List of fossil bird genera

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File:Archaeopteryx lithographica - cast of Humboldt Museum specimen.JPG
A replica of the Berlin specimen of Archaeopteryx, most famous of prehistoric "birds". Modern research considers it unlikely to be a bird ancestor, though it was certainly a close relative of these.
File:Gastornis, a large flightless bird from the Eocene of Wyoming.jpg
A skeleton of the Cenozoic fossil bird Gastornis

Birds evolved from certain feathered theropod dinosaurs, and there is no real dividing line between birds and non-avian dinosaurs except that some of the former survived the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event while the latter did not. For the purposes of this article, a 'bird' is considered to be any member of the clade Avialae.[1] Some dinosaur groups which may or may not be true birds are listed below under Proto-birds.

This page contains a listing of prehistoric bird taxa only known from completely fossilized specimens. These extinctions took place before the Late Quaternary and thus took place in the absence of significant human interference. While the earliest hominids had been eating birds and especially their eggs, human population and technology was simply insufficient to seriously affect healthy bird populations until the Upper Paleolithic Revolution. Rather, reasons for the extinctions listed here are stochastic abiotic events such as bolide impacts, climate changes due to orbital shifts, mass volcanic eruptions etc. Alternatively, species may have gone extinct due to evolutionary displacement by successor or competitor taxa – it is notable that an extremely large number of seabirds have gone extinct during the mid-Tertiary; this seems at least partly due to competition by the contemporary radiation of marine mammals.

The relationships of these taxa are often hard to determine, as many are known only from very fragmentary remains and due to the complete fossilization precluding analysis of information from DNA, RNA or protein sequencing. The taxa listed in this article should be classified with the Wikipedia conservation status category "Fossil".

Before the late 19th century, when minerals were still considered one of the kingdoms of binomial nomenclature, fossils were often treated according to a parallel taxonomy. Rather than assigning them to animal or plant genera, they were treated as mineral genera and given binomial names typically using Osteornis ("bone-bird") or Ornitholithus ("bird fossil") as "genus". The latter name, however, is still in use for an oogenus of fossil bird eggs. Also, other animals (in particular pterosaurs) were placed in these "genera". In sources pre-dating the Linnean system, the above terms are also seen in the more extensive descriptions used to name taxa back then.


Taxonomic list of fossil prehistoric birds

Higher-level taxa are presented in likely or suspected phylogenetic order. Genus-level taxa and lower are sorted chronologically, in ascending order (i.e., older taxa first).

The higher-level groups of non-Neornithes are arranged based on the phylogeny proposed by Luis Chiappe,[2] updated and expanded to incorporate recent research.[3] The categories are inclusive in ascending order.

Taxonomic assignments, especially in the pygostylian to early neornithine genera, are still very provisional and subject to quite frequent change.[4][5]

Basal Avialae (extinct)

The most primitive "birds", usually still possessing a long bony tail with generally unfused vertebrae. Not all of these may be on the line of bird ancestors; whether they are not closer to other theropods groups than to the Avialae remains to be thoroughly tested (see Xiaotingia).

Basal Pygostylia (extinct)

The earliest birds with a modern pygostyle: a reduction and fusion of the tail vertebrae; possibly a paraphyletic group. Two types of pygostyle are known, a rod-shaped one found in Confuciusornithidae, Enantiornithes and some non-avian theropods such as Nomingia, and a plowshare-shaped one, only known in the lineage leading to modern birds. It is not certain that the pygostyles found in birds are indeed synapomorphies.[6]

Enantiornithes (extinct)

File:Iberomesornis-model-2.jpg
Reconstruction of Iberomesornis romerali, a tiny primitive enantiornithine.
It was no bigger than a modern-day finch.

The taxonomic list of enantiornithine groups presented here follows a summary published by Thomas R. Holz Jr. in 2011.[7]

Template:ExtinctEnantiornithes

Note that Holtz (2011) also included Zhyraornis in his classification of euenantiornithines, though this genus is more often classified as an ornithuran.[13] Holtz also placed Liaoningornis as an ornithuromorph, though more recent studies have placed it as a close relative of Eoalulavis.[14]

Basal Euornithes (extinct)

Also called "basal Ornithuromorpha".[15] Essentially modern birds, except many still possess a few primitive features such as teeth or wing claws. These have the plowshare-shaped pygostyle and proper tail fan as seen in most living birds. The taxonomy of this group is confusing; the name "Ornithurae" was first proposed by Ernst Haeckel in 1866 and has been revised in meaning several times since.

The following is a list of primitive euornithian genera and those that cannot be confidently referred to any subgroups, following Holtz (2011).[7]

Note that Holtz also included the genera Eurolimnornis, Holbotia, Palaeocursornis and Piksi as euornitheans, though they have since been re-identified as pterosaurs.[17]

Basal Ornithurae (extinct)

Neornithes

The subclass that contains all modern birds.

Unresolved and basal forms
These modern birds are known from remains that cannot be placed in relation to any one modern group and are neither autapomorphic enough to assign them to own orders. Especially the Late Cretaceous/early Paleogene taxa are probably basal to several modern orders, while later Paleogene taxa often represent extinct lineages outside the modern families.

  • Template:ExtinctAustralornis lovei Mayr & Scofield 2014Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (late early Paleocene)
  • Template:ExtinctGallornis straeleni Lambrecht 1931Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (Late Cretaceous)
  • Template:ExtinctCeramornis major Brodkorb 1963Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (Late Cretaceous) – charadriiform?
  • Template:Extinct"Presbyornithidae" gen. et sp. indet. (Barun Goyot Late Cretaceous of Udan Sayr, Mongolia) - anseriform (presbyornithid)?
  • Template:ExtinctTorotix clemensi Brodkorb 1963Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (Late Cretaceous) – pelecaniform, charadriiform, procellariiform or phoenicopteriform
  • Neornithes incerta sedis Kurochkin 1995Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (Nemegt Late Cretaceous of S Mongolia) - phalacrocoracid?
  • Neornithes incerta sedis AMNH FR 25272 (Lance Creek Late Cretaceous of Converse County, US) - phalacrocoracid?
  • Neornithes incerta sedis PVPH 237 (Portezuelo Late Cretaceous of Sierra de Portezuelo, Argentina) - galliform?
  • Neornithes incerta sedis UCMP 117598 (Hell Creek Late Cretaceous of Bug Creek West, US)
  • Neornithes incerta sedis UCMP 117599 (Hell Creek Late Cretaceous of Bug Creek West, US) – anseriform?
  • Template:Extinct"Lonchodytes" pterygius Brodkorb 1963Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (Late Cretaceous/?Early Palaeocene) – charadriiform?
  • Template:ExtinctNovacaesareala hungerfordi Parris & Hope 2002Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (Late Cretaceous/Early Palaeocene) – related to Torotix?
  • Template:Extinct"Palaeotringa" vetus Marsh 1870Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (Lance Late Cretaceous of Wyoming – Hornerstown Late Cretaceous/?Early Palaeocene of New Jersey, US) - gruiform? anseriform (presbyornithid)?
  • Template:ExtinctVolgavis marina Nessov & Jarkow 1989Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (Early Palaeocene of Volgograd, Russia) – charadriiform? phalacrocoraciform?
  • Template:ExtinctTshulia litorea Nessov 1988Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (Late Paleocene of Zhylga, Kazakhstan)
  • Template:ExtinctEupterornis remensis Lemoine 1878Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (Paleocene of Cernay, France) – charadriiform (larid?)? gaviiform?
  • Template:ExtinctGradiornis walbeckensis Mayr 2007Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (Paleocene of Walbeck, Germany) – cariamid?
  • Template:Extinct"Messelornis" russelli Mourer-Chauviré 1995 sensu Mayr 2007Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (Paleocene of Cernay, France) – messelornithid?
  • Template:ExtinctWalbeckornis creber Mayr 2007Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (Paleocene of Walbeck, Germany) – charadriiform? messelornithid?
  • Neornithes incerta sedis (Late Paleocene/Early Eocene of Ouled Abdoun Basin, Morocco) – charadriiform, ciconiiform, gruiform?
  • Template:ExtinctArgillipes Harrison & Walker 1977Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (London Clay Early Eocene of England) – galliform?
  • Template:ExtinctCoturnipes cooperi Harrison & Walker 1977Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (Early Eocene of England, and Virginia, US?)– galliform, falconiform?
  • Template:ExtinctFluviatilavis antunesi Harrison 1983Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (Early Eocene of Silveirinha, Portugal)– charadriiform?
  • Template:ExtinctMopsitta tanta Waterhouse et al. 2008Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (Early Eocene) – threskiornithid (may belong in Rhynchaeites), psittacid?
  • Template:ExtinctNeanis schucherti Shufeldt 1913Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (Early Eocene)– coraciiform (primobucconid), piciform?
  • Template:ExtinctPaleophasianus meleagroides Wetmore 1940Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (Willwood Early Eocene of Bighorn County, US)– galliform (tetraonine or cracid) or gruiform (aramid)?
  • Template:ExtinctPrecursor parvus (Early Eocene)– several species? psittaciform (pseudasturid or psittacid) + charadriiform (glareolid)?
  • Template:Extinct"Precursor" litorum Harrison & Walker 1977Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Template:Extinct"Precursor" magnus Harrison & Walker 1977Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Template:ExtinctProcuculus minutus Harrison & Walker 1977Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (Early Eocene of Bognor Regis, England)– cuculiform (parvicuculid), coraciiform (primobucconid), close to Primapus?
  • Template:ExtinctPulchrapollia Dyke & Cooper 2000Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (Early Eocene) – psittaciform (pseudasturid or psittacid)?
  • Neornithes incerta sedis USNM 496384 (Nanjemoy Early Eocene of Virginia, US)– parvicuculid? aegithalornithid?
  • Template:ExtinctPalaeopsittacus georgei Harrison 1982bScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (Early – middle Eocene of NW Europe) – caprimulgiform (podargid?) or quercypsittid?
  • Template:ExtinctAmitabha urbsinterdictensis Gulas-Wroblewski & Wroblewski 2003Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (Bridger middle Eocene of Forbidden City, US) - galliform (phasianid) or gruiform (rallid?)?
  • Template:ExtinctEociconia sangequanensis Hou 1989Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (middle Eocene of China)– ciconiiform (ciconiid)?
  • Template:ExtinctProtocypselomorphus manfredkelleri Mayr 2005Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (middle Eocene of Messel, Germany)– caprimulgiform, apodiform or ancestral to both
  • Template:ExtinctPumiliornis tessellatus Mayr 1999Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (middle Eocene of Messel, Germany)
  • Template:ExtinctLudiortyx hoffmanni (Gervais 1852) Brunet 1970Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (Late Eocene) – rallid, quercymegapodid? [Includes Tringa hoffmanni Gervais 1852Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".; Palaeortyx blanchardi Milne-Edwards 1869Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".; Palaeortyx hoffmanni (Gervais 1852)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".; Ludiortyx blanchardi (Milne-Edwards 1869)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".; Eortyx hoffmanni (Gervais 1852)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".]
  • Template:ExtinctMinggangia changgouensis Hou 1982Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (Late Eocene of China) – rallid, threskiornithid?
  • Template:ExtinctPetropluvialis simplex Harrison & Walker 1976Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (Late Eocene of England)– may be same as Palaeopapia; anseriform?
  • Template:Extinct"Phasianus" alfhildae Shufeldt 1915Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (Washakie B Late Eocene of Haystack Butte, US)– gruiform, ciconiiform, phoenicopteriform?
  • Template:ExtinctTelecrex grangeri Wetmore 1934Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (Irdin Manha Late Eocene of Chimney Butte, Mongolia)– meleagrid or gruiform (rallid?)
  • Neornithes incerta sedis AMNH FR 2941 (Irdin Manha Late Eocene of Chimney Butte, China) – falconiform (accipitrid)? gruiform (Eogrus)?
  • Template:ExtinctZheroia kurochkini Nesov 1988Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (Late Eocene of Kazakhstan) – gruiform? pelagornithid?
  • Template:Extinct"Falco" falconellus Shufeldt 1915Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (or falconella; Eocene of Wyoming, US) – falconiform (falconid)?
  • Template:ExtinctAgnopterus Milne-Edwards 1868Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (Late Eocene– Late Oligocene of Europe)– phoenicopteriform or anseriform
  • Template:ExtinctPlesiocathartes Gaillard 1908Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (Late Eocene–? Early Miocene of SW Europe) - cathartid, leptosomid?
  • Template:ExtinctBotauroides parvus Shufeldt 1915Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (Eocene of Wyoming, US) – coliiform?
  • Template:ExtinctAminornis excavatus Ameghino 1899Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (Deseado Early Oligocene of Rio Deseado, Argentina) – gruiform (aramid)?
  • Template:ExtinctCiconiopsis antarctica Ameghino 1899Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (Deseado Early Oligocene of Patagonia, Argentina) – ciconiiform (ciconiid)?
  • Template:ExtinctClimacarthrus incompletus Ameghino 1899Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (Deseado Early Oligocene of Argentina) – falconiform (accipitrid)? A nomen dubium
  • Template:ExtinctCruschedula revola Ameghino 1899Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (Deseado Early Oligocene of Golfo San Jorge, Argentina) Aves incertae sedis; A nomen dubium
  • Template:ExtinctDolichopterus viator Milne-Edwards 1867Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". [Dolicopterus Aymard 1856 nomen nudumScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".; Camaskelus Aymard 1856 nomen nudumScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".; Camaskelus Milne-Edwards 1867Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".; Dolicopterus viator Aymard 1856 nomen nudumScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".; Camaskelus palustris Aymard 1856 nomen nudumScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".; Camaskelus palustris Milne-Edwards 1867Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".] (Early Oligocene of Ronzon, France) – charadriiform (charadriid)? Not Dolicopterus as sometimes claimed
  • Template:ExtinctLoncornis erectus Ameghino 1899Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (Deseado Early Oligocene of Rio Deseado, Argentina)– gruiform (aramid)?
  • Template:ExtinctLoxornis clivus Ameghino 1894Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".– anatid? (Deseado Early Oligocene of Argentina)
  • Template:ExtinctManu antiquus Marples 1946Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (Early Oligocene) – pelagornithid? procellariiform (diomedeid)?
  • Template:ExtinctPalaeocrex rex Wetmore 1927Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (Early Oligocene of Trigonias Quarry, US) – gruiform (rallid)?
  • Template:ExtinctPalaeopapia eous >(Harrison & Walker 1976) Harrison & Walker 1979Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". [Howardia Harrison & Walker 1976 non Berlese & Leonardi 1896Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".; Howardia eous Harrison & Walker 1976Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".] (Hampstead Early Oligocene of Isle of Wight, England) – anseriform?
  • Template:ExtinctParacygnopterus scotti Harrison & Walker 1979Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (Early Oligocene of Belgium and England) – anseriform (anatid)?
  • Template:Extinct"Pararallus" hassenkampi Martini 1967 Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".(Sieblos Dysodil Early Oligocene of Sieblos, Germany)
  • Template:ExtinctRiacama caliginea Ameghino 1899Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (Deseado Early Oligocene of Argentina) – gruiform?
  • Template:ExtinctSmiliornis penetrans Ameghino 1899Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (Deseado Early Oligocene of Argentina)– gruiform?
  • Template:ExtinctTeracus littoralis Milne-Edwards 1871Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". [leracus Aymard 1856 nomen nudumScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".; leracus littoralis Aymard 1856 nomen nudumScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".] (Early Oligocene of France)
  • Template:ExtinctTeleornis impressus Ameghino 1899Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (Deseado Early Oligocene of Argentina)– anatid?
  • Template:ExtinctPseudolarus guaraniticus Ameghino 1899Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (Deseado Early Oligocene – Miocene of Argentina) – gruiform?
  • Neornithes incerta sedis BMNH PAL 4989 (Hampstead Early Oligocene of Isle of Wight, England) – formerly "Ptenornis" and included in Headonornis; anseriform?
  • Template:Extinct"Anas" creccoides van Beneden 1871Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (Early-mid Oligocene of Belgium) – anseriform?
  • Template:Extinct"Charadrius" sheppardianus Cope 1881Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (Florissant middle Oligocene of Florissant, US) – charadriiform (charadriid?)
  • Template:ExtinctMegagallinula harundinea Kuročkin 1968Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (Indricotherium middle Oligocene of Chelkar-Teniz, Kazakhstan)
  • Template:Extinct"Palaeorallus" alienus Kuročkin 1968Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (middle Oligocene of Tatal-Gol, Mongolia)– galliform?
  • Template:Extinct"Vanellus" selysii van Beneden 1871Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (middle Oligocene of Rupelmonde, Belgium) – charadriiform (charadriid)?
  • Template:ExtinctAnserpica kiliani Mourer-Chauviré, Berthet & Hugueney 2004Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (Late Oligocene of France) – gruiform (gruid?) or anseriform (anseranatid?)?
  • Template:ExtinctGnotornis Wetmore 1942Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (Brule Late Oligocene of Shannon County, US) – gruiform (aramid)?
  • Template:ExtinctGuguschia nailiae Aslanova & Burčak-Abramovič 1968Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (Late Oligocene of Pirəkəşkül, Azerbaijan) – anseriform (anserine)? pelagornithid (same as Caspiodontornis)?
  • Template:ExtinctTiliornis senex Ameghino 1899Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (Late? Oligocene of Argentina)– phoenicopteriform? A nomen dubium
  • Neornithes incerta sedis QM F40203 (Late Oligocene of Riversleigh, Australia)– gruiform (rallid)?
  • Template:ExtinctGaviella pusilla Shufeldt 1915Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (Oligocene? of Wyoming, US)– gaviiform? plotopterid?
  • Template:Extinct"Anas" skalicensis Bayer 1882Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (Early Miocene of "Skalitz", Czech Republic) - anseriform?
  • Template:ExtinctChenornis graculoides Portis 1884Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (Early Miocene) - Anseriformes (Anatidae) or Pelecaniformes (Phalacrocoracidae)?
  • Template:Extinct"Propelargus" olseni Brodkorb 1963Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (Hawthorne Early Miocene of Tallahassee, US) – ciconiiform?
  • Neornithes incerta sedis MNHN SA 1259-1263 (Early/Middle Miocene of Sansan, France) – passeriform?
  • Template:ExtinctAnisolornis excavatus Ameghino 1891Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (Santa Cruz Middle Miocene of Karaihen, Argentina) – gruiform, galliform, tinamiform?
  • Template:Extinct"Ardea" perplexa Milne-Edwards 1869Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (Middle Miocene of Sansan, France) – ardeid? strigiform?
  • Template:Extinct"Cygnus herrenthalsi" van Beneden 1871Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (Middle Miocene of Belgium)
  • Template:Extinct"Anas" risgoviensis Ammon 1918Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (Late Miocene of Bavaria, Germany) – anseriform?
  • Template:Extinct"Ardea" aureliensis (Late Miocene of France) – ardeid?
  • Template:ExtinctEoneornis australis Ameghino 1895 nomen dubiumScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (Miocene of Argentina) – anatid? A nomen dubium
  • Template:ExtinctEutelornis patagonica Ameghino 1895Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (Miocene of Argentina) – anatid?
  • Template:ExtinctProtibis cnemialis Ameghino 1891Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (Miocene of Argentina) – ciconiiform (threskiornithid)?
  • Template:Extinct"Limnatornis" paludicola Milne-Edwards 1871Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (Miocene of France) – coliid? phoeniculid?
  • Template:Extinct"Picus" gaudryi (Miocene of France) – piciform?
  • Template:Extinct"Ardea" lignitum Giebel 1860Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (Late Pliocene of Germany) – ardeid? strigid (genus Bubo)?
  • Template:ExtinctBathoceleus hyphalus Brodkorb 1959Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (Pliocene of New Providence, Bahamas) – picid?
  • Template:Extinct"Homalopus" Milne-Edwards 1870 non Chevrolat 1837Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".– piciform? Preoccupied by a subgenus of Cryptocephalus leaf beetles described in 1835.
  • Template:Extinct"Liptornis hesternus" Ameghino 1894Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". [Liptornis cuvierii] – pelecaniform (pelecanid)? A nomen dubium
  • Template:ExtinctProceriavis martini Harrison & Walker 1979Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – pelagornithid?
  • Template:ExtinctProtopelicanus cuvieri Reichenbach 1852Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – pelecaniform (pelecanid)? pelagornithid?
  • Template:ExtinctEurofluvioviridavis robustipes Mayr 2005aScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (middle Eocene of Messel, Germany)
  • Template:ExtinctArchaeotrogonidae Wetmore 1926Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".basal Cypselomorphae?
  • Template:ExtinctCimolopterygidae Brodkorb 1963Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – charadriiform?
  • Template:ExtinctCladornithidae Wetmore 1930 [Cladornithes Wetmore 1960Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".; Cladornidae Ameghino 1895Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".] (pelecaniform?
  • Template:ExtinctEremopezidae Rothschild 1911Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – pelecaniform? ratite?
  • Template:ExtinctGracilitarsidae Mayr 2001Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – close to Sylphornithidae?
  • Halcyornithidae Harrison & Walker 1972Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – psittaciform (= Pseudasturidae?), coraciiform?
    • Template:ExtinctHalcyornis toliapicus (Koenig 1825) Owen 1846Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (London Clay Early Eocene of England)
    • Template:ExtinctCyrilavis Martin 2010Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (Green River Early Eocene of C US) - psittaciform (halcyornithid or psittacid)?
  • Template:ExtinctJuncitarsidae Peters 1987Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Template:ExtinctKashinia magnum (Harrison & Walker 1976) Harrison & Walker 1979Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". [Tenuicrus Harrison & Walker 1976 non Womersley 1940Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".; Tenuicrus magnum Harrison & Walker 1976Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".] – phoenicopteriform?
    • Template:ExtinctJuncitarsus Olson & Feduccia 1980Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – phoenicopteriform?
  • Laornithidae Cracraft 1973Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – charadriiform? gruiform? pelagornithid?
    • Laornis edvardsianus Marsh 1870Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". [Laopteryx (sic) Kuročkin 1995Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".] (Late Cretaceous?)
  • Template:ExtinctLonchodytidae Brodkorb 1963Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Template:ExtinctLonchodytes estesi Brodkorb 1963Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (Late Cretaceous/?Early Palaeocene) – gaviiform/pelecaniform? procellariiform?
  • Template:ExtinctPalaeospizidae – passeriform? coraciiform? coliiform?
  • Template:ExtinctParvicuculidae Harrison 1982Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – cypselomorph, cuculiform, coraciiform (primobucconid)?
  • Template:ExtinctRemiornithidae Martin 1992Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (Paleocene of France) – palaeognath?
  • Template:ExtinctSylphornithidae Mourer-Chauviré 1988Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – cuculiform? coraciiform? close to Gracilitarsidae?
  • Template:ExtinctTytthostonychidae Olson & Parris 1987Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – procellariiform, pelecaniform?
  • Template:ExtinctZygodactylidae Brodkorb 1971Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". [Primoscenidae Harrison 1977Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".]– near passerine
  • Template:Extinct"Graculavidae" Fürbringer 1888Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". [Dakotornithidae Erickson 1975; Scaniornithidae; Telmatornithidae Cracraft 1972] – a paraphyletic form taxon, the "transitional shorebirds"

Struthioniformes

Ostrich and related ratites.

  • Struthionidae Vigors 1825Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". [[[:Template:Extinct]]Struthiolithidae Vjalov 1971Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".; Template:ExtinctPalaeotididae Houde & Haubold 1987Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".] (ostriches)

Casuariiformes

Cassowaries, emus and related ratites.

  • Casuariidae Kaup 1847 [Dromaiidae Huxley 1868; Dramaiinae Gray 1870; Dramiceiidae Richmond 1908; Dramaeidae Newton 1896] (emus and cassowaries)
    • Template:ExtinctDiogenornis fragilis Alvarenga 1983Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (Early Eocene) – possible casuariiform
    • Template:ExtinctEmuarius Boles 1992Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (emuwaries) (Late Oligocene – Late Miocene)
    • Prehistoric species of extant genera
      • Dromaius Vieillot 1816Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". [Tachea Fleming 1822Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".; Emou Griffith & Pidgeon 1829Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".; Peronista Mathews 1912Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".; Metapteryx De Vis 1892Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".] (emus) (Middle Miocene – Recent)
      • Casuarius Brisson 1760Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". [Cela Moehring 1752 [Oken1816] non Reichenbach 1853 non Illiger 1826Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".; Cela Moehring 1752 nom. rej.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".; Rhea Lacépède 1800 non Latham 1790Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".; Chelarga Billberg 1828Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".; Oxyporus Brookes 1828 non (Bourdot & Galzin 1925) Donk 1933Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".; Thrasys Billberg 1828Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".; Cassowara Perry 1811Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".; Hippalectryo Gloger 1842Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".]

Rheiformes

Rheas and related ratites.

  • Template:ExtinctOpisthodactylidae Ameghino 1895Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Rheidae (Bonaparte 1853)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". [Rheinae Bonaparte 1853Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".] (rheas)
    • Template:ExtinctHeterorhea dabbenei Rovereto 1914Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (Pliocene)
    • Template:ExtinctHinasuri nehuensis Tambussi 1995Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Prehistoric species of extant genera
      • Rhea Brisson 1760Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". [Rhea Moehring 1758 nomen dubiumScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".; Pterocnemia Gray 1870Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".; Toujou Lacépède 1801Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".; Tujus Rafinesque 1815Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".]

Template:ExtinctDinornithiformes

Moas.

  • Template:ExtinctMegalapterygidae - (Upland moas)
  • Template:ExtinctDinornithidae Owen 1843Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". [Palapteryginae Bonaparte 1854Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".; Palapterygidae Haast 1874Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".; Dinornithnideae Stejneger 1884Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".] (great moas)
    • Template:ExtinctDinornis Owen 1843Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". [Palapteryx Owen 1846Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".; Megalornis Owen 1843 non Gray 1841Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".; Movia Reichenbach 1853Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".; Moa Reichenbach 1853Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".; Owenia Gray 1855Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".; Tylopteryx Hutton 1891Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".]
  • Template:ExtinctEmeidae (Bonaparte 1854)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". [Emeinae Bonaparte 1854Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".; Anomalopterygidae Oliver 1930Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".; Anomalapteryginae Archey 1941Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".] (lesser moas)

Two unnamed Saint Bathans Fauna species.[18]

Apterygiformes

  • Apterygidae Gray 1840Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". [Apteryginae Gray 1840Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".] (Kiwis)

Template:ExtinctLithornithiformes Houde 1988Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

Tinamiformes

  • Tinamidae Gray 1840Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". [Crypturidae Bonaparte 1831Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".; Tinamotidae Bonaparte 1854Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".; Eudromiidae Bonaparte 1854Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".; Rhynchotidae von Boetticher 1934Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".] (tinamous)
    • Template:ExtinctQuerandiornis romani Rusconi 1958Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (Ensenada Early/Middle Pleistocene of Argentina)
    • Template:ExtinctRoveretornis Brodkorb 1961Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Tinamidae gen. et sp. indet. MACN-SC Fleagle Collection (Early – Middle Miocene of S Argentina) - at least 2 species
    • Prehistoric species of extant genera
      • Eudromia [non Eudromias Boie 1832Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".; Calodromas Sclater & Salvin 1873 nonScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Calodromus Guein 1832Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".; Calopezus Ridgway 1884Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".; Tinamisornis Rovereto 1914Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".; Roveretornis Brodkorb 1961Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".]
      • Nothura Wagler 1827Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". [[[:Template:Extinct]]Cayetanornis Brodkorb 1963Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".]
      • Crypturellus Brabourne & Chubb 1914Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". [Microcrypturus Chubb 1917Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".; Crypturornis Oberholser 1922Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".; Orthocrypturus Miranda-Ribeiro 1937Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".]

Vegaviiformes

Anseriformes

File:Dromornis BW.jpg
Dromornis
File:Genyornis BW.jpg
Genyornis

The group that includes modern ducks and geese.

Galliformes

The group that includes domestic chickens and their relatives.

Charadriiformes

Gulls, auks, shorebirds

  • Basal and unresolved taxa
    • Charadriiformes gen. et sp. indet. (Late Cretaceous) – burhinid? basal?
    • "Morsoravis" (Late Paleocene/Early Eocene) – a nomen nudum?
    • Jiliniornis (middle Eocene) – charadriid?
    • Boutersema (Early Oligocene) – glareolid?
    • Turnipax (Early Oligocene) – turnicid?
    • Elorius (Early Miocene)
    • "Larus desnoyersii (Early Miocene of SE France) – larid? stercorarid?
    • "Larus pristinus (John Day Early Miocene of Willow Creek, US) – larid?
    • Charadriiformes gen. et spp. indet. (Early/Middle Miocene) – several species, 1 probably larid
    • Charadriiformes gen. et sp. indet. (Middle Miocene)
    • "Totanus" teruelensis (Late Miocene of Los Mansuetos, Spain) – scolopacid? larid?
    • "Actitis" balcanica (Late Pliocene of Varshets, Bulgaria) – scolopacid? charadriid?
  • Scolopacidae – waders and snipes
    • Paractitis (Early Oligocene)
    • Mirolia (Middle Miocene)
    • Placement unresolved
      • Scolopacidae gen. et sp. indet. (Middle – Late Miocene)
      • Scolopacidae gen. et sp. indet. (Early Pliocene)
    • Extant genera present in the fossil record
      • Limosa (Late Eocene? – Recent)
      • Tringa (Late Eocene/Early Oligocene? – Recent) – includes Totanus
      • Gallinago (Late Miocene/Early Pliocene – Recent)
      • Scolopax (Early/Middle Pliocene? – Recent)
      • Phalaropus (Middle Pliocene – Recent)
      • Actitis (Late Pliocene – Recent)
      • Numenius (Late Pleistocene – Recent) – includes Palnumenius
  • Jacanidae – jacanas
  • Laridae – gulls
    • Laridae gen. et sp. indet. (Early Oligocene)
    • Laricola (Late Oligocene/Early Miocene) – larid? Formerly "Larus" elegans and "L." totanoides
    • Gaviota Miller & Sibley 1941 non Fischer 1983Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (Middle/Late Miocene)
    • Extant genera present in the fossil record
      • Larus (Middle Miocene – Recent)
  • Alcidae – auks
  • Stercorariidae – skuas and jaegers
  • Glareolidae – pratincoles
    • Paractiornis (Agate Fossil Beds Early Miocene of Sioux County, US)
    • Mioglareola (Early Miocene of Czech Republic) - formerly "Larus" dolnicensis
    • Prehistoric species of extant genera
  • Burhinidae – thick-knees
  • Charadriidae – plovers
    • Limicolavis (John Day Early Miocene of Malheur County, US)
    • Viator (Late Pleistocene of Talara, Peru) – may be synonym of Vanellus (or Belanopteryx if valid)
    • Extant genera present in the fossil record
      • Vanellus (Middle/Late Pleistocene – Recent) – includes Belanopteryx
    • Additional prehistoric species of extant genera
  • Recurvirostridae – avocets

Template:ExtinctGastornithiformes (extinct)

The diatrymas, a group of huge flightless Paleogene birds of unclear affinities. Traditionally placed within the Gruiformes, they are usually considered a distinct order nowadays and appear closer to the Anseriformes.

Gruiformes

The group that includes modern rails and cranes. Probably paraphyletic.

Eurypygiformes

Cariamiformes

File:Paraphysornis BW.jpg
Paraphysornis

Otidiformes

Phoenicopteriformes

Podicipediformes

Phaethontiformes

Ciconiiformes

The diverse group that includes storks, herons and New World vultures. Paraphyletic as listed here.

Pelecaniformes

The group that includes modern pelicans and cormorants. As presented here paraphyletic; the tropicbird lineage is not part of this group and relationships with Procellariiformes and Sphenisciformes require more research. Also, as the pelicans are at least as close to the Ciconiiformes as to cormorants, the latter group is being recognized as Phalacrocoraciiformes by some recent authors and the core Pelecaniformes are occasionally merged into the Ciconiiformes.

File:Copepteryx hexeris.jpg
Copepteryx
File:Osteodontornis BW.jpg
Osteodontornis

Procellariiformes

The group that includes modern albatrosses, petrels and storm-petrels.

Gaviiformes

Sphenisciformes

File:Waimanu BW.jpg
Waimanu
File:Icadyptes BW.jpg
Icadyptes

Pterocliformes

Columbiformes

  • Columbidae – doves and pigeons
    • Arenicolumba (Early Miocene) – doubtfully distinct from Patagioenas
    • Rupephaps (Early Miocene)
    • Placement unresolved
      • Columbidae gen. et sp. indet. (Early/Middle Miocene)
    • Extant genera present in the fossil record

Psittaciformes

Unresolved and basal fossil parrots:

Opisthocomiformes

Hoatzins

Musophagiformes

  • Musophagidae – turacos
    • Placement unresolved
      • Musophagidae gen. et sp. indet. (Late Oligocene – Middle Miocene of WC Europe)
      • Musophagidae gen. et sp. indet. (Egypt)
    • Template:ExtinctVeflintornis Kashin 1976Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". [Apopempsis Brodkorb 1971 non Schenkling 1903Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".] (Middle Miocene)

Cuculiformes

Cuckoos, turacos and allies.

  • Placement unresolved
    • Cuculiformes gen. et sp. indet. (Early Eocene)
  • Cuculidae – cuckoos

Accipitriformes

File:Teratornis BW.jpg
Teratornis

Falconiformes

Steatornithiformes

Podargiformes

Caprimulgiformes

Aegotheliformes

Owlet-nightjars

Apodiformes

Swifts and hummingbirds.

Coliiformes

Mousebirds and relatives

Template:ExtinctZealandornithidae

Strigiformes

Owls and barn owls

  • Unresolved and basal forms
    • Berruornis (Late Paleocene) – basal? Sophornithidae?
    • Strigiformes gen. et sp. indet. (Late Paleocene)
    • Palaeoglaux (middle – Late Eocene) – own family Palaeoglaucidae or Strigidae?
    • Palaeobyas (Late Eocene/Early Oligocene) – Tytonidae? Sophiornithidae?
    • Palaeotyto (Late Eocene/Early Oligocene) – Tytonidae?
    • Strigiformes gen. et spp. indet. (Early Oligocene)
  • Ogygoptyngidae
  • Protostrigidae
    • Eostrix (Early – middle Eocene)
    • Minerva (middle – Late Eocene) – formerly Protostrix, includes "Aquila" ferox, "Aquila" lydekkeri, and "Bubo" leptosteus
    • Oligostrix (middle Oligocene)
  • Sophiornithidae
  • Strigidae – typical owls
    • Mioglaux (Late Oligocene? – Early Miocene) – includes "Bubo" poirreiri
    • Intulula (Early/Middle –? Late Miocene) – includes "Strix/Ninox" brevis
    • Alasio (Middle Miocene) – includes "Strix" collongensis
    • Oraristrix (Late Pleistocene)
    • Miosurnia (Late Miocene)
    • Placement unresolved
    • Extant genera present in the fossil record
      • Strix (Early Miocene – Recent)
      • Bubo (Late Miocene? – Recent)
      • Asio (Late Pliocene – Recent)
      • Athene (Late Pliocene – Recent)
      • Glaucidium (Late Pliocene – Recent)
      • Surnia (Late Pliocene – Recent)
      • Pulsatrix (Late Pleistocene – Recent)
  • Tytonidae – barn owls
    • Nocturnavis (Late Eocene/Early Oligocene)
    • Selenornis (Late Eocene/Early Oligocene)
    • Necrobyas (Late Eocene/Early Oligocene – Early Miocene)
    • Prosybris (Early Oligocene? – Early Miocene)
    • Placement unresolved
      • Tytonidae gen. et sp. indet. TMT 164 (Middle Miocene)
    • Extant genera present in the fossil record
      • Tyto (Late Miocene – Recent)

Coraciiformes

Rollers and allies. Probably paraphyletic.

Bucerotiformes

Trogoniformes

Piciformes

  • Placement unresolved
    • Piciformes gen. et sp. indet. IRScNB Av 65 (Early Oligocene)
    • Rupelramphastoides (Early Oligocene) – ramphastid?
    • Piciformes gen. et sp. indet. SMF Av 429 (Late Oligocene)
    • Capitonides (Early – Middle Miocene) – ramphastid? "capitonid" (Lybiidae, Megalaimidae)? own family Capitonididae?
    • Pici gen. et sp. indet. (Middle Miocene) – "capitonid" (Lybiidae, Megalaimidae?)
  • Miopiconidae
    • Miopico
  • Lybiidae – African barbets
    • Lybiidae gen. et sp. indet. (Late Miocene) – extant genus Pogoniulus?
  • Galbulidae
  • Picavidae
  • Picidae – woodpeckers

Passeriformes

  • Placement unresolved
    • Passeriformes gen. et spp. indet. (Early Eocene) – several species, oscine?
    • Resoviaornis (Early Oligocene)
    • Wieslochia (Early Oligocene)
    • Passeriformes gen. et spp. indet. (Late Oligocene) – several suboscine and oscine species
    • Certhiops (Early Miocene of Germany) – basal Certhioidea
    • Passeriformes gen. et sp. indet. (Early/Middle Miocene) – suboscine?
    • Passeriformes gen. et spp. indet. (Early/Middle Miocene) – several species, oscine?
    • Passeriformes gen. et spp. indet. (Middle Miocene) – several species, basal?
    • Passeriformes gen. et spp. indet. (Middle Miocene) – several species, oscine?
    • Passeriformes gen. et spp. indet. (Late Miocene) – Sylvioidea
    • "Palaeostruthus" eurius (Pliocene)
  • Eurylaimidae – broadbills
    • Placement unresolved
      • Eurylaimidae gen. et sp. indet. (Early Miocene)
  • Palaeoscinidae
  • Furnariidae – ovenbirds
  • Menuridae – lyretails
    • Extant genera present in the fossil record
      • Menura (Early Miocene – Recent)
  • Meliphagidae – honeyeaters
    • Placement unresolved
      • Meliphagidae gen. et spp. indet. (Middle/Late Miocene – Pliocene of Riversleigh, Australia) – at least 7 spp., some may be from extant genera
  • Orthonychidae – logrunners
    • Extant genera present in the fossil record
      • Orthonyx (Middle/Late Miocene – Recent)
  • Oriolidae – Old World orioles
    • Longmornis (Early Miocene of Riversleigh, Australia)
  • Artamidae – woodswallows, butcherbirds, currawongs and Australian magpie
    • Placement unresolved
      • Artamidae gen. et sp. indet. (Early/Middle Miocene) – cracticine
  • Corvidae – crows, ravens, jays and magpies
    • Miocorvus (Middle Miocene)
    • Miopica (Middle Miocene)
    • Miocitta (Late Miocene)
    • Protocitta (Early Pleistocene)
    • Henocitta (Middle Pleistocene)
    • Extant genera present in the fossil record
    • Placement unresolved
      • Corvidae gen. et sp. indet. (Early Pliocene)
      • Corvidae gen. et sp. indet. (Early/Middle Pleistocene) – probably belongs in extant genus
  • Laniidae – shrikes
    • Extant genera present in the fossil record
      • Lanius (Early Miocene – Recent)
  • Regulidae – kinglets
    • Extant genera present in the fossil record
      • Regulus (Late Pliocene – Recent)
  • Hirundinidae – swallows and martins
    • Placement unresolved
      • Hirundinidae gen. et spp. indet. (Early Pliocene of Langebaanweg, South Africa) – 2 species
  • Megaluridae – grass-warblers and allies
    • Extant genera present in the fossil record
  • Acrocephalidae – marsh- and tree-warblers
    • Extant genera present in the fossil record
  • Muscicapidae – Old World flycatchers and chats
    • Extant genera present in the fossil record
  • Turdidae – thrushes
    • Extant genera present in the fossil record
      • ?Turdus (Middle? Miocene – Recent)
  • Alaudidae – larks
    • Eremarida (Late Miocene of Hrabarsko, Bulgaria)
  • Motacillidae – wagtails
    • Extant genera present in the fossil record
  • Fringillidae – finches
  • Icteridae – grackles and New World orioles
  • Cardinalidae – cardinals
    • Placement unresolved
      • Passerina sp. (Early Pliocene of Yepómera, Mexico)
  • Emberizidae – buntings and New World sparrows
    • Pampaemberiza (Middle Pleistocene of Necochea, Argentina)
    • Extant genera present in the fossil record
      • Ammodramus (Late Miocene – Recent) – including Palaeostruthus
    • Additional prehistoric species of extant genera

Avialans incertae sedis

These fossil taxa cannot be assigned to any major group with reasonable certainty. The "proto-birds" above are of some indeterminate basal position in the entire avialan (and paravian) radiation, but known from such diagnostic material that their relationships at the family level are known. In contrast, the taxa here have a hypodigm that is usually just sufficient for giving them a valid scientific name, but not for phylogenetic purposes beyond classing them as pygostylians or more modern birds. Some, however, are known from such fragmentary remains that the possibility that they are non-avian "reptiles" such as dinosaurs cannot be ruled out at present.


See also

Footnotes

Template:Reflist

References

  • Chiappe, Luis M. (2001): The rise of birds. In: Briggs, Derek E.G. & Crowther, P.R. (eds.): Palaeobiology II: A Synthesis: 102-106. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
  • Chiappe, Luis M. (2002): Basal bird phylogeny: problems and solutions. In: Chiappe, L.M. and Witmer, L.M. (eds.): Mesozoic Birds: Above the Heads of Dinosaurs: 448-472. University of California Press, Berkeley, US.
  • Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1". Electronic Appendix
  • Gauthier, Jacques A. & de Queiroz, Kevin (2001): Feathered dinosaurs, flying dinosaurs, crown dinosaurs, and the name "Aves". In: Gauthier, Jacques & Gall, L.F. (eds.): New Perspectives on the Origin and Early Evolution of Birds: Proceedings of the International Symposium in Honor of John H. Ostrom: 7-41. Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.
  • Mortimer, Michael (2004): The Theropod Database: Phylogeny of taxa. Retrieved 2013-MAR-02.
  • Olson, Storrs L. (1985): The fossil record of birds. In: Farner, D.S.; King, J.R. & Parkes, Kenneth C. (eds.): Avian Biology 8: 79-238. Academic Press, New York. Not in copyright; PDF fulltext
  • Sereno, Paul Callistus (2005): TaxonSearch: Stem Archosauria. Version 1.0, November 7, 2005. Retrieved 2007-APR-30.

External links

Template:Sister project

Template:Birds

  1. Sereno (2005)
  2. Chiappe (2001, 2002)
  3. See e.g. Mortimer (2004), Sereno (2005)
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  6. Clarke et al. (2006)
  7. a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". Winter 2011 Appendix.
  8. Kurochkin, E.N. et al. (2006)
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  13. Kurochkin (2006)
  14. O'Connor, J.K. (2012)
  15. Fide Chiappe (2002)
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  21. Similar to Urocolius and Limnatornis (if distinct): Mlíkovský (2002)