List of people from Harlem
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This is a list of people from Harlem in New York City.
The early period (pre-1920)
- John James Audubon – naturalist[1]
- Richard Croker – Tammany Hall politician,[2] lived at 26 Mount Morris Park West[3]
- James Reese Europe – musician, credited with inventing jazz; 67 West 133rd Street[1][4]
- Thomas Gilroy – New York mayor[3]
- Alexander Hamilton – politician; lived in Harlem at the end of his life
- Hubert Harrison – "The Father of Harlem Radicalism"
- Scott Joplin – pianist and composer; lived at 133 West 138th Street in 1916, then at 163 West 131st Street until his death in 1917; had a studio at 160 West 133rd Street[5]
- Alfred Henry Lewis – cowboy author[6]
- Vincent James McMahon – founder of the World Wide Wrestling Federation
- Paul Meltsner – WPA era painter and muralist; grew up in Harlem
- Thomas Nast – artist[1]
- Philip A. Payton Jr. – real estate entrepreneur; lived at 13 West 131st Street[7]
- Norman Rockwell – lived as a child at 789 St. Nicholas Avenue[8]
- Norman Thomas – radical activist[9]
- Daniel Tiemann – New York mayor[10]
- Robert Van Wyck – New York mayor[3]
- Cornelius Van Wyck Lawrence – New York mayor[10]
Jewish, Italian, Irish Harlem (circa 1900–30)
- Sholem Aleichem – writer, 110 Lenox Avenue[11]
- Moe Berg (1902–1972) – Major League Baseball catcher; spy
- Milton Berle – comedian and actor, born in a five-story walkup at 68 West 118th Street[12]
- Fanny Brice – actress, houses at West 128th Street and West 118th Street[13]
- Art Buchwald – writer[9]
- Bennett Cerf – publisher,[14] was born on May 25, 1898, at 68 West 118th Street,[15] the same address as Milton Berle's
- Morris Raphael Cohen – philosopher, 498 West 135th Street[16]
- Milt Gabler – record producer, responsible for many innovations in the recording industry of the 20th century[17]
- George and Ira Gershwin - composers, grew up in Harlem; lived at 108 West 111th and other addresses.[18] George wrote his first hit song, "Swanee", at his home at 520 W. 144 Street in 1919.[8] The pair were living at 501 Cathedral Parkway in 1924, and it was in this apartment that George wrote "Rhapsody in Blue."[19]
- Oscar Hammerstein I – inventor and theatrical entrepreneur; lived at 333 Edgecombe Avenue[8]
- Oscar Hammerstein II – writer and theatrical producer, addresses on East 116th Street and 112th Street[20]
- Lorenz Hart – lyricist half of the Broadway songwriting team Rodgers and Hart, 59 West 119th Street[21]
- Harry Houdini – magician; lived at 278 West 113th Street from 1904 until his death in 1926[22]
- Frank Hussey – Olympian, 129th Street[23]
- Burt Lancaster – Oscar-winning actor and producer[9]
- Seymour Martin Lipset – political sociologist, senior fellow at the Hoover Institution at Stanford University, and Hazel Professor of Public Policy at George Mason University[24]
- Ignazio Lupo – counterfeiter, gangster[25]
- Marx Brothers – comedians, 239 East 114th Street[12]
- Arthur Miller – playwright, 45 West 110th Street[26][27]
- Giuseppe Morello – gangster, 323 East 107th Street[25]
- Belle Moskowitz – political advisor to New York Governor and 1928 presidential candidate Al Smith[28]
- Al Pacino – Academy Award-winning actor
- Charlie Pilkington – three-time New York champion boxer; East 102nd Street
- Ed Sullivan – Broadway & Sports columnist, host of the long-running televised Sunday evening variety show; East 114th Street
- David Rappaport – fashion manufacturer, designer and painter[29]
- Richard Rodgers – composer, 3 West 120th Street[1][14]
- Yossele Rosenblatt – celebrated cantor[30]
- Henry Roth – writer, 108 East 119th Street[11]
- Jessie Sampter – poet[23]
- John Sanford, born Julian Lawrence Shapiro – screenwriter and author who wrote 24 books[31]
- Arthur Sulzberger – publisher of the New York Times[30]
- Henrietta Szold – founder of Hadassah[23]
- Vincent and Ciro Terranova – gangsters, 352 East 116th Street[32]
The Harlem Renaissance and World War II (1920–1945)
- Louis Armstrong – bandleader and trumpet player[33]
- Count Basie – bandleader and pianist; lived at 555 Edgecombe Avenue[34][35]
- George Wilson Becton – religious cult leader[36]
- Julius Bledsoe – singer; lived at 409 Edgecombe Avenue[35]
- Arna Bontemps – writer
- William Stanley Braithwaite – poet and essayist; lived at 409 Edgecombe Avenue[35]
- Eunice Carter – New York state judge; lived at 409 Edgecombe Avenue[35]
- John Henrik Clarke – editor of Freedomways Magazine and of several books; professor; moved to Harlem in 1933[37]
- Lady Bird Cleveland (1926-2015) – artist[38]
- Collyer brothers – compulsive hoarders; lived in a townhouse at 128th Street and Fifth Avenue in Harlem their entire adult lives
- Countee Cullen – poet[33]
- Lillian Harris Dean – entrepreneur known as "Pigfoot Mary"
- Aaron Douglas – painter; lived at 409 Edgecombe Avenue[35][37]
- W. E. B. Du Bois – activist, writer; lived at 409 Edgecombe[34][35]
- Duke Ellington – composer, pianist and bandleader; lived on Riverside Drive and at 555 Edgecombe[34][39]
- Father Divine – religious leader,[39] lived in several locations in Harlem, including on Astor Row, and maintained offices at 20 West 115th Street[40]
- Rudolph Fisher – writer[37]
- Marcus Garvey – political figure, Pan-Africanist; home at 235 West 131st Street[41]
- Billy Higgins (1888–1937), stage comedian, songwriter, and singer
- Charles Manuel "Sweet Daddy" Grace – evangelist, born in Cape Verde Islands but became prominent in Harlem in the 1920s[39]
- Lionel Hampton – jazz musician; lived in Harlem through World War II and for some years thereafter[37]
- Hubert Harrison – "the father of Harlem Radicalism"
- Leonard Harper – Harlem Renaissance producer, stager, and choreographer
- Coleman Hawkins – musician, saxophone player; lived at 555 Edgecombe Avenue[42]
- Billie Holiday – singer; lived with her mother at 108 West 139th Street[43]
- Casper Holstein – gangster
- Lena Horne – singer and actress; lived at 555 Edgecombe Avenue[42]
- Langston Hughes – writer[44]
- Zora Neale Hurston – writer[44]
- Percy C. Ifill – architect[45]
- Bumpy Johnson – gangster; lived in Lenox Terrace at 132nd Street and Lenox Avenue near the end of his life[46]
- James P. Johnson – pianist
- James Weldon Johnson – author, activist, composer; lived at 187 West 135th Street[34]
- Donald Jones – actor and dancer born in Harlem but moved to the Netherlands
- Fiorello La Guardia – New York mayor, from East Harlem
- Alain Locke – editor[33]
- Joe Louis – boxer; lived at 555 Edgecombe Avenue[42]
- Claude McKay – poet and novelist; born in Jamaica but moved to Harlem and wrote the famous novel Home to Harlem, West 131st Street[47]
- Florence Mills – entertainer
- Adam Clayton Powell Sr. – religious, civic leader[39]
- A. Philip Randolph – activist, labor organizer
- Paul Robeson – singer and actor; lived at 555 Edgecombe Avenue[34][35]
- Bill "Bojangles" Robinson – dancer; lived on Strivers' Row[34]
- James Herman Robinson – pastor of the Church of the Master on 122nd Street, founder of Operation Crossroads Africa, a forerunner of the Peace Corps
- Stephanie St. Clair – criminal leader; lived at 409 Edgecombe Avenue[48]
- Willie "The Lion" Smith – pianist
- Wallace Thurman – writer[33]
- Jean Toomer – writer[37]
- James Van Der Zee – photographer[39]
- Madam C.J. Walker – philanthropist and tycoon
- A'Lelia Walker – socialite and businesswoman
- Fats Waller – pianist, born at 107 West 134th Street[49]
- Ethel Waters – singer, actress; born in Chester, Pennsylvania
- Margot Webb - professional dancer
- Walter Francis White – civil rights leader[50]
- Bert Williams – vaudeville performer; born in Antigua; died in 1922, near the start of the Harlem Renaissance
- Mary Lou Williams – pianist; lived at 63 Hamilton Terrace[43]
- Lillian "Billie" Yarbo – comedienne, dancer, singer[51][52]
Famous after World War II
- Miles Aiken – basketball player
- Fiona Apple – singer-songwriter and pianist, raised in Morningside Gardens[53]
- James Baldwin – novelist; lived at 131st Street and Adam Clayton Powell Blvd. (then called "Seventh Avenue")[54]
- Amiri Baraka, born LeRoi Jones – dancer, poet, activist
- Patricia Bath, ophthalmologist, inventor, humanitarian, and academic
- Romare Bearden – artist, primarily working in collage
- Harry Belafonte – calypso musician
- Claude Brown – novelist, wrote Manchild in the Promised Land
- Ron Brown – U.S. Secretary of Commerce, grew up in the Hotel Theresa[55]
- Kareem Campbell – pro skateboarder
- George Carlin – comedian; 121st Street between Amsterdam and Broadway[56]
- Jimmy Castor – R&B/funk bandleader
- Dr. Kenneth Clark – psychologist and activist; lived at 555 Edgecombe Avenue[35]
- Pat Cleveland – model[57]
- Evelyn Cunningham – civil-rights-era journalist and aide to Gov. Nelson A. Rockefeller of New York[58]
- Jules Dassin – film director[1]
- Benjamin J. Davis – New York City councilman, ultimately sent to jail for violations of the Smith Act[37]
- Ossie Davis – actor and director; lived in Harlem in the late 1930s and mid-1940s
- Sammy Davis Jr. – entertainer, actor, member of Rat Pack, born in Harlem Hospital in 1925[59]
- Roy DeCarava – photographer, born in Harlem in 1919[60]
- Wanda De Jesus – actress
- David Dinkins – Mayor of New York; lived in the Riverton Houses[61]
- Ralph Ellison – novelist, wrote Invisible Man, about a man who moves from the deep south to Harlem; lived at 730 Riverside Drive in Harlem[62]
- Erik Estrada – actor, from East Harlem
- Donald Faison – actor
- Jack Geiger – physician, co-founder of Physicians for Social Responsibility; lived with Canada Lee for a year at 555 Edgecombe Avenue[63]
- Herbert Gentry – abstract expressionist painter, lived at 126th street and Amsterdam Avenue, 1940s
- Althea Gibson – professional tennis player; lived at 115 West 143rd Street[34]
- Oscar Hammerstein II – writer and theatrical producer[1]
- W. C. Handy – composer and bandleader; lived on Strivers' Row in Harlem towards the end of his life[34]
- Benny Harris – musician, trumpet[64]
- Lorenz Hart – lyricist[1]
- Johnny Hartman – vocalist; born in Louisiana, grew up in Chicago, moved to Harlem's Sugar Hill in 1950s
- Evan Hunter, aka Ed McBain – author, grew up in East Harlem[65]
- Roy Innis – head of the Congress of Racial Equality; lived in Harlem but ultimately moved to Brooklyn[66]
- June Jordan – Caribbean American poet, novelist, journalist, biographer, dramatist, teacher
- JTG – WWE wrestler
- Ben E. King – soul singer and former lead tenor of The Drifters, best known for the song, "Stand By Me"
- Canada Lee – actor; lived at 555 Edgecombe Avenue[63]
- Frank Lucas – drug dealer
- Frankie Lymon – lead tenor of The Teenagers, best known for the song "Why Do Fools Fall in Love?"
- Malcolm X – preacher, revolutionary
- Earl Manigault – basketball player
- Thurgood Marshall – Supreme Court justice; lived at 409 Edgecombe Avenue[34][35]
- Carl McCall – New York State senator, and Comptroller of New York State[39]
- Jackie McLean – musician, alto saxophone[64]* Arthur Miller – playwright, was married to Marilyn Monroe[1]
- Hal Miller – actor (Sesame Street, Law & Order, etc.); also painter, singer, poet, lyricist, lived at 152nd Street & Macombs Place in the 1950s, born in Harlem
- Moby – musician, born in Harlem
- Joe Morton – actor, born in Harlem
- Edward Mosberg (1926-2022) - Polish-American Holocaust survivor, educator, and philanthropist
- Alice Neel – artist; lived in East Harlem[1]
- Eleanor Holmes Norton – head of the Commission of Human Rights for New York City, now non-voting Delegate from the District of Columbia to the United States House of Representatives[39]
- Elaine Parker – community organizer and activist, Chairperson of Harlem C.O.R.E. Director of the Manhattan Borough President's Office, Special Assistant to the City Council President City of NY[67]
- Gordon Parks – film director and photographer[39]
- Basil Paterson – New York state senator, New York City deputy mayor for labor relations, Vice-Chairman of the Democratic National Committee[39][68]
- Fannie Pennington Harlem Civil Rights Foot Soldier
- Samuel Pierce – Ronald Reagan's Secretary of Housing and Urban Development; lived in the Riverton Houses[61]
- Adam Clayton Powell Jr. – politician
- Bud Powell – musician, pianist[64]
- Tito Puente, Sr. – musician, Spanish Harlem
- Gene Anthony Ray – dancer and actor[69]
- Ving Rhames – actor
- Brandon 'Scoop B' Robinson, NBA analyst[70]
- Sugar Ray Robinson – boxer, entrepreneur; moved to Harlem at age 12
- Sonny Rollins – musician, tenor saxophone[64]
- Steve Rossi – comedian, former manager for Howard Stern[71]
- Henry Roth – novelist[1]
- J. D. Salinger – novelist; lived at 3681 Broadway until he was nine years old[72]
- Isabel Sanford – actress; co-star of The Jeffersons
- Hazel Scott – pianist, wife of Adam Clayton Powell, Jr., first African-American woman with her own television show[39]
- Nina Simone – singer; lived, for a time, in Duke Ellington's old house in Harlem[39]
- Thomas Sowell – professional economist and author
- Billy Strayhorn – jazz composer, arranger
- Percy Sutton – Borough President of Manhattan: "If I were offered a million dollars, I wouldn't leave Harlem."[39]
- Billy Taylor – jazz pianist; lived in the Riverton Houses[61]
- Clarice Taylor – actress on the Cosby Show
- Conrad Tillard (born 1964) - politician, Baptist minister, radio host, author, and civil rights activist
- Samuel E Vázquez – abstract expressionist painter[73][74]
- Dinah Washington – "Queen of the Blues"; born in Alabama but became famous when she lived in Harlem[39]
- Roy Wilkins – civil rights leader; lived at 409 Edgecombe[34]
- Billy Dee Williams – actor
- Louis T. Wright – physician, chairman of the board of the NAACP[75]
- Morrie Yohai – rabbi, inventor of Cheez Doodles[76]
Rap, hip hop, R&B and reality
- 40 Cal – rapper
- ASAP Ferg – rapper ASAP Mob
- ASAP Rocky – rapper from Harlem (member of ASAP Mob)
- Bodega Bamz - rapper, actor
- Azealia Banks – rapper, singer, lyricist
- Stuart Bascombe - singer, songwriter, producer and actor
- Leroy Burgess - Musician, singer, songwriter and producer
- Big L – rapper
- Black Ivory - R&B vocal group
- Black Rob – rapper from Spanish Harlem
- Cam'ron – rapper (owner of Diplomat Records) (Dipset)
- Cannibal Ox – rap duo
- Crash Crew – old-school rap group
- Yaya DaCosta – America's Next Top Model contestant/model
- Damon Dash – Co-founder of Roc-A-Fella Records
- DJ Hollywood – VH-1 hip hop honoree; rap/hip-hop pioneer
- DJ Red Alert – DJ, hip hop pioneer
- Kool Moe Dee – old-school rapper and one-third of the Treacherous Three
- Rob Base and DJ E-Z Rock – rap duo best known for their hit "It Takes Two"
- Dave East – rapper (Mass Appeal Records)
- Famous Dex – rapper[77]
- Fatman Scoop – Grammy and MTV Award winner; radio personality; reality TV star
- The Fearless Four – pioneer rap group
- Doug E. Fresh – '80s rapper, runs a waffle house in Harlem
- Spoonie Gee – pioneer rapper
- Sugarhill Ddot – child rapper
- Ebony Haith – America's Next Top Model contestant, model
- Charles Hamilton – rapper
- Ilacoin – hip hop artist, creator of the "Pause" game
- Freddie Jackson – singer
- Jim Jones – rapper (co-CEO of Diplomat Records) (Dipset)
- Joe Budden – rapper, media personality, host of The Joe Budden Podcast
- Kareem "Biggs" Burke - co-founder of Roc-A-Fella Records
- Kelis – R&B singer and songwriter
- Rayne Storm – rapper, producer (Digiindie)
- Puff Daddy – rapper, businessman, founder of Bad Boy Records
- Freekey Zekey – rapper (owner, CEO of 730 Dips Records)
- Immortal Technique – rapper
- Kurtis Blow – rapper
- Lil Mama – rapper; judge of America's Best Dance Crew
- Biz Markie – rapper, disc jockey owns a Waffle House
- Mase – rapper
- Jae Millz – rapper
- P-Star – rapper, singer, actress
- Q-Tip – rapper, producer (A Tribe Called Quest)
- Russell Patterson - singer, songwriter, producer and actor
- Teddy Riley – producer, artist
- Tupac Shakur - rapper, actor,
- Carl Hancock Rux – writer, performer
- Juelz Santana – rapper (owner, CEO of Skull Gang Records)
- Bre Scullark – America's Next Top Model contestant, model
- Smoke DZA – rapper
- Dani Stevenson – singer
- Keith Sweat – singer
- Teyana Taylor – singer and rapper signed to Kanye West's G.O.O.D. Music label
- Treacherous Three – old-school rap group
- T-Rex – battle rapper (member Of Dot Mob)
- Vado – rapper (We The Best Records)
- JR Writer – rapper (Dipset member)
- Sheck Wes - rapper[78]
- Dave Wooley - director, producer, author and entrepreneur
21st-century residents
- Bob Dylan - owned a brownstone on Striver’s Row from 1980’s until year 2000. The townhouse is located at 265 West 139th Street and it sold in 2018 for $3.7M[79]
- Kareem Abdul-Jabbar – basketball player, moved into a Mount Morris brownstone at 30 West 120th Street[80] in September 2006[81]
- Lorraine Adams – writer and journalist[82]
- Maya Angelou – poet and author, owned a home on 120th Street in Mount Morris Park district[83]
- Angela Bassett – Emmy and Academy Award-nominated, and Golden Globe-winning actress
- Keith David – actor and singer
- Charlotte d'Amboise – actress and dancer
- Jonathan Franzen – author; lived on 125th Street when he wrote his book The Corrections[84]
- Daphne Frias – activist[85]
- Marcia Gay Harden – Oscar-winning actress[44][86]
- Edward W. Hardy – Composer, musician and producer[87]
- Neil Patrick Harris – actor; lives near Morningside Park when not in Los Angeles[88]
- Rashidah Ismaili, writer
- Jeff L. Lieberman – film director[89]
- Terrance Mann – actor and dancer
- Cameron Mathison – actor on All My Children and contestant on Dancing with the Stars, 136 West 130th Street[90][91]
- S. Epatha Merkerson – actress[44]
- Harold "Hal" Miller – actor ("Gordon" on Sesame Street), lived on 152nd Street & Macombs Place, before going to live and work in China, India and throughout Europe
- Mandy Patinkin – actor[44]
- Adam Clayton Powell IV – New York City Council member
- Richard Price – author and screenwriter[82]
- Marcus Samuelsson – chef and restaurateur; lived in duplex near Frederick Douglass Boulevard[92]
- Miz Cracker - Drag Queen
- Akhnaten Spencer-El – Olympic fencer[93]
- Stephen Spinella – Tony Award-winning actor[94]
- Joel Steinberg – killed his adopted daughter; moved to Harlem after his 2004 release from prison[95]
- Khalid Yasin – born in Harlem; raised in Brooklyn; teacher and lecturer of Islam
- Oscar Peñas – composer and jazz guitarist – born in Barcelona, Spain; moved from Clinton Hill, Brooklyn to Hamilton Height, Harlem in 2018
- Alysia Reiner - American actress and producer, best known for playing Natalie "Fig" Figueroa in the Netflix comedy drama series Orange Is the New Black (2013–2019), for which she won a Screen Actors Guild Award for her role as part of the ensemble cast
- Haile King-Rubie – artist born and active in Harlem[96]
Representatives
- Inez Dickens - New York City Council
- Robert Jackson – New York City council
- David Paterson – New York State Governor
- Bill Perkins – New York State Senator
- Adam Clayton Powell IV – New York State Assembly
- Charles B. Rangel – United States House of Representatives, lives in Lenox Terrace at 132nd Street and Lenox Avenue[46]
- José M. Serrano – New York State Senate
- Keith L.T. Wright – New York State Assembly
References
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- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j REMEMBER: Harlem by Jonathan Gill post Harlem+Bespoke, January 24, 2011.
- ↑ Malcolm, Bruce Perry, Station Hill, 1991, p. 154.
- ↑ a b c Jonathan Gill, Harlem, p. 127.
- ↑ Jonathan Gill, Harlem, p. 220.
- ↑ "Tracing Scott Joplin's Life Through His Addresses", New York Times, Real Estate, February 4, 2007, p. 2.
- ↑ Jonathan Gill, Harlem, p. 128.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b c Jonathan Gill, Harlem, p. 158.
- ↑ a b Jonathan Gill, Harlem, p. 87.
- ↑ a b Jonathan Gill, Harlem, p. 146.
- ↑ a b Jonathan Gill, Harlem, p. 165.
- ↑ Jonathan Gill, Harlem, p. 163.
- ↑ a b Jonathan Gill, Harlem, p. 137.
- ↑ Bennett Cerf, At Random, p. 2.
- ↑ Jonathan Gill, Harlem, p. 151.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Jonathan Gill, Harlem, p. 164.
- ↑ plaque outside 501 Cathedral Parkway.
- ↑ Jonathan Gill, Harlem, p. 138.
- ↑ Jonathan Gill, Harlem, p. 136.
- ↑ "The Top of the Park", New York Magazine, February 5, 2007, p. 44.
- ↑ a b c Jonathan Gill, Harlem, p. 149.
- ↑ Douglas Martin, "Seymour Martin Lipset, Sociologist, Dies at 84", New York Times, January 4, 2007.
- ↑ a b Jonathan Gill, Harlem, p. 152.
- ↑ Jonathan Gill, Harlem, p. 166.
- ↑ Arthur Miller Files, at University of Michigan.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b Jonathan Gill, Harlem, p. 148.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Jonathan Gill, Harlem, p. 153.
- ↑ a b c d Langston Hughes, "My Early Days in Harlem", in John Henrik Clarke (ed.), Harlem U.S.A., 1971 edition, p. 58.
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j Manhattan African-American History and Culture Guide, Museum of the City of New York
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i Hamilton Heights – West Harlem Community Preservation Organization Template:Webarchive
- ↑ "Four Men of Harlem – The Movers and the Shakers", in Harlem, U.S.A., John Henrik Clarke, 1971 edition, p. 251.
- ↑ a b c d e f John Henrik Clarke, Harlem U.S.A, introductory essay to 1993 edition, A&B Book Publishers.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Frank Hercules, "To Live In Harlem", National Geographic, February 1977, p. 178+.
- ↑ "Four Men of Harlem – The Movers and the Shakers", in Harlem, U.S.A., John Henrik Clarke, 1971 edition, p. 256.
- ↑ Jonathan Gill, Harlem, p. 248.
- ↑ a b c Jim Dwyer, "Making a Home, and a Haven for Books", New York Times, August 11, 2007.
- ↑ a b Tessa Souter, "The New Heyday of Harlem", The Independent on Sunday, June 8, 1997.
- ↑ a b c d e "Star Map", New York Magazine, August 14, 2006, p. 35.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b "Chairman of the Money", New York Magazine, January 15, 2007, p. 20.
- ↑ Jonathan Gill, Harlem, p. 223.
- ↑ Katherine Butler Jones, "409 Edgecombe, Baseball, and Madame St. Clair", in The Harlem Reader, 2003.
- ↑ Jonathan Gill, Harlem, p. 233.
- ↑ Gray, Christopher. "Streetscapes/409 Edgecombe Avenue: An Address That Drew the City's Black Elite". The New York Times. July 24, 1994. Retrieved January 11, 2021.
- ↑ "Billy Yarbo a New 'Mugger'". The Pittsburgh Courier. March 10, 1928. Retrieved January 11, 2021.
- ↑ "Better Break for Race in Pictures Forecast in '41; Stellar Roles Promised All; Harlem Lass Wins Plaudits". The Phoenix Index. January 11, 1941. Retrieved January 11, 2021.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ James Baldwin, "A Talk to Harlem Teachers", in John Henrik Clarke (ed.), Harlem USA, 1971, p. 173.
- ↑ Sondra Kathryn Wilson, Meet Me at the Theresa : The Story of Harlem's Most Famous Hotel, 2004.
- ↑ Village Voice online Template:Webarchive, September 7, 2011.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Daniel Lovering, "Evelyn Cunningham, Civil Rights Reporter, Dies at 94," The New York Times, April 29, 2010.
- ↑ plaque outside the Harlem Hospital.
- ↑ Museum of Contemporary Photography at Columbia College Chicago. Roy DeCarava. Accessed August 4, 2009.
- ↑ a b c Charles V. Bagli, "In Harlem Buildings, Reminders of Easy Money and the Financial Crisis", The New York Times, June 9, 2011.
- ↑ monument outside 730 Riverside Drive.
- ↑ a b "Kindness of Strangers", This American Life, September 12, 1997.
- ↑ a b c d William R. Dixon, "The Music of Harlem", in John Henrik Clarke (ed.), Harlem USA, 1971, p. 136.
- ↑ Metropolis Found: New York Is Book Country 25th Anniversary Collection, 2003.
- ↑ "City Hall Holds The Key. Harlem's renaissance finds lots of friends, and a few foes", Christian Science Monitor, March 12, 1987.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ "Harlem's Dreams Have Died in Last Decade, Leaders Say", New York Times, March 1, 1978. p. A1.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Scott Shoger, "Samuel E Vázquez: From Street To Gallery", Nuvo, July 1, 2013.
- ↑ "Samuel E Vázquez: Graffiti Was Our Social Network" Karla D. Romero, "Humanize", No. 20, Spring 2013.
- ↑ "How Bootsie Was Born", Ollie Harrison, in Harlem U.S.A., John Henrik Clarke, ed., 1971, p. 75 (note, this is a weak source, as it is a reference in a fictional story. A better source should be found).
- ↑ Dennis Hevesi, "Morrie Yohai, 90, the Man Behind Cheez Doodles, Is Dead", The New York Times, August 2, 2010.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ "Kareem's Harlem digs", New York Daily News, September 10, 2006.
- ↑ a b Jeremy Egner, "Crime and Punishers on Streets of Harlem", The New York Times, April 4, 2012, Arts & Leisure, p. 13.
- ↑ Louis Tutelian, "A Revised Edition", New York Times, January 5, 2007.
- ↑ Jean Cumming, "Catching up with Harlem" Template:Webarchive, TheGlobeAndMail.com Travel, October 18, 2003.
- ↑ Sarah, R. (2021). Girl Warriors: How 25 Young Activists Are Saving the Earth. United States: Chicago Review Press.
- ↑ Jill Capuzzo, "Between Film Sets, Life on Gossamer Lake", The New York Times, September 14, 2007.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Harlem Bespoke.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Glenn Collins, "Marcus Samuelsson Opens in Harlem", The New York Times, September 7, 2010.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Celia Barbour, "Stephen Spinella's Real Estate Angels", New York Times, July 1, 2007.
- ↑ "The monster now", The New York Daily News, July 10, 2006.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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