List of mergers and acquisitions by IBM

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File:IBM logo.svg
IBM logo

IBM has undergone a large number of mergers and acquisitions during a corporate history lasting over a century; the company has also produced a number of spinoffs during that time.

The acquisition date listed is the date of the agreement between IBM and the subject of the acquisition. The value of each acquisition is listed in USD because IBM is based in the United States. If the value of an acquisition is not listed, then it is undisclosed.

Precursors 1889–1910

Herman Hollerith initially did business under his own name, as The Hollerith Electric Tabulating System, specialising in punched card data processing equipment.[1] In 1896 he incorporated as the Tabulating Machine Company.

  • 1889 Bundy Manufacturing Company incorporated.
  • 1891 Computing Scale Company incorporated.
  • 1893 Dey Patents Company (soon renamed the Dey Time Register Company) incorporated.
  • 1894 Willard & Frick Manufacturing Company (Rochester, New York) incorporated.
  • 1896
    • Detroit Automatic Scale Company incorporated.
    • Hollerith incorporates the Tabulating Machine Company. Will be reincorporated in 1905.
  • 1899 Standard Time Stamp Company acquired by Bundy Manufacturing Company.
  • 1900
    • International Time Recording Company incorporated, acquiring the time-recording business of the Bundy Manufacturing Company and the Willard & Frick Manufacturing Company (Rochester).
    • Chicago Time-Register Company acquired by International Time Recording Company.
    • Dayton Moneyweight Scale Company acquired by Computing Scale Company.
    • Detroit Automatic Scale Company acquired by Computing Scale Company.
  • 1905 Hollerith reincorporates as The Tabulating Machine Company.[2]
  • 1907 Dey Time Register Company acquired by International Time Recording Company.
  • 1908 Syracuse Time Recorder Company acquired by International Time Recording Company.

Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company, 1911

Since the 1960s or earlier, IBM has described its formation as a merger of three companies: The Tabulating Machine Company (1880s origin in Washington, DC), the International Time Recording Company (ITR; 1900, Endicott), and the Computing Scale Company of America (1901, Dayton, Ohio).[3][4][5] However, there was no merger, it was an amalgamation, and an amalgamation of four, not three, companies.[6] The 1911 CTR stock prospectus states that the Bundy Manufacturing Company was also included.[7] While ITR had acquired its time recording business in 1900 Bundy had remained a separate entity producing an adding machine and other wares.

CTR owned the stock of the four companies; CTR neither produced nor sold any product; the four companies continued to operate, as before, under their own names.

Acquisitions during 1912–1999

1912–1929

  • 1917
    • American Automatic Scale Company acquired as International Scale Company.
    • CTR consolidates three already-existing Canadian companies: The Canadian Tabulating Machine Co., Ltd, the International Time Recording Co. of Canada, Ltd., and the Computing Scale Co. of Canada, Ltd., in a new holding company, International Business Machines Co., Ltd.[8]
  • 1921
    • Pierce Accounting Machine Company (asset purchase).
    • Ticketograph Company (of Chicago).
  • 1923
  • 1924
    • CTR was renamed "IBM".

1930–1949

  • 1930 Automatic Accounting Scale Company.
  • 1932 National Counting Scale Company.
  • 1933 The separate companies were integrated in 1933 as IBM and the holding company eliminated.[10]
  • 1933 Electromatic Typewriters Inc. (See: IBM Electromatic typewriter)
  • 1941 Munitions Manufacturing Corporation.

1950–1969

1970–1989

1990–1999

  • 1993
    • CGI Informatique (France), bought in 1993, ran independently until 1996, and was then progressively absorbed by IBM, country by country, this process being achieved in 1999.
  • 1994
    • Transarc (Transarc Corporation bought by IBM in 1994, became part of IBM proper in 1999 as the IBM Pittsburgh Lab)[11]
  • 1995
  • 1996
    • Wilkerson Group
    • Tivoli Systems, Inc. for $743 million.
    • Data Sciences Ltd, prior to 1991 comprising Thorn EMI Software, Datasolve and the Corporate Management Services Division of Thorn EMI, for £95 million.[12]
    • Object Technology International (OTI) is acquired by IBM
    • Cyclade Consultants (Netherlands)
    • Fairway Technologies
    • Professional Data Management, Inc. / LifePRO[13]
  • 1997
    • Software Artistry for $200 million.
    • Unison Software.
    • Dominion Semiconductor (Manassas, VA) is created by forming a 50/50 joint venture with Toshiba to produce 64MB and 256MB DRAM chips. Administrative offices are located in Building 131 the former IBM Federal Systems campus now primarily owned by Lockheed Martin; the new state-of-the-art fabrication facility was built from on adjacent land.
  • 1998
    • CommQuest Technologies.
    • DataBeam Corporation, Lexington, KY
    • Ubique Ltd., Israel
  • 1999

Acquisitions from 2000 - 2019

Number of acquisitions per year according to table below:

  • In 2019 IBM acquired 1 company
  • In 2018 IBM acquired 3 companies
  • In 2017 IBM acquired 3 companies
  • In 2016 IBM acquired 12 companies
  • In 2015 IBM acquired 13 companies
  • In 2014 IBM acquired 4 companies
  • In 2013 IBM acquired 9 companies
  • In 2012 IBM acquired 9 companies
  • In 2011 IBM acquired 8 companies
Acquired on Company Business Country Value (USD) References
Template:Dts Mainspring Business strategy consulting Template:Country data USA $80,000,000 [14]
Template:Dts Informix Corporation Database software Template:Country data USA $1,000,000,000 [15]
Template:Dts CrossWorlds Software, Inc. Software Template:Country data USA $Template:Nts [16]
Template:Dts Metamerge Identity management Template:Country data NOR [17]
Template:Dts Trellisoft, Inc. Enterprise storage Template:Country data USA [18]
Template:Dts Holosofx, Inc. Business Process Management Template:Country data USA, Template:Country data EGY [19]
Template:Dts PWC Consulting from PricewaterhouseCoopers Business Consulting and Technology Services Template:Country data USA $3,500,000,000 [20]
Template:Dts Access360 Software Template:Country data USA [21]
Template:Dts EADS Matra Datavision Product lifecycle management Template:Country data USA [22]
Template:Dts Tarian Software Records Management Template:Country data CAN [23]
Template:Dts Rational Software Corporation Software Development Template:Country data USA $2,100,000,000 [24]
Template:Dts Think Dynamics Software Template:Country data CAN [25]
Template:Dts Information Laboratory Software Template:Country data USA [26]
Template:Dts Aptrix Software Template:Country data AUS [27]
Template:Dts CrossAccess Corporation Enterprise Information Integration Template:Country data USA [28]
Template:Dts Productivity Solutions, Inc. Automated Self-Checkout Systems Template:Country data USA [29]
Template:Dts Green Pasture Software, Inc. Content management software Template:Country data USA [30]
Template:Dts Trigo Technologies Product information management Template:Country data USA [31]
Template:Dts Daksh e-Services BPO Services Template:Country data IND $Template:Nts [32]
Template:Dts Business Continuity Services unit of Schlumberger IT Services Template:Country data FRA [33]
Template:Dts Candle Corporation Infrastructure management Template:Country data USA [34]
Template:Dts Alphablox Corporation Business intelligence Template:Country data USA [35]
Template:Dts Cyanea Systems Application management software Template:Country data USA [36]
Template:Dts Venetica Enterprise Information Integration Template:Country data USA [37]
Template:Dts Systemcorp ALG Ltd. Project Portfolio Management (PPM) software Template:Country data CAN [38]
Template:Dts Liberty Insurance Services Business process services Template:Country data USA [39]
Template:Dts Maersk Data and DMdata from Maersk IT Services Template:Country data DEN [40]
Template:Dts KeyMRO Procurement Services Template:Country data FRA [41]
Template:Dts Systems Research & Development Identity management Template:Country data USA [42]
Template:Dts Corio Application Services Template:Country data USA $Template:Nts [43]
Template:Dts Ascential Software Corporation Enterprise Information Integration Template:Country data USA $1,100,000,000 [44]
Template:Dts Gluecode Software Application Server Template:Country data USA [45]
Template:Dts Meiosys Application Management Template:Country data USA, Template:Country data FRA [46]
Template:Dts PureEdge Solutions, Inc. Electronic Forms Template:Country data CAN [47]
Template:Dts Isogon Corporation Asset Management Template:Country data USA [48]
Template:Dts DWL Enterprise Information Integration Template:Country data USA, Template:Country data CAN [49]
Template:Dts DataPower Technology, Inc. Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) Template:Country data USA [50]
Template:Dts iPhrase Systems, Inc. Information management software Template:Country data USA [51]
Template:Dts Network Solutions Pvt Ltd IT Services Template:Country data IND
Template:Dts Collation, Inc. Network management Template:Country data USA [52]
Template:Dts Bowstreet, Inc. Portal-based tools Template:Country data USA [53]
Template:Dts ARGUS Semiconductor Software From INFICON Semiconductor Manufacturing software Template:Country data USA [54]
Template:Dts CIMS Lab, Inc. IT Financial Management Template:Country data USA [55]
Template:Dts Viacore, Inc. Supply chain optimization Template:Country data USA [56]
Template:Dts Micromuse, Inc. Network management Template:Country data USA $Template:Nts [57]
Template:Dts Language Analysis Systems Identity management Template:Country data USA [58]
Template:Dts BuildForge, Inc. Software Development Template:Country data USA [59]
Template:Dts Unicorn Solutions, Inc. Metadata management Template:Country data USA [60]

[61]

Template:Dts Rembo Technology Installation Software Template:Country data SUI [62]
Template:Dts Webify Solutions, Inc Service Oriented Architecture software Template:Country data USA [63]
Template:Dts Global Value Solutions IT Services Template:Country data BRA [64]
Template:Dts DORANA product line from Ubiquity Pty Limited Asset Management Template:Country data AUS [65]
Template:Dts MRO Software Asset Management Template:Country data USA $Template:Nts [66]
Template:Dts FileNet Corporation Content management software Template:Country data USA $1,600,000,000 [67]
Template:Dts Internet Security Systems (ISS) Information security Template:Country data USA $1,300,000,000 [68]
Template:Dts Palisades Technology Partners Management consulting Template:Country data USA [69]
Template:Dts Consul Risk Management, Inc. Information security Template:Country data NED [70]
Template:Dts Vallent Corporation Telecommunications Management Template:Country data USA [71]
Template:Dts Softek Storage Solutions Corporation Data Mobility Template:Country data USA [72]
Template:Dts BlackDot Networks, Inc. Enterprise Data Consulting Template:Country data USA
Template:Dts Unicible IT Services Template:Country data SWI $Template:Nts [73]
Template:Dts Watchfire Corporation Security software testing Template:Country data USA [74]
Template:Dts WebDialogs Web conferencing and communications Template:Country data USA [75]
Template:Dts DataMirror Corporation Change Data Capture Template:Country data CAN $Template:Nts [76]
Template:Dts Qinnova, Inc. Internet Protocol Television (IPTV) Template:Country data CAN [77]
Template:Dts Princeton Softech, Inc. Business intelligence Template:Country data USA [78]
Template:Dts NovusCG Storage Consulting and Technology Services Template:Country data USA [79]
Template:Dts XIV Enterprise storage Template:Country data ISR Over $300M [80]
Template:Dts AptSoft Corporation Business intelligence Template:Country data USA [81]
Template:Dts Solid Information Technology Database software Template:Country data USA, Template:Country data FIN [82]
Template:Dts Cognos Business intelligence Template:Country data CAN $5,000,000,000 [83]
Template:Dts Arsenal Digital Solutions Data backup services Template:Country data USA [84]
Template:Dts Net Integration Technologies Inc. Business Server Software Template:Country data CAN [85]
Template:Dts Encentuate, Inc. Enterprise Single Sign-On Template:Country data USA [86]
Template:Dts Telelogic AB Enterprise software development Template:Country data SWE $Template:Nts [87]
Template:Dts Diligent Technologies Data De-duplication Template:Country data USA $200,000,000 [88]
Template:Dts FilesX Application Recovery Software Template:Country data USA, Template:Country data ISR [89]
Template:Dts InfoDyne Corporation Data Feed Connectors Template:Country data USA [90]
Template:Dts Platform Solutions Mainframe, System Z technologies Template:Country data USA [91]
Template:Dts ILOG Business Rules Management Systems Template:Country data FRA $340,000,000 [92]
Template:Dts Transitive Corporation Virtualization Software Template:Country data USA, Template:Country data UK [93]
Template:Dts Outblaze's E-Mail Service Assets Online messaging and collaboration Template:Country data HKG [94]
Template:Dts Exeros Assets Data Discovery Software Template:Country data USA [95]
Template:Dts SPSS Inc. Statistical analysis software Template:Country data USA $1,200,000,000 [96]
Template:Dts Ounce Labs Source code analysis Template:Country data USA [97]
Template:Dts RedPill Solutions Analytics and Optimisation Template:Country data SGP [98]
Template:Dts Guardium Database monitoring and protection Template:Country data USA, Template:Country data ISR [99]
Template:Dts Lombardi Business Process Management Template:Country data USA [100]
Template:Dts National Interest Security Company, LLC Public sector consulting Template:Country data USA [101]
Template:Dts Initiate Systems Data integrity software Template:Country data USA [102]
Template:Dts Intelliden Inc. Network Automation software Template:Country data USA [103]
Template:Dts Wilshire Credit Corporation Assets Mortgage Business Processing Services Template:Country data USA [104]
Template:Dts Cast Iron Systems Cloud Integration Template:Country data USA $190,000,000 [105] [106]
Template:Dts Sterling Commerce Business software integration Template:Country data USA $1,400,000,000 [107]
Template:Dts Coremetrics Web Analytics Template:Country data USA [108]
Template:Dts BigFix, Inc. Security and IT automation software Template:Country data USA [109]
Template:Dts Storwize Data Compression Template:Country data USA $140,000,000 [110]
Template:Dts Datacap Data capture and Content Management Template:Country data USA [111]
Template:Dts Unica Corporation Marketing planning software Template:Country data USA $480,000,000 [112]
Template:Dts OpenPages Integrated risk management solutions Template:Country data USA [113]
Template:Dts Netezza Data warehousing and analytics Template:Country data USA $1,700,000,000 [114]
Template:Dts BLADE Network Technologies Networking Template:Country data USA [115]
Template:Dts PSS Systems Legal risk management Template:Country data USA [116]
Template:Dts Clarity Systems Financial governance Template:Country data CAN $350,000,000 [117]
Template:Dts Tririga Inc. Facility and Real Estate Management Template:Country data USA [118]
Template:Dts i2 Limited Intelligence Analytics Template:Country data UK [119]
Template:Dts Algorithmics Inc.[120] Risk Management Template:Country data CAN $387,000,000 [121]
Template:Dts Q1 Labs[122] Security Intelligence Template:Country data USA [123]
Template:Dts Platform Computing Cluster and Grid Management Software Template:Country data CAN [124]
Template:Dts Cúram Software Smarter Cities Template:Country data IRL [125]
Template:Dts DemandTec Cloud-based Retail Analytics Template:Country data USA $440,000,000 [126]
Template:Dts Emptoris Supply Chain Analytics Template:Country data USA [127]
Template:Dts Green Hat (software company)[128] Cloud based software testing Template:Country data USA, Template:Country data UK [129]
Template:Dts Worklight Software Development Firm Template:Country data ISR $70,000,000 [130][131]
Template:Dts Varicent Compensation and Sales Performance Management Software Solutions Template:Country data CAN [132]
Template:Dts Vivisimo Enterprise Search Software Template:Country data USA [133]
Template:Dts Tealeaf Technology Customer Experience Analytics Software Template:Country data USA [134]
Template:Dts Texas Memory Systems Solid State Storage Template:Country data USA [135]
Template:Dts Kenexa Corporation Human Capital Solutions Template:Country data USA $1,400,000,000[136] [137]
Template:Dts Butterfly Software Ltd. Data Analysis and Migration Software Template:Country data UK [138]
Template:Dts StoredIQ Big Data Analysis Template:Country data USA [139]
Template:Dts Star Analytics Business Analytics Template:Country data USA [140][141]
Template:Dts UrbanCode Software delivery automation Template:Country data USA [142]
Template:Dts SoftLayer Technologies Cloud Computing Infrastructure Template:Country data USA $2,000,000,000[143] [144]
Template:Dts CSL International Cloud Computing Template:Country data ISR Not Disclosed [145]
Template:Dts Trusteer Cyber Security Template:Country data ISR $1,000,000,000[146] [147]
Template:Dts Daeja Image Systems Viewer for document management systems Template:Country data UK Not disclosed [148]
Template:Dts The Now Factory Mobile Networks Big Data Analytics Template:Country data IRL Not disclosed [149]
Template:Dts Xtify In-app mobile messaging and push notification tools Template:Country data USA Not disclosed [150]
Template:Dts Fiberlink Communications Mobile Device Management Template:Country data USA $330,000,000 [151]
Template:Dts Aspera, Inc. Data Transfer Technology Template:Country data USA Not disclosed [152]
Template:Dts Cloudant, Inc. Database-as-a-Service Template:Country data USA Not disclosed [153]
Template:Dts Silverpop Systems, Inc. Behavioral Marketing Automation Template:Country data USA Not disclosed [154]
Template:Dts Cognea Cognitive computing (conversational artificial intelligence platform) Template:Country data USA Not disclosed [155]
Template:Dts CrossIdeas Cloud Security (Identity and Access Governance) Template:Country data ITA Not disclosed [156]
Template:Dts Lighthouse Security Group Cloud Security Template:Country data USA Not disclosed [157]
Template:Dts AlchemyAPI Natural language processing, big data Template:Country data USA Not disclosed [158]
Mar 25, 2015 Lufthansa's IT Infrastructure Unit (LHSystems) IT Infrastructure servicing Lufthansa and its subsidiaries (Technik, Cargo, LSG Skychefs, etc.)
Although purchase price is difficult to find, IBM positioned this acquisition as "winning 'an outsourcing contract' worth US$ 1.25B"[159] 		Template:Country data USATemplate:Country data DE [160]
Template:Dts Blekko Web Search Engine, Cognitive Computing Template:Country data USA Not disclosed [161]
Template:Dts Explorys Healthcare analytics Template:Country data USA Not disclosed [162]
Template:Dts Phytel Health management software Template:Country data USA Not disclosed [163]
Template:Dts Bluebox Private Cloud as a Service Template:Country data USA Not disclosed [164]
Template:Dts Compose Inc. Database as a Service Template:Country data USA Not disclosed [165]
Template:Dts Merge Healthcare Inc. Healthcare imaging software Template:Country data USA $1,000,000,000 [166]
Template:Dts StrongLoop Inc. Mobile API capabilities Template:Country data USA Not disclosed [167]
Template:Dts Meteorix LLC Consulting services for Workday applications Template:Country data USA Not disclosed [168]
Template:Dts The Weather Company digital assets Weather data sources and analytics, related online and mobile products Template:Country data USA Not disclosed [169][170][171]
Template:Dts Gravitant, Inc Cloud brokerage software and cloud management Template:Country data USA Not disclosed [172]
Template:Dts Cleversafe Object-based storage software Template:Country data USA $1,309,000,000[173] [174]
Template:Dts Clearleap Cloud-based video management Template:Country data USA Not disclosed [175]
Template:Dts Iris Analytics Real time transaction fraud detection Template:Country data GER Not disclosed [176]
Template:Dts Ustream Streaming video Template:Country data USA Not disclosed [177]
Template:Dts Resource/Ammirati Digital marketing and creative agency Template:Country data USA Not disclosed [178]
Template:Dts Aperto AG Digital marketing and creative agency Template:Country data GER Not disclosed [179]
Template:Dts ecx.io AG Digital marketing and creative agency Template:Country data GER Not disclosed [180]
Template:Dts Truven Health Analytics Provider of cloud-based healthcare data, analytics and insights Template:Country data USA $2,600,000,000 [181]
Template:Dts Resilient Systems Cyber security, incident response platform Template:Country data USA Not disclosed [182]
Template:Dts Optevia Specialist provider of Microsoft Dynamics CRM based solutions and associated services to the public sector Template:Country data UK Not disclosed [183]
Template:Dts Blue Wolf Group LLC Salesforce systems integrator and professional services Template:Country data USA $200,000,000 [184]
Template:Dts EZSource Application discovery and dashboard visualization Template:Country data ISR Not disclosed [185]
Template:Dts Promontory Financial Group Risk management and regulatory compliance Template:Country data USA Not disclosed [186]
Template:Dts Sanovi Technologies Hybrid cloud recovery Template:Country data IND Not disclosed [187]
Template:Dts Agile 3 Solutions Information security Template:Country data USA Not disclosed [188]
Template:Dts Verizon – Cloud services Cloud services Template:Country data USA Not disclosed [189]
Template:Dts XCC (division of TIMETOACT) Collaboration software Template:Country data GER Not disclosed [190]
Template:Dts Cloudigo Data Center Company Template:Country data Israel Not disclosed [191]
Template:Dts Vivant Digital Innovation Consultancy Template:Country data AUS Not disclosed [192]
Template:Dts Armanta, Inc. Aggregation/analytics software for financial services firms Template:Country data USA Not disclosed [193]
Template:Dts Oniqua Holdings Pty Ltd. Intelligent maintenance repair and operations (MRO) solutions Template:Country data USATemplate:Country data AUS Not disclosed [194]
Template:Dts Red Hat Provider of open source software and solutions Template:Country data USA $34,000,000,000 [195][196]

Acquisitions since 2020

Number of acquisitions per year according to table below:

  • In 2020 IBM acquired 6 companies
  • In 2021 IBM acquired 7 companies
  • In 2022 IBM acquired 3 companies
  • In 2023 IBM acquired 3 companies
  • In 2024 IBM acquired 2 companies
  • In 2025 IBM acquired 2 companies
Template:Dts Spanugo US-based provider of cloud cybersecurity posture management solutions Template:Country data USA Not disclosed [197]
Template:Dts WDG IBM to Acquire WDG Automation to Advance AI-Infused Automation Capabilities for Enterprises Template:Country data BRA Not disclosed [198]
November 16, 2020 TruQua Enterprises Acquisition enhances IBM's expertise in migrating financial platforms to SAP Template:Country data USA Not disclosed [199]
November 18, 2020 Instana Acquisition continues to advance IBM's Hybrid Cloud and AIOps strategy with Application Performance Management and enterprise Observability capabilities Template:Country data USA Not disclosed [200]
December 15, 2020 Expertus Technologies Inc. Digital payments provider Template:Country data CAN Not disclosed [201]
December 21, 2020 Nordcloud Acquisition enhances IBM's Hybrid Cloud Consulting capabilities Template:Country data FIN Not disclosed [202]
January 11, 2021 7Summits Acquisition drives digital transformations for Salesforce clients Template:Country data USA Not disclosed [203]
Jan 14, 2021 Taos Acquisition to expand hybrid cloud consulting services Template:Country data USA Not disclosed [204]
April 15, 2021 myInvenio Acquisition to help Organizations Use AI-powered Automation to Better Streamline Business Processes Template:Country data ITA Not disclosed [205]
May 18, 2021 Waeg Acquisition to expand Salesforce consulting services Template:Country data Belgium Not disclosed [206]
June 17, 2021 Turbonomic Acquisition to expand AIOps (the use of AI to automate IT Operations) to application and infrastructure observability. This also included SevOne, a network performance management solution as part of the acquisition. Template:Country data USA Estimated $1,500,000,000 - $2,000,000,000 [207] [208][209]
July 8, 2021 BoxBoat Technologies DevOps consultancy and enterprise Kubernetes certified service provider Template:Country data USA Not disclosed [210]
July 15, 2021 Bluetab Solutions Group, S.L. Hybrid cloud data and analytics consulting Template:Country data SPA Not disclosed [211]
January 11, 2022 Envizi Sustainability data management and reporting platform Template:Country data Australia Not disclosed [212]
Feb 15, 2022 Neudesic Cloud services consultancy specializing primarily in the Microsoft Azure platform, along with bringing skills in multicloud Template:Country data USA Not disclosed [213]
September 22, 2022 Dialexa Digital product engineering services Template:Country data USA Not disclosed [214]
December 2022 Octo Template:Country data USA Not disclosed
February 8, 2023 StepZen GraphQL-as-a-Service Template:Country data USA Not disclosed [215]
Template:Dts Polar Security Cyber Security, Data Security Posture Management (DSPM) Template:Country data ISR $60,000,000 [216]
Template:Dts Apptio Software-as-a-service Template:Country data USA $4,600,000,000 [217]
December 18, 2023 Streamsets Data integration Template:Country data GER [218]
March 20, 2024 Pliant Network and IT infrastructure automation Template:Country data USA Not disclosed [219]
April 24, 2024 HashiCorp Infrastructure and security automation Template:Country data USA $7,700,000,000 [220]
February 25, 2025 DataStax AI applications Template:Country data USA Not disclosed [221]
June 2, 2025 SeekAI AI applications Template:Country data USA Not disclosed [222]

Spin-offs

  • 1934 – Dayton Scale Division is sold to the Hobart Manufacturing Company.
  • 1942 – Ticketograph Division is sold to the National Postal Meter Company.
  • 1958 – Time Equipment Division is sold to the Simplex Time Recorder Company.
  • 1974 – Service Bureau Corporation sold to Control Data Corporation
  • 1984 – Prodigy, formerly a joint venture with Sears, Roebuck and Company.
  • 1985 – Satellite Business Systems sold to MCI Communications
  • 1988 – Copier/Duplicator business, including service and support contracts, sold to Eastman Kodak.[223][224]
  • 1990 – ARDIS mobile packet network, a joint venture with Motorola. Motorola buys IBM's 50% interest in 1994. Now Motient.
  • 1991 – Lexmark (keyboards, typewriters, and printers). IBM retained a 10% interest. Lexmark has sold its keyboard and typewriter businesses.
  • 1991 – Kaleida, a joint Multimedia software venture with Apple Computer.
  • 1992 – Taligent, a joint software venture with Apple Computer.
  • 1992 – IBM's personal computer manufacturing divisions, combined and spun off to form the autonomous subsidiary IBM Personal Computer Company (later IBM Personal Systems Group).
  • 1992 – IBM Commercial Multimedia Technologies Group, spun off to form private company Fairway Technologies.
  • 1992 – IBM sells its remaining 50 percent stake in the Rolm Company to Siemens A.G. of Germany.[225]
  • 1994 – Xyratex enterprise data storage subsystems and network technology, formed in a management buy-out from IBM.
  • 1995 – Advantis (Advanced Value-Added Networking Technology of IBM & Sears), a voice and data network company. Joint Venture with IBM holding 70%, Sears holding 30%. IBM buys Sears' 30% interest in 1997. AT&T acquires the infrastructure portion of Advantis in 1999, becoming the AT&T Global Network. IBM retained business and strategic outsourcing portions of the joint venture.
  • 1994 – Federal Systems Division sold to Loral becoming Loral Federal Systems. The Federal Systems Division performed work for NASA. Loral was later acquired by Lockheed Martin.
  • 1996 – Celestica, Electronic Manufacturing Services (EMS).
  • 1998 – IBM Global Network sold to AT&T to form AT&T Business Internet.
  • 1999 – Dominion Semiconductor (DSC) IBM sells its 50% share to JV partner Toshiba. DSC becomes a wholly owned subsidiary of Toshiba.
  • 2001 – Information Services Extended department, developer of specialized databases and software for telephone directory assistance, is spun off to form privately held company ISx, Inc (later sold to Local Matters).
  • December 31, 2002 – IBM sells its HDD business to Hitachi Global Storage Technologies for approximately $2 billion. Hitachi Global Storage Technologies now provides many of the hardware storage devices formerly provided by IBM, including IBM hard drives and the Microdrive. IBM continues to develop storage systems, including tape backup, storage software and enterprise storage.
  • December 2004 – Acquisition of the IBM PC business by Lenovo: Lenovo acquires 90% interest in IBM Personal Systems Group, 10,000 employees and $9 billion in revenue.
  • April 3, 2006 – Web analytics provider Coremetrics acquires SurfAid Analytics, a standalone division of IBM Global Services. The deal was said to be in the "eight-figure" range, making it worth at least $10 million. (Note: Since then Coremetrics has in turn been acquired by IBM)
  • January 25, 2007 – Three-year joint venture with IBM Printing Systems division and Ricoh to form new Ricoh-owned subsidiary, InfoPrint Solutions Company, for $725 million.
  • September 2009 – IBM launches online business IT video advice service in association with GuruOnline.
  • September 2009 – IBM sells its U2 multivalue database and application development products (created by VMark, UniData, System Builder and Prime Computer, obtained via the Informix acquisition) to Rocket Software
  • April 2012 – IBM sells its Retail Store Solutions division (Point-of-Sales) to Toshiba TEC[226]
  • January 2014 – IBM sells its IBM System x business to Lenovo for $2.3 billion.[227]
  • October 2014 – IBM sells its Microelectronics (semiconductor) branch to GlobalFoundries. IBM will pay GlobalFoundries $1.5 billion over 3 years to take over the business.[228]
  • December 2014 – UNICOM Global acquires IBM Rational Focal Point and IBM Rational Purify Plus.[229]
  • January 2015 – IBM sells Algorithmics Collateral to SmartStream Technologies [230]
  • December 2015 – UNICOM Global acquires IBM Rational System Architect [231]
  • December 2018 – HCL Technologies to acquire Select IBM Software Products for $1.8B.[232]
  • July 2019 – IBM Watson Marketing business spins off into standalone company Acoustic, after acquisition by Centerbridge Partners[233][234]
  • October 8, 2020 – IBM announced it was spinning off the Managed Infrastructure Services unit of its Global Technology Services division into a new public company, an action expected to be completed by the end of 2021.[235]
  • November 3, 2021 Kyndryl. IBM distributed 80.1% of its Kyndryl shares to IBM shareholders.
  • January 21, 2022 – IBM announced that it would sell Watson Health to the private equity firm Francisco Partners.[236]
  • August 22, 2023 — IBM announced that the private equity firm Francisco Partners would acquire The Weather Company assets.[237]

See also

References

Template:Reflist

External links

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  1. ↑ Austrian, 1982, p. 153.
  2. ↑ Engelbourg, 1954, p. 52.
  3. ↑ Austrian (1982) p.312
  4. ↑ Belden, Martin; Belden, Marva (1961). The Lengthening Shadow – The Life of Thomas J. Watson, Little, Brown; p.92
  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ NY Times June 10, 1911 Tabulating Concerns Unite: Flint & Co. Bring Four Together with $19,000,000 capital
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ Moody's 1918 Manual of Railroads and Corporation Securities
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named GT-1996-33-01
  13. ↑ PDMA Acquires LifePRO Assets from IBM (March 03 2001)
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  18. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  19. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  20. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  21. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  22. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  23. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  24. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  25. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  26. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  27. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  28. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  29. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  30. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  31. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  32. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".Template:Dead link
  33. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  34. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  35. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  36. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  37. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  38. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  39. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  40. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  41. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  42. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  43. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  44. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  45. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  46. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  47. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  48. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  49. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  50. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  51. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  52. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  53. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  54. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  55. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  56. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  57. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  58. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  59. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  60. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  61. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  62. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  63. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  64. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  65. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  66. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  67. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  68. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  69. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  70. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  71. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  72. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  73. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  74. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  75. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  76. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  77. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  78. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  79. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  80. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  81. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  82. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  83. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  84. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  85. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  86. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  87. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  88. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  89. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  90. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  91. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  92. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  93. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  94. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  95. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  96. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  97. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  98. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  99. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  100. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  101. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  102. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  103. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  104. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  105. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  106. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  107. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  108. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  109. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  110. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  111. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  112. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  113. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  114. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  115. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  116. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  117. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  118. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  119. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  120. ↑ Algorithmics Inc. official website
  121. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  122. ↑ Q1 Labs official website
  123. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  124. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  125. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  126. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  127. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  128. ↑ Green Hat official website
  129. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  130. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  131. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  132. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  133. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  134. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  135. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  136. ↑ IBM's acquisition of Kenexa ($1.4 billion, 4.1x)
  137. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  138. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  139. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  140. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  141. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  142. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  143. ↑ I.B.M. Buys Cloud Computing Firm in Deal Said to Be Worth $2 Billion
  144. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  145. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  146. ↑ IBM says it will buy Trusteer, source says paying close to $1 billion
  147. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  148. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  149. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  150. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  151. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  152. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  153. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  154. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  155. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  156. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  157. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  158. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  159. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  160. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  161. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  162. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  163. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  164. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  165. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  166. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  167. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  168. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  169. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  170. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  171. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  172. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  173. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  174. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  175. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  176. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  177. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  178. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  179. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  180. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  181. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  182. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  183. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  184. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  185. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  186. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  187. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  188. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  189. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  190. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  191. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  192. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  193. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  194. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  195. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  196. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  197. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  198. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  199. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  200. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  201. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  202. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  203. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  204. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  205. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  206. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  207. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  208. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  209. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  210. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  211. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  212. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  213. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  214. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  215. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  216. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  217. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  218. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  219. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  220. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  221. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  222. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  223. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  224. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  225. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  226. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  227. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  228. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  229. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  230. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  231. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  232. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  233. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  234. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  235. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  236. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  237. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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