List of chemical element name etymologies

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This article lists the etymology of chemical elements of the periodic table.

History

Throughout the history of chemistry, many chemical elements have been discovered. In the 19th century, Dmitri Mendeleev formulated the periodic table, a table of elements which describes their structure. Because elements have been discovered at various times and places, from antiquity through the present day, their names have derived from several languages and cultures.

Named after places

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". 41 of the 118 known elements have names associated with, or specifically named for, places around the world or among astronomical objects. 32 of these have names tied to the places on Earth, and the other nine are named after to Solar System objects: helium and selenium for the Sun and Moon; mercury (indirectly), tellurium, uranium and neptunium for the planets Mercury, Earth, Uranus and Neptune; plutonium and cerium for the dwarf planets Pluto and Ceres, both considered planets when the elements were named; and palladium for the asteroid Pallas.[1]

Named after people

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Nineteen elements are connected with the names of twenty people (as curium honours both Marie and Pierre Curie). Of these, only gadolinium and samarium occur in nature; the rest are synthetic. Fifteen elements were named after scientists; four other have indirect connection to the names of non-scientists.[1] Only Glenn T. Seaborg and Yuri Oganessian were honored during their lifetime by having elements named after them, and Oganessian is the only one still living. Elements named after four non-scientists in this table were actually named for a place or thing which in turn had been named for these people. Samarium was named for the mineral from which it was isolated, samarskite, which was named for Vassili Samarsky-Bykhovets. Berkelium and livermorium were named for the California cities Berkeley and Livermore, the locations of the Lawrence Berkeley and Lawrence Livermore national laboratories; the cities were named for George Berkeley and Robert Livermore. Americium was named for America, which was named for Amerigo Vespucci.

Named after mythological entities

Also, mythological entities have had a significant impact on the naming of elements, directly or indirectly. Cerium, europium, helium, iridium, mercury, neptunium, niobium, palladium, plutonium, promethium, selenium, tantalum, titanium, thorium, uranium and vanadium are all connected to mythological deities.

Named after minerals

Elements may also have been named after minerals (in which they were discovered). For example, beryllium is named after beryl.

Controversies and failed proposals

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Other element names given after people have been proposed but failed to gain official international recognition. These include columbium (Cb), hahnium (Ha), joliotium (Jl), and kurchatovium (Ku), names connected to Christopher Columbus, Otto Hahn, Irène Joliot-Curie, and Igor Kurchatov; and also cassiopeium (Cp), a name coming from the constellation Cassiopeia and is hence indirectly connected to the mythological Cassiopeia.

Current naming practices and procedures

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". For the last two decades, IUPAC has been the governing body for naming elements. IUPAC has also provided a temporary name and symbol for unknown or recently synthesized elements.

List

Etymology of the chemical element names
Element Original word Language of origin Meaning Nature of origin
Name
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See also

References

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Further reading

  • Eric Scerri, The Periodic System, Its Story and Its Significance, Oxford University Press, New York, 2007.

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