List of mammalian gestation durations

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Template:Short description This is a collection of lists of mammal gestation period estimated by experts in their fields. The mammals included are only viviparous (marsupials and placentals) as some mammals, which are monotremes (including platypuses and echidnas) lay their eggs. A marsupial has a short gestation period, typically shorter than placental. For more information on how these estimates were ascertained, see Wikipedia's articles on gestational age.

The gestation figures given here are shown in days. They represent average values and should only be considered as approximations.

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Mammal Gestation period (days)[1] Reference
Min Max Average
Aardvark (Orycteropus afer) 213 [2]
Anteater (Giant) (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) 170 190 180 [3]
Ape (Bonobo) (Pan paniscus) 196 260 228 [4]
Ape (Bornean orangutan) (Pongo pygmaeus) 234 [5]
Ape (Chimpanzee) (Pan troglodytes) 230 250 240 [4]
Ape (Gorilla) (Genus Gorilla) 255 260 257 [4]
Ape (Human) (Homo sapiens) 259 275 270 [6]
Ape (Lar gibbon) (Hylobates lar) 220 [4]
Ape (Siamang) (Symphalangus syndactylus) 236 [4]
Armadillo (Nine-banded) (Dasypus novemcinctus) 120 [6]
Armadillo (Six-banded) (Euphractus sexcinctus) 62
Badger (American) (Taxidea taxus) 60 [6]
Bat (Common vampire) (Desmodus rotundus) 213 [7]
Bat (Little brown) (Myotis lucifugus) 50 60 55 [8]
Bear (Black) (Ursus americanus) 220 [9]
Bear (Giant panda) (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) 95 160 127 [10]
Bear (Grizzly) (Ursus arctos) 215 [6]
Bear (Polar) (Ursus maritimus) 241 [6]
Bovid (American bison) (Bison bison) 285
Bovid (Barbary sheep) (Ammotragus lervia) 158 [6]
Bovid (Bay duiker) (Cephalophus dorsalis) 120 [6]
Bovid (Bighorn sheep) (Ovis canadensis) 180 [5]
Bovid (Blackbuck) (Antilope cervicapra) 165 [5]
Bovid (Cattle) (Bos taurus) 279 287 283 [11]
Bovid (Common eland) (Taurotragus oryx) 255 [6]
Bovid (Domestic goat) (Capra hircus) 145 155 150 [6]
Bovid (Domestic sheep) (Ovis aries) 150 [6]
Bovid (Domestic yak) (Bos grunniens) 255 [6]
Bovid (Dorcas gazelle) (Gazella dorcas) 132 [5]
Bovid (Impala) (Aepyceros melampus) 191 [5]
Bovid (Mountain goat) (Oreamnos americanus) 176 [5]
Bovid (Sable antelope) (Hippotragus niger) 270 [5]
Bovid (Thomson's gazelle) (Gazella thomsonii) 165 [5]
Bovid (Zebu) (Bos indicus) 280 [6]
Camelid (Alpaca) (Lama pacos) 345 [12][13]
Camelid (Bactrian camel) (Camelus bactrianus) 360 420 390
Camelid (Llama) (Lama glama) 330 [6]
Canid (African wild dog) (Lycaon pictus) 71 [5]
Canid (Bat-eared fox) (Otocyon megalotis) 65 [6]
Canid (Coyote) (Canis latrans) 62 [5]
Canid (Domestic dog) (Canis familiaris) 58 65 61
Canid (Golden jackal) (Canis aureus) 62 [5]
Canid (Island fox) (Urocyon littoralis) 63 [6]
Canid (Red fox) (Vulpes vulpes) 52 [5]
Canid (Wolf) (Canis lupus) 60 68 64
Cat (Canadian lynx) (Lynx canadensis) 60 [6]
Cat (Cheetah) (Acinoyx jubatus) 92 [5]
Cat (Domestic) (Felis catus) 58 67 64
Cat (Leopard) (Panthera pardus) 92 95 93 [6]
Cat (Lion) (Panthera leo) 108 [6]
Cat (Puma) (Puma concolor) 90
Cat (Tiger) (Panthera tigris) 105 113 109
Deer (Chital) (Axis axis) 218 [6]
Deer (Common fallow) (Dama dama) 228 [5]
Deer (Elk, aka Wapiti) (Cervus canadensis) 240 250 245 [6]
Deer (Moose) (Alces alces) 240 250 245
Deer (Mule) (Odocoileus hemionus) 206 [5]
Deer (Père David's) (Elaphurus davidianus) 284 [6]
Deer (Red) (Cervus elaphus) 238 [5]
Deer (Reindeer) (Rangifer tarandus) 215 [5]
Deer (Sambar) (Rusa unicolor) 246 [6]
Deer (White-tailed) (Odocoileus virginianus) 201
Elephant shrew (Bushveld) (Elephantulus intufi) 51 [6]
Elephant shrew (Eastern rock) (Elephantulus myurus) 46 [6]
Elephant (African bush) (Loxodonta africana) 670 [14]
Elephant (African forest) (Loxodonta cyclotis) 670 [15]
Elephant (Asian) (Elephas maximus) 548 670 609 [16]
Equid (Burchell's_zebra) (Equus quagga burchelli) 390 [5]
Equid (Donkey) (Equus asinus) 335 426 365 [5]
Equid (Grant's zebra) (Equus quagga boehmi) 361 390 375
Equid (Horse) (Equus caballus) 330 342 336 [6]
Ferret (Domestic) (Mustela furo) 41 42 41 [17]
Galago (Family Galagidae) 124 [5]
Giraffe (Genus Giraffa) 420 450 430
Hare (European) (Lepus europaeus) 41 [6]
Hedgehog (European) (Erinaceus europaeus) 34 [6]
Hippopotamus (Common) (Hippopotamus amphibius) 225 250 237 [6]
Hyena (Striped) (Hyaena hyaena) 90 [18]
Hyrax (Rock) (Procavia capensis) 255 [6]
Kinkajou (Potos flavus) 77 [6]
Lemur (Superfamily Lemuroidea) 128 [5]
Manatee (West Indian) (Trichechus manatus) 365 426 396 [19]
Marsupial (Kangaroo) (Family Macropodidae) 42
Marsupial (Koala) (Phascolarctos cinereus) 34 [20]
Marsupial (Quokka) (Setonix brachyurus) 26 [6]
Marsupial (Stripe-faced dunnart) (Sminthopsis macroura) 9.5 12 11 [21]
Marsupial (Virginia opossum) (Didelphis virginiana) 12 13 12
Marsupial (Wombat) (Family Vombatidae) 26 28 27
Mink (European) (Mustela lutreola) 38 76 57 [17]
Monkey (Baboon) (Genus Papio) 185 [22]
Monkey (Blue) (Cercopithecus mitis) 140 [4]
Monkey (Bonnet macaque) (Macaca radiata) 153 169 161 [4]
Monkey (Brown woolly) (Lagothrix lagothrica) 139 [4]
Monkey (Celebes crested macaque) (Macaca nigra) 155 175 164 [4]
Monkey (Crab-eating macaque) (Macaca fascicularis) 153 179 165 [4]
Monkey (Dusky leaf) (Trachypithecus obscurus or Presbytis obscurus) 150 [4]
Monkey (Formosan rock macaque) (Macaca cyclopis) 163 [4]
Monkey (Gelada) (Theropithecus gelada) 170 [4]
Monkey (Goeldi's marmoset) (Callimico goeldii) 149 152 151 [4]
Monkey (Golden lion tamarin) (Leontopithecus rosalia) 131 [5]
Monkey (Gracile capuchin) (Genus Cebus) 180 [4]
Monkey (Grey-cheeked mangabey) (Cercocebus albigena) 174 [4]
Monkey (Grivet) (Cercopithecus aethiops) 210 [4]
Monkey (Guenon) (Genus Cercopithecus) 160 [5]
Monkey (Japanese macaque) (Macaca fuscata) 150 180 166 [4]
Monkey (King colobus) (Colobus polykomos) 180 213 202 [4]
Monkey (Mantled howler) (Alquatta paliatta) 139 [6]
Monkey (Northern plains gray langur) (Semnopithecus entellus or Presbytis entellus) 183 [4]
Monkey (Patas) (Erythrocebus patas) 192 [4]
Monkey (Proboscis) (Nasalis larvatus) 166 [4]
Monkey (Red-shanked douc) (Pygathrix nemaeus) 180 190 185 [4]
Monkey (Red-tailed) (Cercopithecus ascanius) 190 [4]
Monkey (Rhesus macaque) (Macaca mulatta) 164 [4]
Monkey (Southern pig-tailed macaque) (Macaca nemestrina) 168 171 170 [4]
Monkey (Spider) (Genus Ateles) 139 [4]
Monkey (Squirrel) (Genus Saimiri) 167 [5]
Monkey (Stump-tailed macaque) (Macaca arctoides) 168 184 182 [4]
Monkey (Talapoin) (Cercopithecus talapoin) 196 [4]
Monkey (Tamarin) (Genus Saguinus) 162 [5]
Monkey (Toque macaque) (Macaca sinica) 180 [4]
Monkey (Vervet) (Cercopithecus pygerythrus) 195 [6]
Otter (Subfamily Lutrinae) 60 86 73
Pig (Domestic) (Sus domesticus) 112 115 113
Pig (Wild boar) (Sus scrofa) 120 [6]
Pinniped (California sea lion) (Zalophus californianus) 350 [6]
Pinniped (Northern fur seal) (Callorhinus ursinus) 254 [6]
Pinniped (Southern elephant seal) (Mirounga leonina) 335 [23]
Pinniped (Walrus) (Odobenus rosmarus) 456
Pinniped (Weddel seal) (Leptonychotes wedelli) 310 [6]
Pronghorn (Antilocapra americana) 246 [5]
Rabbit (Domestic) (Oryctolagus cuniculus domesticus) 28 35 31 [17]
Raccoon (Common) (Procyon lotor) 63 [6]
Rhinoceros (Black) (Diceros bicornis) 450
Rhinoceros (Indian) (Rhinoceros unicornis) 478 [18]
Rhinoceros (White) (Ceratotherium simum) 467 [5]
Rodent (Beaver) (Genus Castor) 122
Rodent (Chinchilla) (Genus Chinchilla) 105 115 110 [24]
Rodent (Chinese hamster) (Cricetulus griseus) 21 [6]
Rodent (Chipmunk) (Subtribe Tamiina) 31
Rodent (Cotton mouse) (Peromyscus gossypinus) 23 [6]
Rodent (Coypu) (Myocastor coypus) 132 [5]
Rodent (Crested porcupine) (Hystrix cristata) 112 [6]
Rodent (Domestic guinea pig) (Cavia porcellus) 56 74 65 [17]
Rodent (Domestic mouse) (Mus musculus) 19 [6]
Rodent (Eastern gray squirrel) (Sciurus carolinensis) 30 40 35
Rodent (Golden hamster) (Mesocricetus auratus) 16 [6]
Rodent (Greater Egyptian gerbil) (Gebrillus pyramidum) 21 [6]
Rodent (Green acouchi) (Myoprocta pratti) 98 [6]
Rodent (Hamster) (Subfamily Cricetinae) 16 23 20
Rodent (Hispid cotton rat) (Sigmodon hispidus) 27 [6]
Rodent (Meadow mouse) (Microtus pennsylvanicus) 21
Rodent (Mongolian gerbil) (Meriones unguiculatus) 22 130 24 [17]
Rodent (Muskrat) (Ondatra zibethicus) 28 30 29
Rodent (North American porcupine) (Erethizon dorsatum) 113 [6]
Rodent (Rat) (Genus Rattus) 21 23 22 [25]
Rodent (Red squirrel) (Sciurus vulgaris) 38 [6]
Rodent (Southern flying squirrel) (Glaucomys volans) 40 [6]
Rodent (White-footed mouse) (Peromyscus leucopus) 23 [6]
Skunk (Striped) (Mephitis mephitis) 65 [5]
Sloth (Hoffmann's two-toed)) (Choloepus hoffmanni) 355 377 366 [26]
Sloth (Pale-throated) (Bradypus tridactylus) 183 [27]
Slow loris (Sunda) (Nycticebus coucang) 90 [6]
Tapir (Malayan) (Acrocodia indica) 379 [5]
Treeshrew (Common) (Tupaia glis) 46 [6]
Whale (Beluga) (Delphinapterus leucas) 408 [5]
Whale (Blue) (Balaenoptera musculus) 305 365 335 [28]
Whale (Bottlenose dolphin) (Tursiops truncatus) 364 [5]
Whale (Harbour porpoise) (Phocoena phocoena) 270 [6]
Whale (Northern right whale dolphin) (Lissodelphis borealis) 368 374 371 [29]
Whale (Orca) (Orcinus orca) 473 567 532 [30]
Whale (Sperm) (Physeter catodon) 480 590 535
Whale (Spinner dolphin) (Stenella longirostris) 318 [5]

Factors affecting the gestation period in mammals

There are several factors affecting the length of the gestation period in mammals.

Animal size/mass

There is a positive relationship between mass at birth and length of gestation in eutherian mammals.[31] Larger mammals are more likely to produce a well-developed neonate than small mammals. Large mammals develop at an absolute slower rate compared to small mammals. Thus, the large mammal tend have longer gestation periods than small mammal as they tend to produce larger neonate.[32] Large mammals require a longer period of time to attain any proportion of adult mass compared to small mammals.[33]

The level of development at birth

More developed infants will typically require a longer gestation period. Altricial mammals needs less time to gestate compare to the precocial (well-developed neonate) mammal. A typical precocial mammal has a gestation period almost four times longer than a typical altricial mammal of the same body size.[34] Precocial mammal species generally have greater adult body weights than altricial mammals as precocial mammals have markedly longer gestation periods than altricial mammals.[35] The neonatal of larger mammals develop relatively more quickly and thus making it more likely that a large mammal would produce a more well-developed neonate as a consequence of its longer gestation period. In some cases, some mammal species may have similar gestation periods despite having significantly different body masses.[36]

Environmental factor

In response to the conditions of the environment, some mammals, such as bat delay the implantation due to the cold temperature in winter.[37] Another factor is due to the shortage of food stocks during winter as the insects are being driven away and as the result, bat hibernate in pregnant condition.[38]

In pinnipeds, the purpose of delayed implantation is in order to increase survival chance of the young animals as the mother ensure that the neonates are born at an optimal season.[39]

See also

References

Citations

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  1. ↑ infoplease.com > Health and Science > Environment and Nature > Nature > Gestation, Incubation, and Longevity of Selected Animals By James G. Doherty, general curator, The Wildlife Conservation Society. Retrieved on April 9, 2010
  2. ↑ Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad Ardito, G. (1976). Check-list of the data on the gestation length of primates. Journal of human evolution, 5(2), 213-222.
  5. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag Langer, P. (2008). The phases of maternal investment in eutherian mammals. Zoology, 111(2), 148-162.
  6. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba Sacher, G. A., & Staffeldt, E. F. (1974). Relation of gestation time to brain weight for placental mammals: implications for the theory of vertebrate growth. The American Naturalist, 108(963), 593-615.
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ a b c d e Anamnese en lichamelijk onderzoek bij gezelschapsdieren, A.Rijnberk, F.J.van Sluis, 2nd print, Bohn Stafleu van Loghum, 2005, (Current Dutch veterinary examination study book for small domestic mammals)
  18. ↑ a b Kiltie, R. A. (1982). Intraspecific variation in the mammalian gestation period. Journal of Mammalogy, 63(4), 646-652.
  19. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  20. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  21. ↑ . A timetable of embryonic development, and ovarian and uterine changes during pregnancy, in the stripe-faced dunnart, Sminthopsis macroura (Marsupialia: Dasyuridae). Journal of reproduction and fertility 91 1 (1991): 213-27. DOI 10.1530/jrf.0.0910213
  22. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  23. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  24. ↑ A.Rijnberk, F.J (2005). Anamnese en lichamelijk onderzoek bij gezelschapsdieren, A.Rijnberk, F.J.van Sluis, 2nd print, Bohn Stafleu van Loghum, 2005, (Current Dutch veterinary examination study book for small domestic mammals)
  25. ↑ The Laboratory Rat, 2nd Edition, Eds. Mark A. Sucklow, Steven H. Weisbroth, and Craig L. Franklin. Page 151.
  26. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  27. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  28. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  29. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  30. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  31. ↑ Sacher, G. A., & Staffeldt, E. F. (1974).Relation of gestation time to brain weight for placental mammals: implications for the theory of vertebrate growth. The American Naturalist, 108(963), 593-615.
  32. ↑ Martin, R. D., Genoud, M., & Hemelrijk, C. K. (2005). Problems of allometric scaling analysis: examples from mammalian reproductive biology. Journal of Experimental Biology, 208(9), 1731-1747.
  33. ↑ Zullinger, E. M., Ricklefs, R. E., Redford, K. H., & Mace, G. M. (1984). Fitting sigmoidal equations to mammalian growth curves. Journal of Mammalogy, 65(4), 607-636.
  34. ↑ Martin, R. D., & MacLarnon, A. M. (1985). Gestation period, neonatal size and maternal investment in placental mammals. Nature, 313(5999), 220-223.
  35. ↑ Derrickson, E. M. (1992). Comparative reproductive strategies of altricial and precocial eutherian mammals. Functional Ecology, 57-65.
  36. ↑ Isler, K., & van Schaik, C. P. (2009). The expensive brain: a framework for explaining evolutionary changes in brain size. Journal of human evolution, 57(4), 392-400.
  37. ↑ Racey, P. A., & Swift, S. M. (1981). Variations in gestation length in a colony of pipistrelle bats (Pipistrellus pipistrellus) from year to year. Reproduction, 61(1), 123-129.
  38. ↑ Bradley, S. (2006). The ecology of bat reproduction.
  39. ↑ Scheffer, V. B., & York, A. E. (1997). Timing of implantation in the northern fur seal, Callorhinus ursinus. Journal of Mammalogy, 78(2), 675-683.

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