List of interface bit rates
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Template:Short description Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
This is a list of interface bit rates, a measure of information transfer rates, or digital bandwidth capacity, at which digital interfaces in a computer or network can communicate over various kinds of buses and channels. The distinction can be arbitrary between a computer bus, often closer in space, and larger telecommunications networks. Many device interfaces or protocols (e.g., SATA, USB, SAS, PCIe) are used both inside many-device boxes, such as a PC, and one-device-boxes, such as a hard drive enclosure. Accordingly, this page lists both the internal ribbon and external communications cable standards together in one sortable table.
Factors limiting actual performance, criteria for real decisions
Most of the listed rates are theoretical maximum throughput measures; in practice, the actual effective throughput is almost inevitably lower in proportion to the load from other devices (network/bus contention), physical or temporal distances, and other overhead in data link layer protocols etc. The maximum goodput (for example, the file transfer rate) may be even lower due to higher layer protocol overhead and data packet retransmissions caused by line noise or interference such as crosstalk, or lost packets in congested intermediate network nodes. All protocols lose something, and the more robust ones that deal resiliently with very many failure situations tend to lose more maximum throughput to get higher total long-term rates.
Device interfaces where one bus transfers data via another will be limited to the throughput of the slowest interface, at best. For instance, SATA revision 3.0 (Script error: No such module "val".) controllers on one PCI Express 2.0 (5 Gbit/s) channel will be limited to the 5 Gbit/s rate and have to employ more channels to get around this problem. Early implementations of new protocols very often have this kind of problem. The physical phenomena on which the device relies (such as spinning platters in a hard drive) will also impose limits; for instance, no spinning platter shipping in 2009 saturates SATA revision 2.0 (3 Gbit/s), so moving from this 3 Gbit/s interface to USB 3.0 at 4.8 Gbit/s for one spinning drive will result in no increase in realized transfer rate.
Contention in a wireless or noisy spectrum, where the physical medium is entirely out of the control of those who specify the protocol, requires measures that also use up throughput. Wireless devices, BPL, and modems may produce a higher line rate or gross bit rate, due to error-correcting codes and other physical layer overhead. It is extremely common for throughput to be far less than half of theoretical maximum, though the more recent technologies (notably BPL) employ preemptive spectrum analysis to avoid this and so have much more potential to reach actual gigabit rates in practice than prior modems.
Another factor reducing throughput is deliberate policy decisions made by Internet service providers that are made for contractual, risk management, aggregation saturation, or marketing reasons. Examples are rate limiting, bandwidth throttling, and the assignment of IP addresses to groups. These practices tend to minimize the throughput available to every user, but maximize the number of users that can be supported on one backbone.
Furthermore, chips are often not available in order to implement the fastest rates. AMD, for instance, does not support the 32-bit HyperTransport interface on any CPU it has shipped as of the end of 2009. Additionally, WiMAX service providers in the US typically support only up to Script error: No such module "val". as of the end of 2009.
Choosing service providers or interfaces based on theoretical maxima is unwise, especially for commercial needs. A good example is large scale data centers, which should be more concerned with price per port to support the interface, wattage and heat considerations, and total cost of the solution. Because some protocols such as SCSI and Ethernet now operate many orders of magnitude faster than when originally deployed, scalability of the interface is one major factor, as it prevents costly shifts to technologies that are not backward compatible. Underscoring this is the fact that these shifts often happen involuntarily or by surprise, especially when a vendor abandons support for a proprietary system.
Conventions
By convention, bus and network data rates are denoted either in bits per secondTemplate:Sndbit/s, kbit/s (103 bit/s), Mbit/s (106 bit/s), Gbit/s (109 bit/s), Tbit/s (1012 bit/s)Template:Snd or bytes per secondTemplate:SndB/s, kB/s (103 B/s), MB/s (106 B/s), GB/s (109 B/s), TB/s (1012 B/s). In general, parallel interfaces are quoted in B/s and serial in bit/s. The more commonly used is shown below in bold type.
On devices like modems, bytes may be more than 8 bits long because they may be individually padded out with additional start and stop bits; the figures below will reflect this. Where channels use line codes (such as Ethernet, Serial ATA, and PCI Express), quoted rates are for the decoded signal.
The figures below are simplex data rates, which may conflict with the duplex rates vendors sometimes use in promotional materials. Where two values are listed, the first value is the downstream rate and the second value is the upstream rate.
The use of decimal prefixes is standard in data communications.
Bandwidths
The figures below are grouped by network or bus type, then sorted within each group from lowest to highest bandwidth; gray shading indicates a lack of known implementations.
As stated above, all quoted bandwidths are for each direction. Therefore, for duplex interfaces (capable of simultaneous transmission both ways), the stated values are simplex (one way) speeds, rather than total upstream+downstream.
Historical
| Technology | Max. rate | Rate excluding overhead | Year |
|---|---|---|---|
| Smoke signals | millibits/s[1] | Throughout history | |
| Morse code (skilled operator) | Script error: No such module "val".Template:Efn | 4 characters per second (cps) (Script error: No such module "val".)Template:Efn | 1844 |
| Normal human speech | Script error: No such module "val".[2] | Prehistoric |
Radio clock
Time signal station to radio clock
| Technology | Maximum rate | Year | |
|---|---|---|---|
| IRIG and related | 1 bit/s | ~0.125 characters/s[3][4] | 1960Script error: No such module "Unsubst". |
Teletypewriter (TTY) or telecommunications device for the deaf (TDD)
| Technology | Max. rate | Year | |
|---|---|---|---|
| TTY (V.18) | Script error: No such module "val". | 6 characters/s[5] | 1994[6] |
| TTY (V.18) | Script error: No such module "val". | 6.6 characters/s | 1994 |
| NTSC Line 21 Closed Captioning | Script error: No such module "val". | ~100 characters/s | 1976[7] |
Modems (narrowband and broadband)
Narrowband (POTS: 4 kHz channel)
| Technology | Rate | Rate excluding overhead | Year |
|---|---|---|---|
| Teleprinter (50 baud) | Script error: No such module "val". | 404 operations per minute | 1940x |
| Modem 110 baud (Bell 101) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". (~10 cps)Template:Efn | 1959 |
| Modem 300 (300 baud; Bell 103 or V.21) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". (~30 cps)Template:Efn | 1962[8] |
| Modem 1200/75 (600 baud; V.23) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". (~120 cps)Template:Efn | 1964(?)[9] |
| Modem 1200 (600 baud; Vadic VA3400, Bell 212A, or V.22) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". (~120 cps)Template:Efn | 1976 |
| Modem 1200 (Bell 202C, 202D) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". (~150 cps) | 1976 |
| Modem 2000 (Bell 201A) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". (~250 cps) | 1962 |
| Modem 2400 (Bell 201B) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". (~300 cps) | ? |
| Modem 2400 (600 baud; V.22bis) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val".Template:Efn | 1984[9] |
| Modem 4800/75 (1600 baud; V.27ter) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val".Template:Efn | 1976[9] |
| Modem 4800 (1600 baud, Bell 208A, 208B) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | ? |
| Modem 9600 (2400 baud; V.32) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val".Template:Efn | 1984[9] |
| Modem 14.4 (2400 baud; V.32bis) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val".Template:Efn | 1991[8] |
| Modem 28.8 (3200 baud; V.34-1994) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val".Template:Efn | 1994 |
| Modem 33.6 (3429 baud; V.34-1996/98) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val".Template:Efn | 1996[9] |
| Modem 56k (8000/3429 baud; V.90) | Script error: No such module "val".Template:Efn | Script error: No such module "val". | 1998 |
| Modem 56k (8000/8000 baud; V.92) | Script error: No such module "val".Template:Efn | Script error: No such module "val". | 2001 |
| Modem data compression (variable; V.92/V.44) | Script error: No such module "val".Template:Efn | Script error: No such module "val". | 2000[9] |
| ISP-side text/image compression (variable) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 1998[9] |
| ISDN Basic Rate Interface (single/dual channel) | Script error: No such module "val".Template:Efn | Script error: No such module "val". | 1986[10] |
| IDSL (dual ISDN + 16 kbit/s data channels) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2000[11] |
Broadband (hundreds of kHz to GHz wide)
| Technology | Rate | Rate excluding overhead | Year |
|---|---|---|---|
| ADSL (G.lite) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 1998 |
| HDSL ITU G.991.1 a.k.a. DS1 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 1998[12] |
| MSDSL | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | ? |
| SDSL | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | ? |
| SHDSL ITU G.991.2 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2001 |
| ADSL (G.dmt) ITU G.992.1 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 1999 |
| ADSL2 ITU G.992.3/4 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2002 |
| ADSL2+ ITU G.992.5 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2003 |
| DOCSIS 1.0[13] (cable modem) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 1997 |
| DOCSIS 2.0[14] (cable modem) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2002 |
| VDSL ITU G.993.1 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2001 |
| VDSL2 ITU G.993.2 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2006 |
| Uni-DSL | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2006 |
| VDSL2 ITU G.993.2 Amendment 1 (11/15) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2015 |
| BPON (G.983) (fiber optic service) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2005[15] |
| EPON (802.3ah) (fiber optic service) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2008 |
| DOCSIS 3.0[16] (cable modem) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2006 |
| G.fast ITU G.9701 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2019 |
| GPON (G.984) (fiber optic service) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2008[17] |
| DOCSIS 3.1[18] (cable modem) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2013 |
| 10G-PON (G.987) (fiber optic service) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2012[19] |
| DOCSIS 4.0 (cable modem) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2017 |
| XGS-PON (G.9807.1) (fiber optic service) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2016 |
| NG-PON2 (G.989) (fiber optic service) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2015[20] |
| HSP (G.9804) (fiber optic service) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2019[21] |
Mobile telephone interfaces
| Technology | Download rate | Upload rate | Year | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GSM CSD (2G) | Script error: No such module "val".Template:Efn | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| HSCSD | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| GPRS (2.5G) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| WiDEN | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| CDMA2000 1×RTT | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| EDGE (2.75G) (type 1 MS) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2002 |
| UMTS 3G | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| EDGE (type 2 MS) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| EDGE Evolution (type 1 MS) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| EDGE Evolution (type 2 MS) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| 1×EV-DO rev. 0 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| 1×EV-DO rev. A | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| LTE Cat 1 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| 1×EV-DO rev. B | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| HSPA (3.5G) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| 4×EV-DO Enhancements (2×2 MIMO) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| HSPA+ (2×2 MIMO) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| LTE Cat 2 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| 15×EV-DO rev. B | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| LTE Cat 3 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| UMB (2×2 MIMO) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| LTE Cat 4 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| LTE (2×2 MIMO) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2004 |
| UMB (4×4 MIMO) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| EV-DO rev. C | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| LTE Cat 5 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| LTE Cat 6 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| LTE Cat 7 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| LTE (4×4 MIMO) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| LTE Cat 13 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| LTE Cat 9 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| LTE Cat 10 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| LTE Cat 11 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| LTE Cat 12 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| LTE Cat 16 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| LTE Cat 18 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| LTE Cat 21 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| LTE Cat 20 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| LTE Cat 8 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| LTE Cat 14 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| 5G NR | Script error: No such module "val". | ? | Script error: No such module "val". | ? | ? |
Wide area networks
| Technology | Rate | Year | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 56k line | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 1990 |
| DS0 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| G.lite (a.k.a. ADSL Lite) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| DS1 / T1 (and ISDN Primary Rate Interface) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 1990 |
| E1 (and ISDN Primary Rate Interface) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| G.SHDSL | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| SDSLTemplate:Efn | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| LR-VDSL2 (4 to 5 km [long-]range) (symmetry optional) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| T2 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| ADSLTemplate:Efn | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| E2 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| ADSL2 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| Satellite InternetTemplate:Efn | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| ADSL2+ | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| E3 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| DOCSIS 1.0 (cable modem)[13] | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 1997 |
| DOCSIS 2.0 (cable modem)[14] | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2002 |
| DS3 / T3 ('45 Meg') | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| STS-1 / OC-1 / STM-0 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| VDSL (symmetry optional) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| OC-3 / STM-1 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| VDSL2 (symmetry optional) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| T4 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| T5 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| OC-9 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| OC-12 / STM-4 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| OC-18 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| DOCSIS 3.0 (cable modem)[16] | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2006 |
| OC-24 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| OC-36 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| OC-48 / STM-16 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| OC-96 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| OC-192 / STM-64 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| 10 Gigabit Ethernet WAN PHY | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| DOCSIS 3.1 (cable modem) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2013 |
| DOCSIS 4.0 (cable modem) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2017 |
| OC-256 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| OC-768 / STM-256 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| OC-1536 / STM-512 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| OC-3072 / STM-1024 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
Local area networks
| Technology | Rate | Year | |
|---|---|---|---|
| LocalTalk | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 1985 |
| Econet | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 1981 |
| Omninet | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 1980 |
| IBM PC Network | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 1985 |
| ARCNET (Standard) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 1977 |
| Chaosnet (Original) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 1971 |
| Token Ring (Original) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 1985 |
| Ethernet (10BASE-X) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 1980 (1985 IEEE Standard) |
| Token Ring (Later) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 1989 |
| ARCnet Plus | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 1992 |
| TCNS | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 1993? |
| 100VG | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 1995 |
| Token Ring IEEE 802.5t | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| Fast Ethernet (100BASE-X) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 1995 |
| FDDI | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| MoCA 1.0[22] | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| MoCA 1.1[22] | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| HomePlug AV | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2005 |
| FireWire (IEEE 1394) 400Template:EfnTemplate:Efn | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 1995 |
| MoCa 2.0 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2016 |
| HIPPI | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| IEEE 1901 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2010 |
| Token Ring IEEE 802.5v | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2001 |
| Gigabit Ethernet (1000BASE-X) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 1998 |
| Stanford DASH/NUMAlink 1 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | ~1990 |
| Myrinet 2000 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| InfiniBand SDR 1×[23] | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2001, 2003 |
| Reflective memory or RFM2 (1.25 μs latency) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2017 |
| RapidIO Gen1 1× | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2000 |
| 2.5 Gigabit Ethernet (2.5GBASE-T) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2016 |
| Quadrics QsNetI | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| InfiniBand DDR 1×[23] | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2005 |
| RapidIO Gen2 1× | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2008 |
| 5 Gigabit Ethernet (5GBASE-T) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2016 |
| InfiniBand QDR 1×[23] | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2007 |
| InfiniBand SDR 4×[23] | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2001, 2003 |
| Quadrics QsNetII | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| RapidIO Gen1 4x | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| RapidIO Gen2 2x | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2008 |
| 10 Gigabit Ethernet (10GBASE-X) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2002-2006 |
| Myri 10G | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| InfiniBand FDR-10 1×[24] | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2011 |
| NUMAlink 2 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 1996 |
| InfiniBand FDR 1×[24] | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2011 |
| InfiniBand SDR 8×[23] | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2001, 2003 |
| InfiniBand DDR 4×[23] | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2005 |
| RapidIO Gen2 4x | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2008 |
| Scalable Coherent Interface (SCI) Dual Channel SCI, x8 PCIe | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| InfiniBand SDR 12×[23] | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| RapidIO Gen4 1× | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2016 |
| InfiniBand EDR 1×[24] | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2014 |
| 25 Gigabit Ethernet (25GBASE-X) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2016 |
| NUMAlink 3 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2000 |
| InfiniBand DDR 8×[23] | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2005 |
| InfiniBand QDR 4×[23] | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2007 |
| RapidIO Gen2 8x | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2008 |
| 40 Gigabit Ethernet (40GBASE-X) 4× | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2010 |
| InfiniBand FDR-10 4×[24] | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2011 |
| InfiniBand DDR 12×[23] | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2005 |
| 50 Gigabit Ethernet (50GBASE-X) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2016 |
| InfiniBand HDR 1×[25] | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val".[24] | 2017 |
| NUMAlink 4 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2004 |
| NUMAlink 6 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2012 |
| InfiniBand FDR 4×[24] | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2011 |
| InfiniBand QDR 8×[23] | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2007 |
| RapidIO Gen2 16× | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2008 |
| InfiniBand FDR-10 8×[24] | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2011 |
| InfiniBand QDR 12×[23] | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2007 |
| InfiniBand EDR 4×[24] | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2014 |
| 100 Gigabit Ethernet (100GBASE-X) 10×/4× | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2010/2018 |
| Omni-Path | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2015 |
| InfiniBand NDR 1× | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val".[24] | 2022 |
| NUMAlink 8 (Flex ASIC) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2017 |
| InfiniBand FDR 8×[24] | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2011 |
| NUMAlink 7 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2014 |
| NUMAlink 5 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2009 |
| InfiniBand FDR-10 12×[24] | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2011 |
| InfiniBand FDR 12×[24] | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2011 |
| InfiniBand EDR 8×[24] | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2014 |
| InfiniBand HDR 4×[25] | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val".[24] | 2017 |
| 200 Gigabit Ethernet (200GBASE-X) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2017 |
| InfiniBand XDR 1× | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val".[24] | 2024 |
| InfiniBand EDR 12×[24] | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2014 |
| 400 Gigabit Ethernet (400GBASE-X) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2017 |
| InfiniBand HDR 8×[25] | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val".[24] | 2017 |
| InfiniBand NDR 4× | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val".[24] | 2022 |
| InfiniBand GDR 1× | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val".[24] | TBA |
| InfiniBand HDR 12×[25] | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val".[24] | 2017 |
| InfiniBand NDR 8× | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val".[24] | 2022 |
| InfiniBand XDR 4× | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val".[24] | 2024 |
| 800 Gigabit Ethernet (800GBASE-X) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2024 |
| InfiniBand NDR 12× | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val".[24] | 2022 |
| InfiniBand XDR 8× | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val".[24] | 2024 |
| InfiniBand GDR 4× | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val".[24] | TBA |
| InfiniBand XDR 12× | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val".[24] | 2024 |
| InfiniBand GDR 8× | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val".[24] | TBA |
| InfiniBand GDR 12× | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val".[24] | TBA |
Wireless networks
802.11 networks in infrastructure mode are half-duplex; all stations share the medium. In infrastructure or access point mode, all traffic has to pass through an Access Point (AP). Thus, two stations on the same access point that are communicating with each other must have each and every frame transmitted twice: from the sender to the access point, then from the access point to the receiver. This approximately halves the effective bandwidth.
802.11 networks in ad hoc mode are still half-duplex, but devices communicate directly rather than through an access point. In this mode all devices must be able to see each other, instead of only having to be able to see the access point.
| Standard | Maximum link rate | Year | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Classic WaveLAN | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 1988 |
| IEEE 802.11 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 1997 |
| RONJA (full duplex) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2001 |
| IEEE 802.11a | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 1999 |
| IEEE 802.11b | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 1999 |
| IEEE 802.11g | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2003 |
| IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2004 |
| IEEE 802.11g with Super G by Atheros |
Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2003 |
| IEEE 802.11g with 125 High Speed Mode by Broadcom |
Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2003 |
| IEEE 802.11g with Nitro by Conexant | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2003 |
| IEEE 802.11n (aka Wi-Fi 4) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2009 |
| IEEE 802.11ac (aka Wi-Fi 5) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2012 |
| IEEE 802.11ad | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2011 |
| IEEE 802.11ax (aka Wi-Fi 6/6E) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2019 |
| IEEE 802.11be (aka Wi-Fi 7 or Extremely High Throughput (EHT)) |
Script error: No such module "val". expected |
Script error: No such module "val". expected |
2025 |
| IEEE 802.11bn (aka Wi-Fi 8 or Ultra High Reliability (UHR)) |
Script error: No such module "val". expected |
Script error: No such module "val". expected |
2028 expected |
| IEEE 802.11ay (aka Enhanced Throughput for Operation in License -exempt Bands above 45 GHz) |
Script error: No such module "val". expected |
Script error: No such module "val". expected |
March 2021 standardized |
Wireless personal area networks
| Technology | Rate | Year | |
|---|---|---|---|
| ANT | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| IrDA-Control | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| IrDA-SIR | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| 802.15.4 (2.4 GHz) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| Bluetooth 1.1 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2002 |
| Bluetooth 2.0+EDR | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2004 |
| IrDA-FIR | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| IrDA-VFIR | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| Bluetooth 3.0 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2009 |
| Bluetooth 4.0 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2010 |
| Bluetooth 5.0 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2016 |
| IrDA-UFIR | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| WUSB-UWB | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| IrDA-Giga-IR | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
Computer buses
Main buses
| Technology | Rate | Year | |
|---|---|---|---|
| I²C | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 1992 (standardized) |
| Apple II (incl. Apple IIGS) 8-bit/1 MHz | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val".[26][27] | 1977 |
| SS-50 Bus 8-bit/1 MHz | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 1975 |
| Unibus 16-bit/async | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 1969 |
| STD-80 8-bit/8 MHz | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| Q-bus 16-bit/async | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 1975 |
| ISA 8-Bit/4.77 MHz | 0 W/S: every 4 clocks 8 bits 1 W/S: every 5 clocks 8 bits |
0 W/S: every 4 clocks 1 byte 1 W/S: every 5 clocks 1 byte |
1981 (created) |
| STD-80 16-bit/8 MHz | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| I3C (HDR mode)[28] | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2017 |
| Zorro II 16-bit/7.14 MHz[29] | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 1986 |
| ISA 16-Bit/8.33 MHz | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 1984 (created) |
| Europe Card Bus 8-Bit/10 MHz | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 1977 (created) |
| S-100 bus 8-bit/10 MHz | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 1976 (published) |
| Serial Peripheral Interface (Up to 100 MHz) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 1989 |
| Low Pin Count | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". <templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[x] | 2002 |
| STEbus 8-Bit/16 MHz | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 1987 (standardized) |
| C-Bus 16-bit/10 MHz | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val".[30] | 1982 |
| HP Precision Bus | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| STD-32 32-bit/8 MHz | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val".[31] | |
| NESA 32-bit/8 MHz | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val".[32] | |
| EISA 32-bit/8.33 MHz | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 1988 |
| VME64 32-64bit | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 1981 |
| MCA 32bit/10 MHz | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 1987 |
| NuBus 10 MHz | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 1987 (standardized) |
| DEC TURBOchannel 32-bit/12.5 MHz | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| NuBus90 20 MHz | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 1991 |
| MCA 32bit/20 MHz | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val".[33] | 1992 |
| APbus 32-bit/25(?) MHz | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val".[34] | |
| Sbus 32-bit/25 MHz | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 1989 |
| DEC TURBOchannel 32-bit/25 MHz | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| Local Bus 98 32-bit/33 MHz | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val".[35] | |
| VESA Local Bus (VLB) 32-bit/33 MHz | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 1992 |
| PCI 32-bit/33 MHz | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 1993 |
| HP GSC-1X | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| Zorro III 32-bit/async (eq. 37.5 MHz)[36][37] | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val".[38] | 1990 |
| VESA Local Bus (VLB) 32-bit/40 MHz | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 1992 |
| Sbus 64-bit/25 MHz | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 1995 |
| HP GSC-2X | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| PCI 64-bit/33 MHz | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 1993 |
| PCI 32-bit/66 MHz | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 1995 |
| AGP 1× | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 1997 |
| PCI Express 1.0 (×1 link)Template:Efn | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". <templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[z] | 2004 |
| RapidIO Gen1 1× | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| HIO bus | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| GIO64 64-bit/40 MHz | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| PCI Express 2.0 (×1 link)Template:Efn | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". <templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[z] | 2007 |
| AGP 2× | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 1997 |
| PCI 64-bit/66 MHz | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| PCI-X DDR 16-bit | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| RapidIO Gen2 1× | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| PCI 64-bit/100 MHz | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| PCI Express 3.0 (×1 link)Template:Efn | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". <templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[y] | 2011 |
| Unified Media Interface (UMI) (×4 link) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". <templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[z] | 2011 |
| Direct Media Interface (DMI) (×4 link) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". <templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[z] | 2004 |
| Enterprise Southbridge Interface (ESI) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| PCI Express 1.0 (×4 link)Template:Efn | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". <templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[z] | 2004 |
| AGP 4× | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 1998 |
| PCI-X 133 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| PCI-X QDR 16-bit | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| InfiniBand single 4×[23] | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". <templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[z] | |
| RapidIO Gen1 4× | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| RapidIO Gen2 2× | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| UPA | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| Unified Media Interface 2.0 (UMI 2.0; ×4 link) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". <templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[z] | 2012 |
| Direct Media Interface 2.0 (DMI 2.0; ×4 link) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". <templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[z] | 2011 |
| PCI Express 1.0 (×8 link)Template:Efn | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". <templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[z] | 2004 |
| PCI Express 2.0 (×4 link)Template:Efn | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". <templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[z] | 2007 |
| AGP 8× | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2002 |
| PCI-X DDR | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| RapidIO Gen2 4× | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| Sun JBus (200 MHz) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2003 |
| HyperTransport (800 MHz, 16-pair) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2001 |
| PCI Express 3.0 (×4 link)Template:Efn | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". <templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[y] | 2011 |
| HyperTransport (1 GHz, 16-pair) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| PCI Express 1.0 (×16 link)Template:Efn | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". <templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[z] | 2004 |
| PCI Express 2.0 (×8 link)Template:Efn | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". <templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[z] | 2007 |
| PCI-X QDR | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| AGP 8× 64-bit | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| RapidIO Gen2 8x | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| Direct Media Interface 3.0 (DMI 3.0; ×4 link) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". <templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[y] | 2015 |
| CXL Specification 3.0 & 3.1 (×1 link) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2022, 2023 |
| PCI Express 3.0 (×8 link)Template:Efn | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". <templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[y] | 2011 |
| PCI Express 2.0 (×16 link)Template:Efn | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". <templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[z] | 2007 |
| RapidIO Gen2 16x | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| PCI Express 5.0 (×4 link) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val".<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[y] | 2019 |
| PCI Express 3.0 (×16 link)Template:Efn | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". <templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[y] | 2011 |
| CAPI | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". <templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[y] | 2014 |
| QPI (4.80GT/s, 2.40 GHz) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| HyperTransport 2.0 (1.4 GHz, 32-pair) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2004 |
| QPI (5.86GT/s, 2.93 GHz) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| QPI (6.40GT/s, 3.20 GHz) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| QPI (7.2GT/s, 3.6 GHz) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2012 |
| PCI Express 6.0 (×4 link) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val".<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[w] | 2022 |
| PCI Express 4.0 (×16 link)[39] | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val".<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[y] | 2018 |
| CAPI 2 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val".<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[y] | 2016 |
| QPI (8.0GT/s, 4.0 GHz) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2012 |
| QPI (9.6GT/s, 4.8 GHz) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2014 |
| HyperTransport 3.0 (2.6 GHz, 32-pair) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2006 |
| HyperTransport 3.1 (3.2 GHz, 32-pair) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2008 |
| CXL Specification 1.x & 2.0 (×16 link) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2019, 2020 |
| PCI Express 5.0 (×16 link) [40] | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val".<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[y] | 2019 |
| NVLink 1.0 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2016 |
| PCI Express 6.0 (×16 link) [41] | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val".<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[w] | 2022 |
| CXL Specification 3.0 & 3.1 (×16 link) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2022, 2023 |
| NVLink 2.0 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2017 |
| PCI Express 7.0 (×16 link) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val".<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[w] | 2025 |
| Infinity Fabric (Max. theoretical) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2017 |
<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>x LPC protocol includes high overhead. While the gross data rate equals 33.3 million 4-bit-transfers per second (or Script error: No such module "val".), the fastest transfer, firmware read, results in Script error: No such module "val".. The next fastest bus cycle, 32-bit ISA-style DMA write, yields only Script error: No such module "val".. Other transfers may be as low as Script error: No such module "val"..[42]
<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>y Uses 128b/130b encoding, meaning that about 1.54% of each transfer is used for error detection instead of carrying data between the hardware components at each end of the interface. For example, a single link PCIe 3.0 interface has an 8 Gbit/s transfer rate, yet its usable bandwidth is only about 7.88 Gbit/s.
<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>z Uses 8b/10b encoding, meaning that 20% of each transfer is used by the interface instead of carrying data from between the hardware components at each end of the interface. For example, a single link PCIe 1.0 has a 2.5 Gbit/s transfer rate, yet its usable bandwidth is only 2 Gbit/s (250 Template:Not a typo).
<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>w Uses PAM-4 encoding and a 256 bytes FLIT block, of which 14 bytes are FEC and CRC, meaning that 5.47% of total data rate is used for error detection and correction instead of carrying data. For example, a single link PCIe 6.0 interface has a 64 Gbit/s total transfer rate, yet its usable bandwidth is only 60.5 Gbit/s.
Portable
| Technology | Rate | Year | |
|---|---|---|---|
| PC Card 16-bit 255 ns byte mode | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 1990 |
| PC Card 16-bit 255 ns word mode | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| PC Card 16-bit 100 ns byte mode | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| PC Card 16-bit 100 ns word mode | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| PC Card 32-bit (CardBus) byte mode | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| ExpressCard 1.2 USB 2.0 mode | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2003 |
| PC Card 32-bit (CardBus) word mode | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| PC Card 32-bit (CardBus) doubleword mode | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| ExpressCard 1.2 PCI Express mode | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2008 |
| ExpressCard 2.0 USB 3.0 mode | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| ExpressCard 2.0 PCI Express mode | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2009 |
Storage
| Technology | Rate | Year | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Teletype Model 33 paper tape | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 1963 |
| TRS-80 Model 1 Level 1 BASIC cassette tape interface | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 1977 |
| C2N Commodore Datasette 1530 cassette tape interface | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 1977 |
| Apple II cassette tape interface | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 1977 |
| Amstrad CPC tape | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 1984 |
| Single Density 8-inch FM Floppy Disk Controller (160 KB) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 1973 |
| Single Density 5.25-inch FM Floppy Disk Controller (180 KB) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 1978 |
| High Density MFM Floppy Disk Controller (1.2 MB/1.44 MB) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 1984 |
| CD Controller (1×) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 1988 |
| MFM hard disk | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 1980 |
| RLL hard disk | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| DVD Controller (1×) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| Massbus | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 1972 |
| ESDI | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| ATA PIO Mode 0 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 1986 |
| HD DVD Controller (1×) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| Blu-ray Controller (1×) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| SCSI (Narrow SCSI) (5 MHz)Template:Efn | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 1986 |
| ATA PIO Mode 1 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 1994 |
| ATA PIO Mode 2 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 1994 |
| Fast SCSI (8 bits/10 MHz) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| ATA PIO Mode 3 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 1996 |
| AoE over Fast EthernetTemplate:Efn | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2009 |
| iSCSI over Fast EthernetTemplate:Efn | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2004 |
| ATA PIO Mode 4 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 1996 |
| Fast Wide SCSI (16 bits/10 MHz) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| Ultra SCSI (Fast-20 SCSI) (8 bits/20 MHz) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| SD (High Speed) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| Ultra DMA ATA 33 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 1998 |
| Ultra Wide SCSI (16 bits/20 MHz) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| Ultra-2 SCSI 40 (Fast-40 SCSI) (8 bits/40 MHz) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| SDHC/SDXC/SDUC (UHS-I Full Duplex) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| Ultra DMA ATA 66 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2000 |
| Blu-ray Controller (16×) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| Ultra-2 wide SCSI (16 bits/40 MHz) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| Serial Storage Architecture SSA | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 1990 |
| Ultra DMA ATA 100 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2002 |
| Fibre Channel 1GFC (1.0625 GHz)Template:Efn | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 1997 |
| AoE over gigabit Ethernet, jumbo framesTemplate:Efn | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2009 |
| iSCSI over gigabit Ethernet, jumbo framesTemplate:Efn | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2004 |
| Ultra DMA ATA 133 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2005 |
| SDHC/SDXC/SDUC (UHS-II Full Duplex) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| Ultra-3 SCSI (Ultra 160 SCSI; Fast-80 Wide SCSI) (16 bits/40 MHz DDR) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| SATA revision 1.0Template:Efn | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". <templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[a] | 2003 |
| Fibre Channel 2GFC (2.125 GHz)Template:Efn | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2001 |
| Ultra-320 SCSI (Ultra4 SCSI) (16 bits/80 MHz DDR) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| Serial Attached SCSI (SAS) SAS-1Template:Efn | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". <templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[a] | 2004 |
| SATA Revision 2.0Template:Efn | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". <templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[a] | 2004 |
| SDHC/SDXC/SDUC (UHS-III Full Duplex) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| Fibre Channel 4GFC (4.25 GHz)Template:Efn | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2004 |
| Serial Attached SCSI (SAS) SAS-2Template:Efn | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". <templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[a] | 2009 |
| SATA Revision 3.0Template:Efn | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". <templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[a] | 2008 |
| Fibre Channel 8GFC (8.50 GHz)Template:Efn | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2005 |
| SDHC/SDXC/SDUC (SD Express) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| AoE over 10GbETemplate:Efn | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2009 |
| iSCSI over 10GbETemplate:Efn | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2004 |
| FCoE over 10GbETemplate:Efn | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2009 |
| Serial Attached SCSI (SAS) SAS-3Template:Efn | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2013 |
| Fibre Channel 16GFC (14.025 GHz)Template:Efn | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". <templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[b] | 2011 |
| SATA Express | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2013 |
| Serial Attached SCSI (SAS) SAS-4 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". <templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[c] | 2017 |
| UFS (version 3.0) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2018 |
| Fibre Channel 32GFC (28.05 GHz)Template:Efn | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". <templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[b] | 2016 |
| NVMe over M.2 or U.2 (using PCI Express 3.0 ×4 link)Template:Efn | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2013 |
| iSCSI over InfiniBand 4× | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2007 |
| NVMe over M.2 or U.2 (using PCI Express 4.0 ×4 link) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2017 |
| iSCSI over 100G EthernetTemplate:Efn | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2010 |
| FCoE over 100G EthernetTemplate:Efn | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2010 |
| NVMe over M.2, U.2, U.3 or EDSFF (using PCI Express 5.0 ×4 link) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2019 |
<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>a Uses 8b/10b encoding <templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>b Uses 64b/66b encoding <templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>c Uses 128b/150b encoding
Peripheral
| Technology | Rate | Year | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Apple Desktop Bus | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 1986 |
| PS/2 port | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 1987 |
| Serial MIDI | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 1983 |
| CBM Bus maxTemplate:Efn[43] | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 1981 |
| Serial RS-232 max | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 1962 |
| Serial DMX512A | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 1998 |
| Parallel (Centronics/IEEE 1284) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "sort". |
| Serial 16550 UART max | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| USB 1.0 low speed | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 1996 |
| Serial UART max | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| GPIB/HPIB (IEEE-488.1) IEEE-488 max. | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "sort". |
| Serial EIA-422 max. | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| USB 1.0 full speed | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 1996 |
| Parallel (Centronics/IEEE 1284) EPP (Enhanced Parallel Port) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 1992 |
| Parallel (Centronics/IEEE 1284) ECP (Extended Capability Port) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 1994 |
| Serial EIA-485 max. | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| GPIB/HPIB (IEEE-488.1-2003) IEEE-488 max. | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| FireWire (IEEE 1394) 100 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 1995 |
| FireWire (IEEE 1394) 200 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 1995 |
| FireWire (IEEE 1394) 400 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 1995 |
| USB 2.0 high speed | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2000 |
| FireWire (IEEE 1394b) 800[44] | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2002 |
| Fibre Channel 1 Gb SCSI | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| FireWire (IEEE 1394b) 1600[44] | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2007 |
| Fibre Channel 2 Gb SCSI | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| eSATA (SATA 300) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2004 |
| CoaXPress Base (up and down bidirectional link) | Script error: No such module "val". + Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2009 |
| FireWire (IEEE 1394b) 3200[44] | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2007 |
| External PCI Express 2.0 ×1 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| Fibre Channel 4 Gb SCSI | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| USB 3.0 SuperSpeed (aka USB 3.1 Gen 1, USB 3.2 Gen 1x1) |
Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2010 |
| eSATA (SATA 600) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2011 |
| CoaXPress full (up and down bidirectional link) | Script error: No such module "val". + Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2009 |
| External PCI Express 2.0 ×2 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| USB 3.1 SuperSpeed+ (aka USB 3.1 Gen 2, USB 3.2 Gen 1x2, USB 3.2 Gen 2x1, USB4 Gen 2×1) |
Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2013 |
| External PCI Express 2.0 ×4 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| Thunderbolt | Script error: No such module "sort". | Script error: No such module "sort". | 2011 |
| USB 3.2 SuperSpeed+ (aka USB 3.2 Gen 2×2 USB4 Gen 2×2, USB4 Gen 3×1)[45] |
Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2017 |
| Thunderbolt 2 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2013 |
| FPGA Mezzanine Card Plus (FMC+)[46] | 28 Gbit/s | 3.5 GB/s | 2019 |
| External PCI Express 2.0 ×8 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| USB4 Gen 3×2[47] | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2019 |
| Thunderbolt 3 two links | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2015 |
| Thunderbolt 4 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2020 |
| External PCI Express 2.0 ×16 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| USB4 Gen 4 [48] | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2022 |
| Thunderbolt 5 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2024 |
| USB4 Gen 4 Asymmetric | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2022 |
| Thunderbolt 5 Asymmetric | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2024 |
MAC to PHY
| Technology | Channels | Bits | MGT Lanes | Rate | Year | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Count | Encoding | Rate | ||||||
| Media Independent Interface (MII) | 1 | 4 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | ||||
| Reduced MII (RMII) | 1 | 2 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | ||||
| Serial MII (SMII) | 1 | 1 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | ||||
| Gigabit MII (GMII) | 1 | 8 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | ||||
| Reduced gigabit/s MII (RGMII) | 1 | 4 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | ||||
| Ten-bit interface (TBI) | 1 | 10 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | ||||
| Serial gigabit/s MII (SGMII) | 1 | 1 | 8b/10b | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | ||
| Reduced serial gigabit/s MII (RSGMII) | 2 | 1 | 8b/10b | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | ||
| Reduced serial gigabit/s MII plus (RSGMII-PLUS) | 4 | 1 | 8b/10b | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | ||
| Quad serial gigabit/s MII (QSGMII) | 4 | 1 | 8b/10b | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | ||
| 10 gigabit/s MII (XGMII) | 1 | 32 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | ||||
| XGMII attachment unit interface (XAUI) | 1 | 4 | 8b/10b | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | ||
| Reduced Pin XAUI (RXAUI) | 1 | 2 | 8b/10b | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | ||
| XFI/SFI | 1 | 1 | 64b/66b | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | ||
| USXGMII | 1 | 1 | 64b/66b | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | ||
| 25 gigabit/s MII (25GMII, on-chip only) | 1 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |||||
| 25G AUI (25GAUI) | 1 | 1 | 64b/66b | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | ||
| 40 gigabit/s MII (XLGMII, on-chip only) | 1 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |||||
| 100 gigabit/s MII (CGMII, on-chip only) | 1 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2008 | ||||
| 100G AUI (CAUI-10) | 1 | 10 | 64b/66b | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | ||
| 100G AUI (CAUI-4) | 1 | 4 | 64b/66b | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | ||
PHY to XPDR
| Technology | Rate | Year | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 10 gigabit/s 16-bit interface (XSBI; 16 lanes) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
Dynamic random-access memory
The table below shows values for PC memory module types. These modules usually combine multiple chips on one circuit board. SIMM modules connect to the computer via an 8-bit- or 32-bit-wide interface. RIMM modules used by RDRAM are 16-bit- or 32-bit-wide.[49] DIMM modules connect to the computer via a 64-bit-wide interface. Some other computer architectures use different modules with a different bus width.
In a single-channel configuration, only one module at a time can transfer information to the CPU. In multi-channel configurations, multiple modules can transfer information to the CPU at the same time, in parallel. FPM, EDO, SDR, and RDRAM memory was not commonly installed in a dual-channel configuration. DDR and DDR2 memory is usually installed in single- or dual-channel configuration. DDR3 memory is installed in single-, dual-, tri-, and quad-channel configurations. Bit rates of multi-channel configurations are the product of the module bit-rate (given below) and the number of channels.
| Module type | Chip type | Internal clock<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[a] | Bus clock | Bus speed<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[b] | Transfer rate | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FPM DRAM | 70 ns tRAC | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". |
| EDO DRAM (486 CPU) | 60 ns tRAC | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". |
| EDO DRAM (Pentium CPU) | 60 ns tRAC | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". |
| PC-66 SDR SDRAM | 10/15 ns | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". |
| PC-100 SDR SDRAM | 8 ns | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". |
| PC-133 SDR SDRAM | 7/7.5 ns | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". |
| RIMM-1200 RDRAM | PC600 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". |
| RIMM-1400 RDRAM | PC700 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". |
| RIMM-1600 RDRAM | PC800 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". |
| PC-1600 DDR SDRAM | DDR-200 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". |
| RIMM-2100 RDRAM | PC1066 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". |
| PC-2100 DDR SDRAM | DDR-266 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". |
| RIMM-2400 RDRAM | PC1200 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". |
| PC-2700 DDR SDRAM | DDR-333 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". |
| PC-3200 DDR SDRAM | DDR-400 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". |
| PC2-3200 DDR2 SDRAM | DDR2-400 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". |
| PC-3500 DDR SDRAM | DDR-433 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". |
| PC-3700 DDR SDRAM | DDR-466 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". |
| PC-4000 DDR SDRAM | DDR-500 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". |
| PC-4200 DDR SDRAM | DDR-533 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". |
| PC2-4200 DDR2 SDRAM | DDR2-533 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". |
| PC-4400 DDR SDRAM | DDR-550 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". |
| PC-4800 DDR SDRAM | DDR-600 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". |
| PC2-5300 DDR2 SDRAM | DDR2-667 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". |
| PC2-6000 DDR2 SDRAM | DDR2-750 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". |
| PC2-6400 DDR2 SDRAM | DDR2-800 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". |
| PC3-6400 DDR3 SDRAM | DDR3-800 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". |
| PC2-7200 DDR2 SDRAM | DDR2-900 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". |
| PC2-8000 DDR2 SDRAM | DDR2-1000 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". |
| PC2-8500 DDR2 SDRAM | DDR2-1066 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". |
| PC3-8500 DDR3 SDRAM | DDR3-1066 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". |
| PC2-8800 DDR2 SDRAM | DDR2-1100 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". |
| PC2-9200 DDR2 SDRAM | DDR2-1150 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". |
| PC2-9600 DDR2 SDRAM | DDR2-1200 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". |
| PC2-10000 DDR2 SDRAM | DDR2-1250 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". |
| PC3-10600 DDR3 SDRAM | DDR3-1333 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". |
| PC3-11000 DDR3 SDRAM | DDR3-1375 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". |
| PC3-12800 DDR3 SDRAM | DDR3-1600 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". |
| PC3-13000 DDR3 SDRAM | DDR3-1625 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". |
| PC3-14400 DDR3 SDRAM | DDR3-1800 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". |
| PC3-14900 DDR3 SDRAM | DDR3-1866 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". |
| PC3-16000 DDR3 SDRAM | DDR3-2000 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". |
| PC3-17000 DDR3 SDRAM | DDR3-2133 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". |
| PC4-17000 DDR4 SDRAM | DDR4-2133 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". |
| PC3-17600 DDR3 SDRAM | DDR3-2200 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". |
| PC3-19200 DDR3 SDRAM | DDR3-2400 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". |
| PC4-19200 DDR4 SDRAM | DDR4-2400 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". |
| PC3-21300 DDR3 SDRAM | DDR3-2666 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". |
| PC4-21300 DDR4 SDRAM | DDR4-2666 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". |
| PC3-24000 DDR3 SDRAM | DDR3-3000 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". |
| PC4-24000 DDR4 SDRAM | DDR4-3000 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". |
| PC4-25600 DDR4 SDRAM | DDR4-3200 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". |
| PC5-41600 DDR5 SDRAM | DDR5-5200 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". |
| PC5-44800 DDR5 SDRAM | DDR5-5600 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". |
| PC5-51200 DDR5 SDRAM | DDR5-6400 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". |
| PC5-57600 DDR5 SDRAM | DDR5-7200 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". |
| PC5-64000 DDR5 SDRAM | DDR5-8000 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". |
| PC5-70400 DDR5 SDRAM | DDR5-8800 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". |
<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>a The clock rate at which DRAM memory cells operate. The memory latency is largely determined by this rate. Note that until the introduction of DDR4 the internal clock rate saw relatively slow progress. DDR/DDR2/DDR3 memory uses 2n/4n/8n (respectively) prefetch buffer to provide higher throughput, while the internal memory speed remains similar to that of the previous generation.
<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>b The memory speed or clock rate advertised by manufactures and suppliers usually refers to this rate (with 1 GT/s = 1 GHz). Note that modern types of memory use DDR bus with two transfers per clock.
Graphics processing units' RAM
RAM memory modules are also utilised by graphics processing units; however, memory modules for those differ somewhat from standard computer memory, particularly with lower power requirements, and are specialised to serve GPUs: for example, GDDR3 was fundamentally based on DDR2. Every graphics memory chip is directly connected to the GPU (point-to-point). The total GPU memory bus width varies with the number of memory chips and the number of lanes per chip. For example, GDDR5 specifies either 16 or 32 lanes per device (chip), while GDDR5X specifies 64 lanes per chip. Over the years, bus widths rose from 64-bit to 512-bit and beyond: e.g. HBM is 1024 bits wide.[50] Because of this variability, graphics memory speeds are sometimes compared per pin. For direct comparison to the values for 64-bit modules shown above, video RAM is compared here in 64-lane lots, corresponding to two chips for those devices with 32-bit widths. In 2012, high-end GPUs used 8 or even 12 chips with 32 lanes each, for a total memory bus width of 256 or 384 bits. Combined with a transfer rate per pin of 5 GT/s or more, such cards could reach 240 GB/s or more.
RAM frequencies used for a given chip technology vary greatly. Where single values are given below, they are examples from high-end cards.[51] Since many cards have more than one pair of chips, the total bandwidth is correspondingly higher. For example, high-end cards often have eight chips, each 32 bits wide, so the total bandwidth for such cards is four times the value given below.
| Chip type | Module type | Memory clock | Transfers/s | Bandwidth | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DDR | 64 lanes | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". |
| DDR2 | 64 lanes | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". |
| GDDR3 | 64 lanes | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". |
| GDDR4 | 64 lanes | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". |
| GDDR5[52] | 64 lanes | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". |
| GDDR5X[53] | 64 lanes | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". |
| GDDR6 | 64 lanes | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". |
| GDDR6X[54] | 64 lanes | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". |
| HBM[55] | 1024 lanes (8 channels @ 128 lanes ea) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". |
| HBM2[55] | 1024 lanes (8 channels @ 128 lanes ea) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". |
| HBM2e[56] | 1024 lanes (8 channels @ 128 lanes ea) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". |
| HBM3[56][57] | 1024 lanes (16 channels @ 64 lanes ea) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". |
| HBM3E[56][57] | 1024 lanes (16 channels @ 64 lanes ea) | up to Script error: No such module "val". | up to Script error: No such module "val". | up to Script error: No such module "val". | up to Script error: No such module "val". |
| HMC | 128 lanes (8 links @ 16 lanes ea) | (internal) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". |
| HMC2 | 64 lanes (4 links @ 16 lanes ea) | (internal) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". |
Digital audio
| Device | Rate | |
|---|---|---|
| CD Audio (16-bit PCM) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". |
| I²S | Script error: No such module "val". @ 24bit/48 kHz | Script error: No such module "val". |
| AES/EBU | Script error: No such module "val". @ 24-bit/48 kHz | Script error: No such module "val". |
| S/PDIF fs 48kHz | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". |
| ADAT Lightpipe (Type I) | Script error: No such module "val". | 1.152 Template:Not a typo |
| AC'97 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". |
| HDMI | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". |
| DisplayPort | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". |
| Intel High Definition Audio rev. 1.0[58] | Script error: No such module "val". outbound; 24 Mbit/s inbound | Script error: No such module "val". outbound; 3 Template:Not a typo inbound |
| MADI | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". |
Digital video interconnects
Data rates given are from the video source (e.g., video card) to receiving device (e.g., monitor) only. Out of band and reverse signaling channels are not included.
| Device | Rate | Year | |
|---|---|---|---|
| HD-SDI (SMPTE 292M) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| Camera Link Base (single) 24-bit 85 MHz | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| LVDS Display Interface[59] | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| 3G-SDI (SMPTE 424M) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2006 |
| Single link DVI | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". <templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[a] | 1999 |
| HDMI 1.0[60] | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". <templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[a] | 2002 |
| Camera Link full (dual) 64-bit 85 MHz | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| 6G-SDI (SMPTE 2081) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2015 |
| DisplayPort 1.0 (4-lane Reduced Bit Rate)[61] | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". <templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[a] | 2006 |
| Dual link DVI | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". <templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[a] | 1999 |
| Thunderbolt | Script error: No such module "sort". | Script error: No such module "sort". | 2011 |
| HDMI 1.3[62] | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". <templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[a] | 2006 |
| Dual High-Speed LVDS Display Interface | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | |
| DisplayPort 1.0 (4-lane High Bit Rate)[61] | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". <templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[a] | 2006 |
| 12G-SDI (SMPTE 2082) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2015 |
| HDMI 2.0[63] | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". <templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[a] | 2013 |
| Thunderbolt 2 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2013 |
| DisplayPort 1.2 (4-lane High Bit Rate 2)[61] | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". <templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[a] | 2009 |
| DisplayPort 1.3 (4-lane High Bit Rate 3) | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". <templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[a] | 2014 (2016) |
| DisplayPort 1.4/1.4a | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2016 (2018) |
| superMHL | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2015 |
| Thunderbolt 3 | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2015 |
| HDMI 2.1[64] | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". <templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[b] | 2017 |
| DisplayPort 2.0/2.1 (4-lane)[65] | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". <templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[c] | 2019 (2022) |
| SMPTE 2110 over 100 Gigabit Ethernet | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". | 2017 |
| HDMI 2.2[66] | Script error: No such module "val". | Script error: No such module "val". <templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[b] | 2025 |
<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>a Uses 8b/10b encoding (20% coding overhead) <templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>b Uses 16b/18b encoding (11% overhead) <templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>c Uses 128b/132b encoding (3% overhead)
See also
- List of Internet access technology bit rates
- Bitrates in multimedia
- Comparison of mobile phone standards
- Comparison of wireless data standards
- OFDM system comparison table
- Optical Carrier transmission rates
- Orders of magnitude (bit rate)
- Sneakernet
- Spectral efficiency comparison table
Notes
References
<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ TTY uses a Baudot code, not ASCII. This uses 5 bits per character instead of 8, plus one start and approx. 1.5 stop bits (7.5 total bits per character sent).
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b c d e f g Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Adam.com.au
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b DOCSIS 1.0 Template:Webarchive includes technology which first became available around 1995–1996, and has since become very widely deployed. DOCSIS 1.1 Template:Webarchive introduces some security improvements and quality of service (QoS).
- ↑ a b DOCSIS 2.0 Template:Webarchive specifications provide increased upstream throughput for symmetric services.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b DOCSIS 3.0 Template:Webarchive includes support for channel bonding and IPv6.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ DOCSIS 3.1 Template:Webarchive is currently in development by the Cablelabs Consortium
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b "MoCA 1.1 improves throughput" over coaxial cable to 175 Mbit/s versus the 100 Mbit/s provided by the MoCA 1.0 specification.
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m InfiniBand SDR, DDR and QDR use an 8b/10b encoding scheme.
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab InfiniBand FDR-10, FDR and EDR use a 64b/66b encoding scheme.
- ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Mac History
- ↑ VAW: Apple IIgs Specs Template:Webarchive
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ The Zorro II bus use 4 clocks per 16-Bit of data transferred. See the Zorro III technical specification Template:Webarchive for more information.
- ↑ Japan wikipedia article, Bus used in early NEC PC-9800 series and compatible systems
- ↑ STD 32 Bus Specification and Designer's Guide
- ↑ Japan wikipedia article, Bus used in later NEC PC-9800 series and compatible systems
- ↑ RISC System/6000 POWERstation/POWERserver 580
- ↑ Local Area Networks Newsletter by Paul Polishuk, September 1992, Page 7 (APbus used in Sony NeWS and NEC UP4800 workstations and NEC EWS4800 servers after VMEbus and before switch to PCI)
- ↑ Japan wikipedia article, Bus used in NEC PC-9821 series
- ↑ Dave Haynie, designer of the Zorro III bus, claims in this posting that the theoretical max of the Zorro III bus can be derived by the timing information given in chapter 5 of the Zorro III technical specification Template:Webarchive.
- ↑ Dave Haynie, designer of the Zorro III bus, states in this posting that Zorro III is an asynchronous bus and therefore does not have a classical MHz rating. A maximum theoretical MHz value may be derived by examining timing constraints detailed in the Zorro III technical specification Template:Webarchive, which should yield about 37.5 MHz. No existing implementation performs to this level.
- ↑ Dave Haynie, designer of the Zorro III bus, claims in this posting that Zorro III has a max burst rate of 150 MB/s.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Intel LPC Interface Specification 1.1
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b c FireWire (IEEE 1394b) uses an 8b/10b encoding scheme.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Comparison of AMD graphics processing units
- ↑ Comparison of Nvidia graphics processing units
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ High Definition Audio Specification, Revision 1.0a, 2010
- ↑ Videsignline.com, Panel display interfaces and bandwidth: From TTL, LVDS, TDMS to DisplayPort
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b c Displayport Technical Overview Template:Webarchive, May 2010
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
External links
- Interconnection Speeds Compared
- LTE Categories 1
- LTE Categories 2
- Need for Speed: Theoretical Bandwidth Comparison – A graph illustrating digital bandwidths. Digital Silence, 2004 (archived).