List of delegates to the Continental Congress

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Template:Short description Template:Use mdy dates Template:Continental Congress The Continental Congress was initially a convention of delegates from several British American colonies at the height of the American Revolution era, who spoke and acted collectively for the people of the Thirteen Colonies that ultimately became the United States. The term mostly refers to the First Continental Congress of 1774 and the Second Continental Congress of 1775–1781. It also refers to the Congress of the Confederation of 1781–1789, which covers the period following the establishment of American independence with the end of the Revolutionary War. During this period, the Continental Congress served as the chief legislative and executive body of the U.S. government.

The unicameral Congress of the Confederation, officially styled "The United States in Congress Assembled," delegates elected by the legislature of the various states. The Confederation Congress was the immediate successor to the Second Continental Congress; and delegates to it were similarly chosen. Many of the delegates to the initial 1775 session of the Second Continental Congress had also attended the previous First Continental Congress. Altogether, The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress lists 343 men who served as delegates to the Continental Congress in three incarnations from 1774 to 1789; also listed are another 90 persons who were elected as delegates but never served.

Background

Convened in response to the Intolerable Acts passed by the British Parliament earlier that year, the 56 delegates to the First Continental Congress sought to help repair the frayed relationship between the British government and its American colonies. They passed the Continental Association, an economic boycott of Great Britain, and petitioned the king for a redress of grievances. They also resolved to reconvene in May 1775 if necessary.

Delegates from the various colonies did indeed reconvene for a Second Continental Congress as scheduled, but by the time they gathered, the Revolutionary War had begun. Moderates in the Congress still hoped that the colonies could be reconciled with Great Britain, but a movement towards independence steadily gained ground. At this juncture Congress simultaneously sent an Olive Branch Petition to King George III, hoping for a rapprochement, and issued a Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms, which contained the words "Our cause is just. Our union is perfect... being with one mind resolved to die freemen rather than to live slaves...".

File:Signing of Declaration of Independence by Armand-Dumaresq, c1873.png
Signing of Declaration of Independence by Charles Édouard Armand-Dumaresq, Template:Circa1873

Congress functioned as a de facto national government from the outset by establishing the Continental Army, directing strategy, and appointing diplomats. It eventually adopted the Lee Resolution which established the new country on July 2, 1776, and it agreed to the Declaration of Independence two days later.

Afterward, the Congress functioned as the provisional government of the United States through March 1, 1781. During this period, in addition to successfully managing the war effort, its primary achievements included: drafting the Articles of Confederation, the first U.S. Constitution; securing diplomatic recognition and support from foreign nations; and resolving state land claims west of the Appalachian Mountains. When the Articles of Confederation came into force on March 1, 1781, after being ratified by all 13 states, the Continental Congress became the Congress of the Confederation, which helped guide the new nation through the final stages of the Revolutionary War. Under the Articles, the Confederation Congress had limited power. It could declare war, sign treaties, and settle disputes between the states. It could also borrow or print money, but did not have the power to tax; nor could it compel the individual states to comply with its decisions. It convened in eight sessions (a ninth failed to achieve a quorum) prior to being supplanted in 1789, when the United States Congress became the nation's legislative branch of government under a new Constitution.

Article V of the Articles of Confederation

Article V of the Articles of Confederation for the annual election of delegates to Congress by legislatures of the various states to terms that commenced on the first Monday in November, in every year. Each state could send 2–7 delegates, and no person was permitted to serve as a delegate for more than three years within a span of six years. State legislatures also had the authority to recall or to replace its delegates at any time. Prior to 1781, delegates to the Continental Congress served at the pleasure of the state legislature that commissioned them; neither term limits nor specific start–Template:\end–date of service existed.

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For the most convenient management of the general interests of the United States, delegates shall be annually appointed in such manner as the legislatures of each State shall direct, to meet in Congress on the first Monday in November, in every year, with a power reserved to each State to recall its delegates, or any of them, at any time within the year, and to send others in their stead for the remainder of the year.

No State shall be represented in Congress by less than two, nor more than seven members; and no person shall be capable of being a delegate for more than three years in any term of six years; nor shall any person, being a delegate, be capable of holding any office under the United States, for which he, or another for his benefit, receives any salary, fees or emolument of any kind.

Each State shall maintain its own delegates in a meeting of the States, and while they act as members of the committee of the States.

In determining questions in the United States in Congress assembled, each State shall have one vote.

Freedom of speech and debate in Congress shall not be impeached or questioned in any court or place out of Congress, and the members of Congress shall be protected in their persons from arrests or imprisonments, during the time of their going to and from, and attendance on Congress, except for treason, felony, or breach of the peace.[1]

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Elected delegates who participated

The following tables list the 343 people who served in Congress: 1st Continental, 2nd Continental, or Confederation, between 1774 and 1789, as well as the year(s) of their active participation.

Connecticut

Template:Larger
Name 1st Continental
Congress
2nd Continental
Congress
Confederation
Congress
Template:Sortname 1778
Template:Sortname 1784–1785; 1787–1788
Template:Sortname 1774 1775–1776
Template:Sortname 1774 1775–1779 1782–1783
Template:Sortname 1788
Template:Sortname[2] 1778–1781 1781–1783
Template:Sortname 1778
Template:Sortname 1780 1782–1783; 1788
Template:Sortname 1776; 1778–1781 1781; 1783
Template:Sortname 1785–1787
Template:Sortname 1777 1781–1782
Template:Sortname 1785–1788
Template:Sortname 1778–1781 1781–1782
Template:Sortname[3] 1774 1775–1781 1781; 1783–1784
Template:Sortname 1779
Template:Sortname 1786
Template:Sortname 1784
Template:Sortname 1788
Template:Sortname 1776–1777
Template:Sortname 1776–1778; 1781 1781–1783
Template:PadSource (unless otherwise noted):[4]

Delaware

Template:Larger
Name 1st Continental
Congress
2nd Continental
Congress
Confederation
Congress
Template:Sortname 1783–1785
Template:SortnameTemplate:Efn 1779
Template:Sortname 1782–1783
Template:Sortname 1787–1788
Template:Sortname 1783–1784
Template:Sortname 1774 1775–1776; 1778–1781 1781–1782
Template:Sortname 1787–1788
Template:Sortname 1786
Template:Sortname 1786
Template:Sortname 1774 1775–1777
Template:Sortname 1774 1775–1776
Template:Sortname 1781–1782; 1786
Template:Sortname 1777
Template:Sortname 1783–1784
Template:Sortname 1777–1781 1781
Template:Sortname 1784–1785
Template:Sortname 1782–1783
Template:PadSource (unless otherwise noted):[4]

Georgia

Template:Larger
Name 1st Continental
Congress
2nd Continental
Congress
Confederation
Congress
Template:Sortname 1785; 1787–1788
Template:Sortname 1777
Template:Sortname 1775
Template:Sortname 1780–1781 1781–1782; 1786–1788
Template:Sortname 1784
Template:Sortname 1776
Template:Sortname 1785
Template:Sortname 1775–1777
Template:Sortname 1775
Template:Sortname 1784–1786
Template:Sortname 1780–1781 1781
Template:Sortname 1781–1782
Template:Sortname 1777–1779
Template:Sortname 1778; 1780–1781 1781–1782
Template:Sortname 1778; 1780–1781 1781–1782
Template:Sortname 1776–1777; 1780–1781 1781
Template:Sortname 1778
Template:Sortname 1777–1778
Template:Sortname 1775
Template:PadSource (unless otherwise noted):[4]

Maryland

Template:Larger
Name 1st Continental
Congress
2nd Continental
Congress
Confederation
Congress
Template:Sortname 1776
Template:Sortname 1778–1779
Template:Sortname[5] 1776–1777
Template:Sortname[6] 1776; 1777–1778; 1780
Template:Sortname[7] 1781–1783
Template:Sortname 1783–1784
Template:Sortname[8] 1774 1775–1778 1784; 1785
Template:Sortname 1788
Template:Sortname 1778–1780
Template:Sortname 1787
Template:Sortname 1774 1775–1776
Template:Sortname 1775
Template:Sortname[9] 1780–1781 1781–1782
Template:Sortname 1786
Template:Sortname 1782–1783
Template:Sortname 1778–1780 1785–1786
Template:Sortname 1785–1786
Template:Sortname 1788
Template:Sortname[10] 1779; 1780–1781 1781
Template:Sortname[11] 1774 1775–1777
Template:Sortname 1783
Template:Sortname 1783–1784
Template:Sortname 1783–1785
Template:Sortname 1774 1775–1779
Template:Sortname 1778–1780
Template:Sortname 1781
Template:Sortname 1786–1787
Template:Sortname 1775–1776
Template:Sortname 1787–1789
Template:Sortname 1776–1777
Template:Sortname 1788
Template:Sortname 1777
Template:Sortname 1775–1776; 1778 1784
Template:Sortname[12] 1774 1775–1776
Template:Sortname 1782
Template:PadSource (unless otherwise noted):[4]

Massachusetts Bay

Template:Larger
Name 1st Continental
Congress
2nd Continental
Congress
Confederation
Congress
Template:Sortname 1774 1775–1777
Template:Sortname 1774 1775–1781 1781
Template:Sortname 1774 1775–1776
Template:Sortname 1777–1778 1784
Template:Sortname 1785–1788
Template:Sortname 1776–1780 1783–1785
Template:Sortname[13] 1782–1783; 1785–1787
Template:Sortname 1775–1778
Template:Sortname 1783
Template:Sortname 1778–1780 1783–1785; 1787
Template:Sortname 1782
Template:Sortname 1784–1787
Template:Sortname 1777–1781 1781–1782
Template:Sortname 1782
Template:Sortname 1781–1784
Template:Sortname 1787–1788
Template:Sortname 1774 1775–1776
Template:Sortname 1779–1781 1781–1785
Template:Sortname 1785–1786; 1788
Template:Sortname 1787–1789
Template:Sortname 1780–1781 1781
Template:PadSource (unless otherwise noted):[4]

New Hampshire

Template:Larger
Name 1st Continental
Congress
2nd Continental
Congress
Confederation
Congress
Template:Sortname 1775–1776; 1778
Template:Sortname 1784
Template:Sortname 1774 1777–1780
Template:Sortname 1783–1785
Template:Sortname 1777–1779
Template:Sortname 1782–1783
Template:Sortname 1787–1789
Template:Sortname 1775–1776 1787
Template:Sortname 1779
Template:Sortname 1780–1781 1781–1782; 1785–1786
Template:Sortname 1785–1786
Template:Sortname 1779–1780
Template:Sortname 1774 1775–1775; 1780–1781 1781
Template:Sortname 1776–1777
Template:Sortname 1778
Template:Sortname 1776–1779
Template:Sortname 1782–1783
Template:Sortname 1788
Template:PadSource (unless otherwise noted):[4]

New Jersey

Template:Larger
Name 1st Continental
Congress
2nd Continental
Congress
Confederation
Congress
Template:Sortname 1784–1785
Template:Sortname 1778 1781–1783
Template:Sortname 1780–1781 1781
Template:Sortname 1785–1787
Template:Sortname 1776–1778; 1780–1781 1781–1783; 1786–1788
Template:Sortname 1781–1783
Template:Sortname 1774 1775–1776
Template:Sortname 1787–1788
Template:Sortname 1774 1775–1776
Template:Sortname 1784–1785
Template:Sortname 1777–1778 1781–1783; 1787–1788
Template:Sortname 1778–1780
Template:Sortname[14] 1778–1779 1782–1783
Template:Sortname 1776
Template:Sortname 1776
Template:Sortname 1785–1786
Template:Sortname 1779–1781 1784–1785
Template:Sortname 1774 1775
Template:Sortname 1774 1775–1776
Template:Sortname 1786–1787
Template:Sortname 1778–1779
Template:Sortname 1776–1777
Template:Sortname 1774 1775–1776
Template:Sortname 1784
Template:Sortname 1784–1785
Template:Sortname 1776
Template:Sortname 1785–1786
Template:Sortname 1776–1781 1781–1782
Template:PadSource (unless otherwise noted):[4]

New York

Template:Larger
Name 1st Continental
Congress
2nd Continental
Congress
Confederation
Congress
Template:Sortname 1774 1775–1776
Template:Sortname 1784; 1787–1788
Template:Sortname 1774 1775
Template:Sortname 1775–1776
Template:Sortname 1784
Template:Sortname 1774 1775–1781 1781–1783
Template:Sortname 1777–1778
Template:Sortname 1774 1775–1776; 1779–1781 1781–1783
Template:Sortname 1788
Template:Sortname 1789
Template:Sortname 1782–1783; 1788
Template:Sortname 1774 1785–1787
Template:Sortname[15] 1774 1775–1778
Template:Sortname 1785
Template:Sortname 1785–1787
Template:Sortname 1775–1779
Template:Sortname 1779–1781 1781–1783; 1788
Template:Sortname 1774[16] 1775–1778
Template:Sortname 1775–1776; 1779–1780 1784
Template:Sortname 1784–1785
Template:Sortname 1774
Template:Sortname 1781
Template:Sortname 1778–1779
Template:Sortname 1775–1777
Template:Sortname 1784
Template:Sortname 1789
Template:Sortname 1785–1786
Template:Sortname 1775; 1777; 1779–1780
Template:Sortname 1780; 1782 1781–1783
Template:Sortname 1785–1787
Template:Sortname 1774[16] 1775–1776
Template:Sortname 1787–1788
Template:Sortname 1786
Template:PadSource (unless otherwise noted):[4]

North Carolina

Template:Larger
Name 1st Continental
Congress
2nd Continental
Congress
Confederation
Congress
Template:Sortname 1787
Template:Sortname 1786
Template:Sortname 1782–1783; 1786–1787
Template:Sortname 1777–1781 1781
Template:Sortname 1787
Template:Sortname 1774 1775
Template:Sortname 1785
Template:Sortname 1777–1779
Template:Sortname 1781–1783; 1787
Template:Sortname 1774 1775–1776; 1779
Template:Sortname 1778–1780
Template:Sortname 1774 1775–1777
Template:Sortname 1780–1781 1781
Template:Sortname 1779–1780
Template:Sortname 1780
Template:Sortname 1782–1783
Template:Sortname 1775–1780
Template:Sortname 1779–1781 1781
Template:Sortname 1785
Template:Sortname 1783–1785
Template:Sortname 1788
Template:Sortname 1786–1788
Template:Sortname 1778–1779
Template:Sortname[17] 1782–1785; 1787–1788
Template:PadSource (unless otherwise noted):[4]

Pennsylvania

Template:Larger
Name 1st Continental
Congress
2nd Continental
Congress
Confederation
Congress
Template:Sortname[18] 1775–1776
Template:Sortname 1779–1780
Template:Sortname 1787–1788
Template:Sortname 1778–1781 1781–1782
Template:Sortname 1785–1786
Template:Sortname[19] 1774 1775
Template:Sortname 1786–1788
Template:Sortname 1777–1779
Template:Sortname 1776–1777; 1780–1781 1781–1782
Template:Sortname 1788–1789
Template:SortnameTemplate:Efn 1774 1775–1776
Template:Sortname 1782–1783
Template:Sortname 1775–1776
Template:Sortname 1774
Template:Sortname 1784–1785
Template:Sortname 1783–1784
Template:Sortname 1784–1785
Template:Sortname 1774 1775–1776
Template:Sortname 1780
Template:Sortname 1787–1788
Template:Sortname[20] 1785–1786
Template:Sortname 1780
Template:Sortname 1779–1780
Template:Sortname 1786–1788
Template:Sortname 1774 1775 1782–1784
Template:Sortname 1782–1784
Template:Sortname 1780–1781 1781–1782
Template:Sortname 1783–1784
Template:Sortname 1775–1778
Template:Sortname 1774 1775–1776
Template:Sortname[21] 1779–1780
Template:Sortname 1782–1783
Template:Sortname[22] 1785–1787
Template:Sortname 1778
Template:Sortname 1787–1789
Template:Sortname 1774
Template:Sortname 1777–1779
Template:Sortname 1774 1775–1777
Template:Sortname[23] 1776–1777
Template:Sortname[24] 1778–1780
Template:Sortname[25] 1778–1780
Template:Sortname 1776–1778
Template:Sortname[26] 1778
Template:Sortname 1781–1782
Template:Sortname 1786–1787
Template:Sortname 1776
Template:Sortname 1775–1776
Template:Sortname[27] 1775–1777 1782–1783; 1785–1787
Template:Sortname 1779–1781 1781–1782
Template:PadSource (unless otherwise noted):[4]

Rhode Island and Providence Plantations

Template:Larger
Name 1st Continental
Congress
2nd Continental
Congress
Confederation
Congress
Template:Sortname 1782–1783
Template:Sortname 1787–1788
Template:Sortname 1778–1780 1782–1783
Template:Sortname 1780–1781 1781–1782
Template:Sortname 1776–1781 1781–1785
Template:Sortname 1789
Template:Sortname 1788
Template:Sortname 1774 1775–1776
Template:Sortname 1782–1785
Template:Sortname 1786
Template:Sortname 1777–1779
Template:Sortname 1786
Template:Sortname 1780–1781 1781–1782
Template:Sortname 1780–1781 1781; 1787
Template:Sortname 1774 1775–1776
Template:PadSource (unless otherwise noted):[4]

South Carolina

Template:Larger
Name 1st Continental
Congress
2nd Continental
Congress
Confederation
Congress
Template:Sortname 1789
Template:Sortname 1780–1781 1781–1782
Template:Sortname 1783–1784
Template:Sortname 1784–1787
Template:Sortname 1787
Template:Sortname 1778–1779
Template:Sortname 1781–1782
Template:Sortname 1774 1775–1776
Template:Sortname 1782–1783
Template:Sortname 1776–1778
Template:Sortname 1786–1788
Template:Sortname 1778–1779
Template:Sortname 1782–1783
Template:Sortname 1785–1787
Template:Sortname 1780
Template:Sortname 1777–1780
Template:Sortname 1774 1775–1776
Template:Sortname 1775–1776
Template:Sortname 1778–1781 1781
Template:Sortname 1776–1777 1781–1782
Template:Sortname 1774 1775
Template:Sortname 1780–1781 1781–1782
Template:Sortname 1786–1788
Template:Sortname 1785–1787
Template:Sortname 1782–1783, 1785–1786
Template:Sortname 1783–1785
Template:Sortname 1774 1775–1776
Template:Sortname[28] 1774 1775–1776 1782–1783
Template:Sortname 1787–1788
Template:PadSource (unless otherwise noted):[4]

Virginia

Template:Larger
Name 1st Continental
Congress
2nd Continental
Congress
Confederation
Congress
Template:Sortname 1778–1779
Template:Sortname 1778
Template:Sortname 1774 1775
Template:Sortname 1780–1781 1781–1783
Template:Sortname 1776
Template:Sortname 1787–1788
Template:Sortname 1786–1788
Template:Sortname[29] 1788–1789
Template:Sortname 1779
Template:Sortname 1779
Template:Sortname[29] 1784–1787
Template:Sortname 1778–1780 1787–1788
Template:Sortname 1783–1785
Template:Sortname[29] 1774 1775–1778
Template:Sortname 1777–1778
Template:Sortname 1780
Template:Sortname 1774 1775
Template:Sortname 1775–1776 1783–1784
Template:Sortname 1777; 1780–1781 1781–1783
Template:Sortname 1782–1784
Template:Sortname 1775–1779
Template:Sortname 1786–1788
Template:Sortname 1774 1775–1779 1784–1785; 1787
Template:Sortname 1780–1781 1781–1783; 1787–1788
Template:Sortname 1779
Template:Sortname 1783–1784
Template:Sortname 1783–1786
Template:Sortname 1775–1777; 1779
Template:Sortname 1777
Template:Sortname 1774 1775
Template:Sortname 1779 1781–1782
Template:Sortname 1774 1775
Template:Sortname 1778; 1780–1781 1781
Template:Sortname 1780
Template:Sortname 1774 1775
Template:Sortname 1775–1776
Template:PadSource (unless otherwise noted):[4]

Elected delegates who did not participate

The following table lists the 90 people who were elected to Congress: 1st Continental, 2nd Continental, or Confederation, between 1774 and 1789, but who did not participate, as well as the year(s) of their election.

Name State Year(s) elected
Template:Sortname Georgia 1780
Template:Sortname New Hampshire 1779
Template:Sortname New Hampshire 1780, 1785
Template:Sortname South Carolina 1784
Template:Sortname Delaware 1786
Template:Sortname New Hampshire 1781
Template:Sortname Virginia 1781
Template:Sortname Massachusetts 1774
Template:Sortname Rhode Island 1776
Template:Sortname North Carolina 1781
Template:Sortname Rhode Island 1784, 1785
Template:Sortname Connecticut 1786
Template:Sortname Rhode Island 1785, 1786
Template:Sortname Connecticut 1784
Template:Sortname Connecticut 1787, 1788
Template:Sortname Pennsylvania 1785
Template:Sortname Georgia 1778
Template:Sortname New Jersey 1776
Template:Sortname Massachusetts 1783, 1784
Template:Sortname Massachusetts 1780, 1782, 1783
Template:Sortname New Jersey 1778
Template:Sortname New Hampshire 1784
Template:Sortname Pennsylvania 1777
Template:Sortname Massachusetts 1778
Template:Sortname Georgia 1784
Template:Sortname Delaware 1776
Template:Sortname Rhode Island 1787
Template:Sortname Maryland 1782
Template:Sortname South Carolina 1784
Template:Sortname Delaware 1787
Template:Sortname Georgia 1787
Template:Sortname Georgia 1784
Template:Sortname New York 1788
Template:Sortname New Jersey 1779
Template:Sortname Connecticut 1786, 1788
Template:Sortname Connecticut 1783, 1785
Template:Sortname Rhode Island 1788, 1789
Template:Sortname North Carolina 1781, 1784, 1785
Template:Sortname Virginia 1779
Template:Sortname New York 1788
Template:Sortname Delaware 1784
Template:Sortname Massachusetts 1781
Template:Sortname South Carolina 1779
Template:Sortname North Carolina 1785
Template:Sortname Rhode Island 1787
Template:Sortname North Carolina 1786
Template:Sortname Virginia 1784
Template:Sortname Virginia 1777
Template:Sortname North Carolina 1787
Template:Sortname Georgia 1784
Template:Sortname Delaware 1784
Template:Sortname Pennsylvania 1784
Template:Sortname Pennsylvania 1777
Template:Sortname South Carolina 1784
Template:Sortname Rhode Island 1785
Template:Sortname New Jersey 1778
Template:Sortname Maryland 1777
Template:Sortname Georgia 1789
Template:Sortname North Carolina 1784
Template:Sortname Georgia 1786
Template:Sortname New Jersey 1780, 1787
Template:Sortname Delaware 1784
Template:Sortname New Hampshire 1784
Template:Sortname Georgia 1789
Template:Sortname North Carolina 1784
Template:Sortname Rhode Island 1785
Template:Sortname New Hampshire 1787
Template:Sortname Connecticut 1784
Template:Sortname North Carolina 1786
Template:Sortname Maryland 1784, 1785
Template:Sortname Maryland 1784
Template:Sortname Maryland 1784
Template:Sortname North Carolina 1784
Template:Sortname New Hampshire 1786
Template:Sortname Georgia 1781
Template:Sortname North Carolina 1787
Template:Sortname Massachusetts 1780
Template:Sortname Connecticut 1782, 1784, 1784
Template:Sortname Massachusetts 1782, 1783
Template:Sortname South Carolina 1783
Template:Sortname New Hampshire 1778, 1783
Template:Sortname Connecticut 1784, 1785, 1787
Template:Sortname South Carolina 1777
Template:Sortname Connecticut 1774
Template:Sortname New Hampshire 1777, 1778, 1782, 1785
Template:Sortname Massachusetts 1782
Template:Sortname New York 1779
Template:Sortname New Hampshire 1787
Template:Sortname Virginia 1780
Template:Sortname North Carolina 1774, 1787, 1788
Template:PadSource (unless otherwise noted):[4]

See also

Notes

Template:Notelist

References

Template:Reflist

Further reading

Template:USAConfGov

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