "Lang". (1895–1981)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
— | 8 July 1939 | 4 April 1941 | Template:Ayd | style="background:Template:Party color;" | | Independent | |
| — | File:Khalid al-Azm, Syrian politician.jpg | Khalid al-Azm Script error: No such module "Lang". (1903–1965)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
— | 4 April 1941 | 16 September 1941 | Template:Ayd | style="background:Template:Party color;" | | Independent | |
| 6 | File:Taj al-Din al-Hasani (3x4 cropped).jpg | Taj al-Din al-Hasani Script error: No such module "Lang". (1885–1943)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
— | 16 September 1941 | 17 January 1943 | Template:Ayd | style="background:Template:Party color;" | | Independent | Hasani died in office.Template:Sfn |
| — | File:Jamil al-Ulshi.jpg | Jamil al-Ulshi Script error: No such module "Lang". (1883–1951)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
— | 17 January 1943 | 25 March 1943 | Template:Ayd | style="background:Template:Party color;" | | Independent | |
| 7 | File:Ata al-Ayyubi (3x4 cropped).jpg | Ata Bey al-Ayyubi Script error: No such module "Lang". (1877–1951)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
— | 25 March 1943 | 17 August 1943 | Template:Ayd | style="background:Template:Party color;" | | Independent | |
| 8 | File:Portrait of Shukri al-Quwatli in 1943 (3x4 cropped).jpeg | Shukri al-Quwatli Script error: No such module "Lang". (1891–1967)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
1943 | 17 August 1943 | 17 April 1946 | Template:Ayd | style="background:Template:Party color;" | | National Bloc | |
| Independent First Syrian Republic (1946–1950) | |||||||||
| (8) | File:Portrait of Shukri al-Quwatli in 1943 (3x4 cropped).jpeg | Shukri al-Quwatli Script error: No such module "Lang". (1891–1967)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
1948 | 17 April 1946 | 30 March 1949 | Template:Ayd | style="background:Template:Party color;" | | National Bloc | Quwatli was ousted from power in the March 1949 coup d'état by Husni al-Za'im, his chief of staff.Template:Sfn |
| style="background:Template:Party color;" | | National Party | ||||||||
| Vacant (Template:Dts – Template:Dts) | |||||||||
| 9 | File:Husni al-Zaiim (3x4 cropped).jpg | Husni al-Za'im Script error: No such module "Lang". (1897–1949)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
1949 (Jun.)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 26 June 1949 | 14 August 1949 | Template:Ayd | style="background:Template:Party color;" | | Independent (SSNP–affiliated)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
Za'im was from 30 March 1949Template:Snd26 June 1949 de facto leader as Commander-in-Chief of the Army and Armed Forces. He was overthrown in the August 1949 coup d'état led by Adib Shishakli, and was later executed on the orders of the new government.Template:Sfn |
| — | File:Sami al-Hinnawi.jpg | Sami al-Hinnawi Script error: No such module "Lang". (1898–1950)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
— | 14 August 1949 | 15 August 1949 | Template:Ayd | style="background:Template:Party color;" | | Military (SSNP)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
Acting President as Commander-in-Chief of the Army and Armed Forces. |
| Vacant (Template:Dts – Template:Dts) | |||||||||
| (4) | File:Hashim Al Atassi.jpg | Hashim al-Atassi Script error: No such module "Lang". (1875–1960)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
1949 (Dec.)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 19 December 1949 | 5 September 1950 | Template:Ayd | style="background:Template:Party color;" | | People's Party | Head of State. During this period, Hinnawi served as the country's de facto leader (as Chairman of the Supreme Council of War) until his overthrow in the December 1949 coup d'état, led by Shishakli, who then became de facto leader as head of the Council of Colonels (later the Supreme Military Council). |
| Second Syrian Republic (1950–1958) | |||||||||
| (4) | File:Hashim Al Atassi.jpg | Hashim al-Atassi Script error: No such module "Lang". (1875–1960)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
1950 | 5 September 1950 | 2 December 1951 | Template:Ayd | style="background:Template:Party color;" | | People's Party | Atassi resigned in the aftermath of the 1951 coup d'état. |
| — | File:Adib al-Shishakli.jpg | Adib Shishakli Script error: No such module "Lang". (1909–1964)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
— | 2 December 1951 | 3 December 1951 | Template:Ayd | style="background:Template:Party color;" | | Syrian Social Nationalist Party | Acting President as Chief of the General Staff and head of the Supreme Military Council. |
| 10 | File:Fawzi Selu (3x4 cropped).jpg | Fawzi Selu Script error: No such module "Lang". (1905–1972)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
— | 3 December 1951 | 11 July 1953 | Template:Ayd | style="background:Template:Party color;" | | Military (ALM–affiliated)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
After the coup the Army Command Council announced that it was collectively assuming responsibility for government, entrusted Selu with all executive and legislative powers, and dissolved the parliament. Shishakli assumed supreme command in the country and took the office of deputy chief of staff. |
| 11 | File:Adib al-Shishakli.jpg | Adib Shishakli Script error: No such module "Lang". (1909–1964)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
1953 | 11 July 1953 | 25 February 1954 | Template:Ayd | style="background:Template:Party color;" | | Arab Liberation Movement | Shishakli resigned from office in the evening of 26 February 1954, amidst a coup d'état.Template:Sfn He fled the country, claiming that he did not want Syria to fall into a civil war.Template:Sfn |
| — | File:Maamun al-Kuzbari (1914-1998) portrait.png | Maamun al-Kuzbari Script error: No such module "Lang". (1914–1998)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
— | 25 February 1954 | 28 February 1954 | Template:Ayd | style="background:Template:Party color;" | | Arab Liberation Movement | |
| (4) | File:Hashim Al Atassi.jpg | Hashim al-Atassi Script error: No such module "Lang". (1875–1960)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
— | 28 February 1954 | 6 September 1955 | Template:Ayd | style="background:Template:Party color;" | | People's Party | |
| (8) | File:Portrait of Shukri al-Quwatli in 1943 (3x4 cropped).jpeg | Shukri al-Quwatli Script error: No such module "Lang". (1891–1967)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
1955 | 6 September 1955 | 22 February 1958 | Template:Ayd | style="background:Template:Party color;" | | National Party | |
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United Arab Republic (1958–1961)
| No. | Portrait | Name (Birth–Death)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
Elected | Term of office | Political party | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Took office | Left office | Time in office | ||||||
| 12 | File:Nasser 1961.jpg | Gamal Abdel Nasser Script error: No such module "Lang". (1918–1970)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
1958 | 22 February 1958 | 28 September 1961 | Template:Ayd | style="background:Template:Party color;" | | National Union |
Syria (1961–present)
| No. | Portrait | Name (Birth–Death)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
Elected | Term of office | Political party | Note(s) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Took office | Left office | Time in office | |||||||
| Syrian Arab Republic (1961–present) | |||||||||
| Second Syrian Republic (1961–1963) | |||||||||
| Vacant (Template:Dts – Template:Dts)[2] | |||||||||
| 13 | File:Nazim al-Kudsi (3x4 cropped).jpg | Nazim al-Qudsi Script error: No such module "Lang". (1906–1998)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
1961 | 14 December 1961 | 8 March 1963 | Template:Ayd | style="background:Template:Party color;" | | People's Party | The 1963 coup d'état, an event known as the March 8 Revolution, toppled Qudsi and brought the National Council for the Revolutionary Command (NCRC) to government, although real power lay with the Ba'athist Military Committee, which organized the coup.Template:Sfn |
| Ba'athist Syria (1963–2024) | |||||||||
| Vacant (Template:Dts – Template:Dts) | |||||||||
| 14 | File:Luai al-Atassi.jpg | Lu'ay al-Atassi Script error: No such module "Lang". (1926–2003)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
— | 9 March 1963 | 27 July 1963 | Template:Ayd | style="background:Template:Party color;" | | Independent | Atassi was appointed president by the NCRC because he posed no threat to the Military Committee's power.Template:Sfn He resigned after high-ranking non-Ba'athist officers were purged.Template:SfnTemplate:Efn |
| 15 | File:Amin al-Hafez 1965.jpg | Amin al-Hafiz Script error: No such module "Lang". (1921–2009)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
— | 27 July 1963 | 23 February 1966 | Template:Ayd | style="background:Template:Party color;" | | Ba'ath Party (Syria Region)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
Hafiz was overthrown by the Military Committee because of his support for Michel Aflaq and the Ba'athist National Command.Template:SfnTemplate:Efn |
| Vacant (Template:Dts – Template:Dts) | |||||||||
| 16 | File:Nureddin Atassi (3x4 cropped).jpg | Nureddin al-Atassi Script error: No such module "Lang". (1929–1992)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
— | 25 February 1966 | 18 November 1970 | Template:Ayd | style="background:Template:Party color;" | | Syrian Ba'ath Party (Syria Region)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
Atassi was overthrown when a falling out occurred between Salah Jadid, the country's de facto leader from 1966 to 1970 as Assistant Regional Secretary of the Regional Command, and Hafez al-Assad, the Minister of Defense.Template:Sfn Assad initiated a coup in 1970, known as the Corrective Movement.Template:Sfn |
| — | File:Ahmad al-Khatib, the interim head of state who ruled Syria for four months from November 1970 to March 1971.png | Ahmad al-Khatib Script error: No such module "Lang". (1933–1982)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
— | 18 November 1970 | 12 March 1971 | Template:Ayd | style="background:Template:Party color;" | | Syrian Ba'ath Party (Syria Region)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
Assad served as the country's de facto leader during this period, as head of the Temporary Regional Command and as Regional Secretary of the Regional Command; and from 22 February 1971 onwards additionally as Deputy Commander-in-Chief of the Army and Armed Forces. |
| 17 | File:Hafez al-Assad official portrait.jpg | Hafez al-Assad Script error: No such module "Lang". (1930–2000)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
1971 1978 1985 1991 1999 |
12 March 1971 | 10 June 2000 | Template:Ayd | style="background:Template:Party color;" | | Syrian Ba'ath Party (Syria Region)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
In late 1983, due to deteriorating health, Assad transferred his powers during his absence and recovery to a committee consisting of members from his close circle.Template:Efn[3][4] Assad recovered and died in office seventeen years later.Template:Sfn |
| — | File:President Jimmy Carter and Abdul Halim Khaddam (cropped).jpg | Abdul Halim Khaddam Script error: No such module "Lang". (1932–2020)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
— | 10 June 2000 | 17 July 2000 | Template:Ayd | style="background:Template:Party color;" | | Syrian Ba'ath Party (Syria Region)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
Khaddam constitutionally succeeded from the vice presidency, and served on an acting basis until the new confirmative referendum. |
| 18 | File:Bashar al-Assad (2018-05-17) 02 (cropped).jpg | Bashar al-Assad Script error: No such module "Lang". (born 1965)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
2000 2007 2014 2021 |
17 July 2000 | 8 December 2024 | Template:Ayd | style="background:Template:Party color;" | | Syrian Ba'ath Party (Syria Region)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
Assad was overthrown during the fall of Damascus in the Syrian civil war, and fled the country to Russia.[5] |
| Transitional period (2024–present) | |||||||||
| Vacant (Template:Dts – Template:Dts)Template:Efn | |||||||||
| 19 | File:Ahmed al-Sharaa in November 2025.jpg | Ahmed al-Sharaa Script error: No such module "Lang". (born 1982)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
— | 29 January 2025 | Incumbent | Template:Ayd | style="background:Template:Party color;" | | Independent | Al-Sharaa was appointed as president by the Syrian General Command during the transitional period at the Syrian Revolution Victory Conference.[6] |
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Timeline
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See also
- President of Syria
- List of heads of state of Syria
- Vice President of Syria
- Prime Minister of Syria
- Speaker of the People's Assembly of Syria
Notes
References
Citations
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- ↑ Arrêtés Nos. 1, 2 & 3, Bulletin hebdomadaire des actes administratifs du Haut-Commissariat (8 October 1922), p. 268; [1].
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Seale, Patrick (8 February 1989). "Chapter 24: Brothers's war". Asad: The Struggle for the Middle East. University of California Press. p. 427. ISBN 978-0520069763.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Cite error: Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".
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Bibliography
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