List of emperors of the Han dynasty

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Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates

File:Western Han soldiers 4.jpg
Western Han pottery miniatures of infantry (foreground) and cavalry (background)Template:Sfn

The emperors of the Han dynasty were the supreme heads of government during the second imperial dynasty of China; the Han dynasty (202 BCTemplate:Snd220 AD) followed the Qin dynasty (221–206 BC) and preceded the Three Kingdoms (220–265 AD). The era is conventionally periodised into the Western Han (202 BCTemplate:Snd9 AD) and Eastern Han (25–220 AD).

The Han dynasty was founded by the peasant rebel leader Liu Bang, known posthumously as Emperor Gao (Template:Reign). The longest reigning emperor of the dynasty was Emperor Wu (Template:Reign), who reigned for 54 years. The dynasty was briefly interrupted by the Xin dynasty of the former regent Wang Mang, but he was killed during a rebellion on 6 October 23 AD.Template:Sfn The Han dynasty was reestablished by Liu Xiu, known posthumously as Emperor Guangwu (Template:Reign) or Guangwu Di, who claimed the throne on 5 August 25 AD.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn The last Han emperor, Emperor Xian (Template:Reign), was a puppet monarch of Chancellor Cao Cao (155–220 AD), who dominated the court and was made King of Wei.Template:Sfn On 11 December 220, Cao's son Pi usurped the throne as Emperor Wen of Wei (Template:Reign) and ended the Han dynasty.Template:Sfn

The emperor was the supreme head of government.Template:Sfnm He appointed all of the highest-ranking officials in central, provincial, commandery, and county administrations.Template:Sfn He also functioned as a lawgiver, the highest court judge, commander-in-chief of the armed forces, and high priest of the state-sponsored religious cults.Template:Sfnm

Naming conventions

Emperor

File:Han Guangwu Di.jpg
Emperor Guangwu of Han (Template:Reign), as depicted by the Tang artist Yan Liben (600–673)
File:Finial in the shape of a dragon head (Eastern Han dynasty; 1992.165.25; cropped).jpg
An Eastern Han gilded bronze handle with traces of red pigment, in the shape of a dragon's head; for Han emperors, the dragon could represent either good or bad omens depending on circumstance.Template:Sfn

The rulers of the previous Shang (c. Template:Trim – c. 1050 BCScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".) and Zhou (c. Template:TrimScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".Template:Snd256 BC) dynasties were referred to as 'king' (Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Tlit).Template:Sfn By the time of the Zhou dynasty, they were also referred to as the Son of Heaven.Template:Sfn In 221 BC, King Ying Zheng of Qin completed the conquest of all the Warring States of ancient China. To elevate himself above the Shang and Zhou kings, he accepted the new title of Emperor (Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Tlit) and is known to posterity as Qin Shi Huang, the 'First Emperor' of Qin. The new title of emperor was created by combining the titles for the Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors from Chinese mythology. This title was used by each successive ruler of China until the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1911.Template:Sfn

Posthumous, temple, and era names

From the Shang until the Sui dynasty (581–618) dynasty, Chinese rulers (both kings and emperors) were referred to by their posthumous names in records and historical texts. Temple names, first used during the reign of Emperor Jing of Han (Template:Reign), were used exclusively in later records and historical texts when referring to emperors who reigned during the Tang (618–907), Song (960–1279), and Yuan (1271–1368) dynasties. During the Ming (1368–1644) and Qing (1644–1911) dynasties, a single era name was used for each emperor's reign and became the preferred way to refer to Ming and Qing emperors in historical texts.Template:Sfn

Use of the era name was formally adopted during the reign of Emperor Wu of Han (Template:Reign), yet its origins can be traced back further. The oldest method of recording years—which had existed since the Shang—set the first year of a ruler's reign as year one. When an emperor died, the first year of a new reign period would begin. This system was changed by the 4th century BC when the first year of a new reign period did not begin until the first day of the lunar New Year following a ruler's death. When Duke Huiwen of Qin assumed the title of king in 324 BC, he changed the year count of his reign back to the first year.Template:Sfnm For his newly adopted calendar established in 163 BC, Emperor Wen of Han (Template:Reign) also set the year count of his reign back to the beginning.Template:Sfnm

Since six was considered a lucky number, the emperors Jing and Wu changed the year count of their reigns back to the beginning every six years.Template:Sfnm Since every six-year period was successively marked as yuannian (Script error: No such module "Lang".), eryuan (Script error: No such module "Lang".), sanyuan (Script error: No such module "Lang".), and so forth, this system was considered too cumbersome by the time it reached the fifth cycle wuyuan sannian (Script error: No such module "Lang".) in 114 BC.Template:Sfnm In that year, a government official suggested that the Han court retrospectively rename every "beginning" with new characters; Emperor Wu accepted this reform in 110 BC.Template:Sfnm Since Emperor Wu had just performed the religious feng (Script error: No such module "Lang".) sacrifice at Mount Taishan, he named the new era yuanfeng (Script error: No such module "Lang".). This event is regarded as the formal establishment of era names in Chinese history.Template:Sfnm Emperor Wu changed the era name once more when he established the 'Great Beginning' (Script error: No such module "Lang". Taichu) calendar in 104 BC.Template:Sfn From this point until the end of Western Han, the court established a new era name every four years of an emperor's reign. By the Eastern Han, there was no set interval for establishing new era names, which were often introduced for political reasons and celebrating auspicious events.Template:Sfn

Regents and empress dowagers

File:Story of Jin Midi.JPG
An ink rubbing of The story of Jin Midi, a 2nd-century AD stone relief at the Wu Liang shrines in Jiaxiang, Shandong

At times, especially when an infant emperor was placed on the throne, a regent, often the empress dowager or one of her male relatives, would assume the duties of the emperor until he reached his majority. Sometimes the empress dowager's faction—the consort clan—was overthrown in a coup d'état. For example, Empress Lü Zhi (Template:Died-in) was the de facto ruler of the court during the reigns of the child emperors Qianshao (Template:Reign) and Houshao (Template:Reign).Template:Sfnm Her faction was overthrown during the Lü Clan disturbance of 180 BC and Liu Heng was named emperor (posthumously known as Emperor Wen).Template:Sfnm Before Emperor Wu died in 87 BC, he had invested Huo Guang (Template:Died-in), Jin Midi (Template:Died-in), and Shangguan Jie (Script error: No such module "Lang".; Template:Died-in) with the power to govern as regents over his successor Emperor Zhao of Han (Template:Reign). Huo Guang and Shangguan Jie were both grandfathers to Empress Shangguan (Template:Died-in), wife of Emperor Zhao, while the ethnically-Xiongnu Jin Midi was a former slave who had worked in an imperial stable. After Jin died and Shangguan was executed for treason, Huo Guang was the sole ruling regent. Following his death, the Huo family faction was overthrown by Emperor Xuan of Han (Template:Reign), in revenge for Huo Guang poisoning his wife Empress Xu Pingjun (Template:Died-in) so that he could marry Huo's daughter Empress Huo Chengjun (Template:Died-in).Template:Sfnm

List of emperors

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Below is a complete list of emperors of the Han dynasty, including their personal, posthumous, and era names. Excluded from the list are de facto rulers such as regents and empress dowagers.

Western Han (202 BCTemplate:Snd9 AD)
Sovereign Personal name Reigned from Reigned until Posthumous nameTemplate:Efn Temple name Era name Years[lower-alpha 1]
Emperor Gaozu Liu Bang Template:Vtext-css3 28 FebruaryTemplate:Sfnm 202 BC 1 JuneTemplate:Sfnm 195 BC[1] Emperor Gao Template:Vtext-css3 Taizu Template:Vtext-css3 —Template:Sfn
Emperor Hui Liu Ying Template:Vtext-css3 23 JuneTemplate:Sfnm 195 BC 26 SeptemberTemplate:Sfnm 188 BC[2] Emperor Xiaohui Template:Vtext-css3 —
Emperor Qianshao Liu Gong Template:Vtext-css3 19 OctoberTemplate:Sfnm 188 BC 15 JuneTemplate:Sfnm 184 BC[3] — —
Emperor Houshao Liu Hong Template:Vtext-css3 15 JuneTemplate:Sfn 184 BC 14 NovemberTemplate:Sfn 180 BC[3] — —
Emperor Wen Liu Heng Template:Vtext-css3 14 NovemberTemplate:Sfnm 180 BC 6 JulyTemplate:Sfnm
157 BC[4] 		Emperor Xiaowen Template:Vtext-css3 Taizong Template:Vtext-css3 Qianyuan Template:Vtext-css3 179–164 BCTemplate:Sfn
Houyuan Template:Vtext-css3 163–156 BCTemplate:Sfn
Emperor Jing Liu Qi Template:Vtext-css3 14 JulyTemplate:Sfnm
157 BC 		9 MarchTemplate:Sfnm 141 BC[4] Emperor Xiaojing Template:Vtext-css3 — Qianyuan Template:Vtext-css3 156–150 BCTemplate:Sfn
Zhongyuan Template:Vtext-css3 149–143 BCTemplate:Sfn
Houyuan Template:Vtext-css3 143–141 BCTemplate:Sfn
Emperor Wu Liu Che Template:Vtext-css3 10 MarchTemplate:Sfnm 141 BC 29 MarchTemplate:Sfnm 87 BC[5] Emperor Xiaowu Template:Vtext-css3 Shizong Template:Vtext-css3 Jianyuan Template:Vtext-css3 141–135 BCTemplate:Sfn
Yuanguang Template:Vtext-css3 134–129 BCTemplate:Sfn
Yuanshuo Template:Vtext-css3 128–123 BCTemplate:Sfn
Yuanshou Template:Vtext-css3 122–117 BCTemplate:Sfn
Yuanding Template:Vtext-css3 116–111 BCTemplate:Sfn
Yuanfeng Template:Vtext-css3 110–105 BCTemplate:Sfn
Taichu Template:Vtext-css3 104–101 BCTemplate:Sfn
Tianhan Template:Vtext-css3 100–97 BCTemplate:Sfn
Taishi Template:Vtext-css3 96–93 BCTemplate:Sfn
Zhenghe Template:Vtext-css3 92–89 BCTemplate:Sfn
Houyuan Template:Vtext-css3 88–87 BCTemplate:Sfn
Emperor Zhao Liu Fuling Template:Vtext-css3 30 MarchTemplate:Sfnm 87 BC 5 JuneTemplate:Sfnm 74 BC[6] Emperor Xiaozhao Template:Vtext-css3 — Shiyuan Template:Vtext-css3 86–80 BCTemplate:Sfn
Yuanfeng Template:Vtext-css3 80–75 BCTemplate:Sfn
Yuanping Template:Vtext-css3 74 BCTemplate:Sfn
Marquis of Haihun Liu He Template:Vtext-css3 18 JulyTemplate:Sfnm
74 BC 		14 AugustTemplate:Sfnm 74 BC[3] — — Yuanping Template:Vtext-css3 74 BCTemplate:Sfn
Emperor Xuan Liu Bingyi Template:Vtext-css3 10 SeptemberTemplate:Sfnm 74 BC 10 JanuaryTemplate:Sfn 49 BC[6] Emperor Xiaoxuan Template:Vtext-css3 Zhongzong Template:Vtext-css3 Benshi Template:Vtext-css3 73–70 BCTemplate:Sfn
Dijie Template:Vtext-css3 69–66 BCTemplate:Sfn
Yuankang Template:Vtext-css3 65–61 BCTemplate:Sfn
Shenjue Template:Vtext-css3 61–58 BCTemplate:Sfn
Wufeng Template:Vtext-css3 57–54 BCTemplate:Sfn
Ganlu Template:Vtext-css3 53–50 BCTemplate:Sfn
Huanglong Template:Vtext-css3 49 BCTemplate:Sfn
Emperor Yuan Liu Shi Template:Vtext-css3 29 JanuaryTemplate:Sfnm 49 BC 8 JulyTemplate:Sfnm 33 BC[7] Emperor Xiaoyuan Template:Vtext-css3 Gaozong Template:Vtext-css3 Chuyuan Template:Vtext-css3 48–44 BCTemplate:Sfn
Yongguang Template:Vtext-css3 43–39 BCTemplate:Sfn
Jianzhao Template:Vtext-css3 38–34 BCTemplate:Sfn
Jingning Template:Vtext-css3 33 BCTemplate:Sfn
Emperor Cheng Liu Ao Template:Vtext-css3 4 AugustTemplate:Sfnm 33 BC 17 AprilTemplate:Sfnm
7 BC[7] 		Emperor Xiaocheng Template:Vtext-css3 Tongzong Template:Vtext-css3 Jianshi Template:Vtext-css3 32–28 BCTemplate:Sfn
Heping Template:Vtext-css3 28–25 BCTemplate:Sfn
Yangshuo Template:Vtext-css3 24–21 BCTemplate:Sfn
Hongjia Template:Vtext-css3 20–17 BCTemplate:Sfn
Yongshi Template:Vtext-css3 16–13 BCTemplate:Sfn
Yuanyan Template:Vtext-css3 12–9 BCTemplate:Sfn
Suihe Template:Vtext-css3 8–7 BCTemplate:Sfn
Emperor Ai Liu Xin Template:Vtext-css3 7 MayTemplate:Sfnm
7 BC 		15 AugustTemplate:Sfnm 1 BC[7] Emperor Xiao'ai Template:Vtext-css3 — Jianping Template:Vtext-css3 6–3 BCTemplate:Sfn
Yuanshou Template:Vtext-css3 2–1 BCTemplate:Sfn
Emperor Ping Liu Kan Template:Vtext-css3 17 OctoberTemplate:Sfnm 1 BC 3 FebruaryTemplate:Sfnm 6 AD[7] Emperor Xiaoping Template:Vtext-css3 Yuanzong Template:Vtext-css3 Yuanshi Template:Vtext-css3 1–5 AD[8]
Ruzi YingTemplate:Efn Liu Ying Template:Vtext-css3 17 AprilTemplate:Sfnm
6 AD 		10 JanuaryTemplate:Sfnm 9 AD[7] — — Jushe Template:Vtext-css3 6–8 ADTemplate:Sfn
Chushi Template:Vtext-css3 9 AD
Continuation of the Han under the Xin dynasty (9–23 AD)
Sovereign Personal name Reigned from Reigned until Posthumous nameTemplate:Efn Temple name Era name Years[lower-alpha 1]
Gengshi Emperor Liu Xuan Template:Vtext-css3 11 MarchTemplate:Sfnm 23 AD NovemberTemplate:Sfnm 25 AD[9] King Wushun of Huaiyang Template:Vtext-css3 Yanzong Template:Vtext-css3 Gengshi Template:Vtext-css3 23–25 ADTemplate:Sfn
Eastern Han (25–220 AD)
Sovereign Personal name Reigned from Reigned until Posthumous nameTemplate:Efn Temple name Era name Years[lower-alpha 1]
Emperor Guangwu Liu Xiu Template:Vtext-css3 5 AugustTemplate:Sfnm 25 AD 29 MarchTemplate:Sfnm 57 AD[10] Emperor Guangwu Template:Vtext-css3 Shizu Template:Vtext-css3 Jianwu Template:Vtext-css3 25–56 ADTemplate:Sfn
Jianwu-zhongyuan Template:Vtext-css3 56–57 ADTemplate:Sfn
Emperor Ming Liu Zhuang Template:Vtext-css3 29 MarchTemplate:Sfnm 57 AD 5 SeptemberTemplate:Sfnm 75 AD[11] Emperor Xiaoming Template:Vtext-css3 Xianzong Template:Vtext-css3 Yongping Template:Vtext-css3 57–75 ADTemplate:Sfn
Emperor Zhang Liu Da Template:Vtext-css3 5 SeptemberTemplate:Sfnm 75 AD 9 AprilTemplate:Sfnm
88 AD[12] 		Emperor Xiaozhang Template:Vtext-css3 Suzong Template:Vtext-css3 Jianchu Template:Vtext-css3 76–84 ADTemplate:Sfn
Yuanhe Template:Vtext-css3 84–87 ADTemplate:Sfn
Zhanghe Template:Vtext-css3 87–88 ADTemplate:Sfn
Emperor He Liu Zhao Template:Vtext-css3 9 AprilTemplate:Sfnm 88 AD 13 FebruaryTemplate:Sfnm 106 AD[13] Emperor Xiaohe Template:Vtext-css3 Muzong Template:Vtext-css3 Yongyuan Template:Vtext-css3 89–105 ADTemplate:Sfn
Yuanxing Template:Vtext-css3 105 ADTemplate:Sfn
Emperor Shang Liu Long Template:Vtext-css3 13 FebruaryTemplate:Sfnm 106 AD 21 SeptemberTemplate:Sfnm 106 AD[14] Emperor Xiaoshang Template:Vtext-css3 — Yanping Template:Vtext-css3 106 ADTemplate:Sfn
Emperor An Liu Hu Template:Vtext-css3 23 SeptemberTemplate:Sfnm 106 AD 30 AprilTemplate:Sfnm 125 AD[15] Emperor Xiao'an Template:Vtext-css3 Gongzong Template:Vtext-css3 Yongchu Template:Vtext-css3 107–113 ADTemplate:Sfn
Yuanchu Template:Vtext-css3 114–120 ADTemplate:Sfn
Yongning Template:Vtext-css3 120–121 ADTemplate:Sfn
Jianguang Template:Vtext-css3 121–122 ADTemplate:Sfn
Yanguang Template:Vtext-css3 122–125 ADTemplate:Sfn
Marquess of Beixiang Liu Yi Template:Vtext-css3 18 MayTemplate:Sfnm 125 AD 10 DecemberTemplate:Sfnm 125 AD[16] — — Yanguang Template:Vtext-css3 125 ADTemplate:Sfn
Emperor Shun Liu Bao Template:Vtext-css3 16 DecemberTemplate:Sfnm 125 AD 20 SeptemberTemplate:Sfnm 144 AD[17] Emperor Xiaoshun Template:Vtext-css3 Jingzong Template:Vtext-css3 Yongjian Template:Vtext-css3 126–132 ADTemplate:Sfn
Yangjia Template:Vtext-css3 132–135 ADTemplate:Sfn
Yonghe Template:Vtext-css3 136–141 ADTemplate:Sfn
Han'an Template:Vtext-css3 142–144 ADTemplate:Sfn
Jiankang Template:Vtext-css3 144 ADTemplate:Sfn
Emperor Chong Liu Bing Template:Vtext-css3 20 SeptemberTemplate:Sfnm 144 AD 15 FebruaryTemplate:Sfnm 145 AD[18] Emperor Xiaochong Template:Vtext-css3 — Yongxi Template:Vtext-css3 145 ADTemplate:Sfn
Emperor Zhi Liu Zuan Template:Vtext-css3 6 MarchTemplate:Sfnm 145 AD 26 JulyTemplate:Sfnm 146 AD[18] Emperor Xiaozhi Template:Vtext-css3 — Benchu Template:Vtext-css3 146 ADTemplate:Sfn
Emperor Huan Liu Zhi Template:Vtext-css3 1 AugustTemplate:Sfnm 146 AD 25 JanuaryTemplate:Sfnm 168 AD[19] Emperor Xiaohuan Template:Vtext-css3 Weizong Template:Vtext-css3 Jianhe Template:Vtext-css3 147–149 ADTemplate:Sfn
Heping Template:Vtext-css3 150 ADTemplate:Sfn
Yuanjia Template:Vtext-css3 151–153 ADTemplate:Sfn
Yongxing Template:Vtext-css3 153–154 ADTemplate:Sfn
Yongshou Template:Vtext-css3 155–158 ADTemplate:Sfn
Yanxi Template:Vtext-css3 158–167 ADTemplate:Sfn
Yongkang Template:Vtext-css3 167 ADTemplate:Sfn
Emperor Ling Liu Hong Template:Vtext-css3 17 FebruaryTemplate:Sfnm 168 AD 13 MayTemplate:Sfnm 189 AD[20] Emperor Xiaoling Template:Vtext-css3 — Jianning Template:Vtext-css3 168–172 ADTemplate:Sfn
Xiping Template:Vtext-css3 172–178 ADTemplate:Sfn
Guanghe Template:Vtext-css3 178–184 ADTemplate:Sfn
Zhongping Template:Vtext-css3 184–189 ADTemplate:Sfn
Emperor Shao Liu Bian Template:Vtext-css3 15 MayTemplate:Sfnm 189 AD 28 SeptemberTemplate:Sfnm 189 AD[16] King Huai of Hongnong Template:Vtext-css3 — Guangxi Template:Vtext-css3 189 ADTemplate:Sfn
Zhaoning Template:Vtext-css3 189 ADTemplate:Sfn
Emperor Xian Liu Xie Template:Vtext-css3 28 SeptemberTemplate:Sfnm 189 AD 11 December[lower-alpha 2] 220 AD[21] Emperor Xiaoxian Template:Vtext-css3 — Yonghan Template:Vtext-css3 189 ADTemplate:Sfn
Chuping Template:Vtext-css3 190–193 ADTemplate:Sfn
Xingping Template:Vtext-css3 194–195 ADTemplate:Sfn
Jian'an Template:Vtext-css3 196–220 ADTemplate:Sfn
Yankang Template:Vtext-css3 220 ADTemplate:Sfn

Timeline

<timeline> ImageSize = width:1600 height:auto barincrement:15 PlotArea = top:10 bottom:30 right:100 left:20 AlignBars = early

DateFormat = yyyy Period = from:-210 till:220 TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:10 start:-210

Colors = 

 id:canvas      value:rgb(0.97,0.97,0.97)
 id:WH   value:rgb(1,0.6,0.2)
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 id:EH   value:rgb(1,0.2,0.6)

Backgroundcolors = canvas:canvas

BarData = 

 barset:Rulers

PlotData= 

 width:5 align:left fontsize:S shift:(5,-4) anchor:till
 barset:Rulers

 from: -202 till: -195 color:WH text:"Gao (202–195 BCE)"
 from: -195 till: -188 color:WH text:"Hui (195–188 BCE)"
 from: -188 till: -184 color:WH text:"Liu Gong (188–184 BCE)"
 from: -184 till: -180 color:WH text:"Liu Hong (184–180 BCE)"
 from: -180 till: -157 color:WH text:"Wen (180–157 BCE)"
 from: -157 till: -141 color:WH text:"Jing (157–141 BCE)"
 from: -141 till: -87 color:WH text:"Wu (141–87 BCE)"
 from: -87 till: -74 color:WH text:"Zhao (87–74 BCE)"
 from: -74 till: -74 color:WH text:"Liu He (74 BCE)"
 from: -74 till: -49 color:WH text:"Xuan (74–49 BCE)"
 from: -49 till: -33 color:WH text:"Yuan (49–33 BCE)"
 from: -33 till: -7 color:WH text:"Cheng (33–7 BCE)"
 from: -7 till: -1 color:WH text:"Ai (7–1 BCE)"
 from: -1 till: 6 color:WH text:"Ping (1 BCE–6 CE)"
 from: 6 till: 9 color:WH text:"Liu Ying (6–9 CE)"
 from: 23 till: 25 color:IN text:"Gengshi (23–25 CE)"
 from: 25 till: 27 color:IN text:"Liu Penzi (25–27 CE)"
 from: 25 till: 57 color:EH text:"Guangwu (25–57 CE)"
 from: 57 till: 75 color:EH text:"Ming (57–75 CE)"
 from: 75 till: 88 color:EH text:"Zhang (75–88 CE)"
 from: 88 till: 106 color:EH text:"He (88–106 CE)"
 from: 106 till: 106 color:EH text:"Shang (106 CE)"
 from: 106 till: 125 color:EH text:"An (106–125 CE)"
 from: 125 till: 125 color:EH text:"Liu Yi (125 CE)"
 from: 125 till: 144 color:EH text:"Shun (125–144 CE)"
 from: 144 till: 145 color:EH text:"Chong (144–145 CE)"
 from: 145 till: 146 color:EH text:"Zhi (145–146 CE)"
 from: 146 till: 168 color:EH text:"Huan (146–168 CE)"
 from: 168 till: 189 color:EH text:"Ling (168–189 CE)"
 from: 189 till: 189 color:EH text:"Liu Bian (189 CE)"
 from: 189 till: 220 color:EH text:"Xian (189–220 CE)"

 barset:skip

</timeline>

Legend

  • Orange denotes Western Han monarchs
  • Teal denotes Han monarchs following the collapse of the Xin dynasty but prior to the Eastern Han
  • Pink denotes Eastern Han monarchs

See also

Notes

Template:Notelist

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References

Citations

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  7. ↑ a b c d e Latin spelling, Chinese characters, and date range from Script error: No such module "Footnotes"..
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "Footnotes".. While traditional sources do not give an exact date when the Yuanshi era was announced, it was implied that the first year of Yuanshi did not start until the first month of the lunar calendar – i.e., in 1 AD. See, e.g., Ban Gu, Book of Han, vol. 12.
  9. ↑ Latin spelling, Chinese characters, and date range from Script error: No such module "Footnotes"..
  10. ↑ Latin spelling, Chinese characters, and date range from Script error: No such module "Footnotes". and Script error: No such module "Footnotes"..
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  15. ↑ Latin spelling, Chinese characters, and date range from Script error: No such module "Footnotes". and Script error: No such module "Footnotes"..
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  17. ↑ Latin spelling, Chinese characters, and date range from Script error: No such module "Footnotes". and Script error: No such module "Footnotes"..
  18. ↑ a b Latin spelling, Chinese characters, and date range from Script error: No such module "Footnotes"..
  19. ↑ Latin spelling, Chinese characters, and date range from Script error: No such module "Footnotes". and Script error: No such module "Footnotes"..
  20. ↑ Latin spelling, Chinese characters, and date range from Script error: No such module "Footnotes". and Script error: No such module "Footnotes"..
  21. ↑ Latin spelling, Chinese characters, and date range from Script error: No such module "Footnotes"..

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Sources

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External links

Template:Han emperors Template:Han dynasty topics Template:Top icon
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