List of caliphs

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Template:Short description Template:Infobox official post A caliph is the supreme religious and political leader of an Islamic state known as the caliphate.[1][2] Caliphs (also known as 'Khalifas') led the Muslim Template:Transliteration as political successors to the Islamic prophet Muhammad,[3] and widely recognised caliphates have existed in various forms for most of Islamic history.[4]

The first caliphate, the Rashidun Caliphate, was ruled by the four Rashidun caliphs (Template:Langx, Template:Lit), Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman and Ali, who are considered by Sunni Muslims to have been the most virtuous and pure caliphs. They were chosen by popular acclamation or by a small committee, in contrast with the following caliphates, which were mostly hereditary.[5] On the other hand, Shiites only recognise Ali and consider the first three caliphs to be usurpers.

The Rashidun caliphate ended with the First Fitna, which transferred authority to the Umayyad dynasty that presided over the Umayyad Caliphate, the largest caliphate and the last one to actively rule the entire Muslim world.[6]

The Abbasid Revolution overthrew the Ummayads and instituted the Abbasid dynasty which ruled over the Abbasid Caliphate.[7] The Abbassid Caliphate was initially strong and united, but gradually fractured into several states whose rulers only paid lip service to the caliph in Baghdad. There were also rivals to the Abbasids who claimed the caliphates for themselves, such as the Isma'ili Shia Fatimids, the Sunni Ummayyads in Córdoba and the Almohads, who followed their own doctrine. When Baghdad fell to the Mongols, the Abbassid family relocated to Cairo, where they continued to claim caliphal authority, but had no political power, and actual authority was in the hands of the Mamluk Sultanate.

After the Ottoman conquest of Egypt, the Abbasid caliph Al-Mutawakkil III was taken to Constantinople, where he surrendered the caliphate to the Ottoman Sultan Selim I. The caliphate then remained in the House of Osman until after the First World War. The Ottoman Sultanate was abolished in 1922 by the Grand National Assembly of Turkey. The head of the House of Osman, Abdülmecid II, retained the title of caliph for two more years, after which the caliphate was abolished in 1924.

Rashidun Caliphate (632–661)Script error: No such module "anchor".

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Calligraphic name Name (in Arabic) Born (CE) Reigned from (CE) Reigned until (CE) Died Relationship with Muhammad House
File:Abu Bakr Masjid an-Nabawi Calligraphy.png
 Abu Bakr
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 573 8 June 632 23 August 634 Father of Aisha, Muhammad's wife Banu Taim
File:Umar al-Farooq Masjid an-Nabawi Calligraphy.png
 Umar
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 584 23 August 634 Template:Circa 6 November 644
(assassinated by Abu Lu'lu'a Firuz) 		Father of Hafsa, Muhammad's wife Banu Adi
File:Uthman Dhul-nurayn Masjid an-Nabawi Calligraphy.png
 Uthman
(Script error: No such module "Lang".) 		579 6 November 644 17 June 656
(assassinated at the end of a siege upon his house; see First Fitna) 		Husband of Muhammad's daughters, Ruqayya and later Umm Kulthum, and grandson of Muhammad's paternal aunt Banu Umayya
File:Ali Murtaza Masjid an-Nabawi Calligraphy.png
 Ali
(Script error: No such module "Lang".) 		601 17 June 656 28 January 661
(assassinated while praying in the Mosque of Kufa; see First Fitna) 		Muhammad's cousin, and husband of Fatima, Muhammad's daughter, and Umama bint Abi al-As, Muhammad's granddaughter Banu Hashim

Umayyad Caliphate (661–750)Script error: No such module "anchor".

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Coin Name Born Reigned from Reigned until Died Relation with predecessor
File:Arab-Sasanian coin of Muawiyah I, struck at the Fasa mint in Darabjird (Fars).jpg Mu'awiya I 602 660 29 April 680 Son of Abu Sufyan
File:Drachm of Mu'awiya I, 676-677.jpg Yazid I 647 680 11 November 683 Son of Mu'awiya I
File:Umayyad Caliphate. temp. Mu'awiya II ibn Yazid. AH 64 AD 683-684.jpg Mu'awiya II 664 November 683 684 Son of Yazid I
File:Drachm from Yazid I to Marwan I; Talha governor.jpg Marwan I 623–626 684 7 May 685 Son of Al-Hakam ibn Abi al-As
File:Gold dinar of Abd al-Malik 697-98.png Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan 646 685 8 October 705 Son of Marwan I
File:Gold dinar of al-Walid obverse, 707-708 CE.jpg Al-Walid I 668 October 705 23 February 715 Son of Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan
File:Umayya Sulayman Dinar.jpg Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik 674 February 715 22 September 717
  • Son of Abd al-Malik
  • Brother of al-Walid I
File:Gold dinar of Umar II.jpg Umar II 2 November 682 September 717 February 720
  • Nephew of Abd al-Malik
  • First cousin of Al-Walid I and Sulayman
  • Great-grandson of Umar through a maternal line
File:Yazid II. Dinar.jpg Yazid II 687 10 February 720 26 January 724
  • Son of Abd al-Malik
  • Brother of al-Walid I and Sulayman
File:Dihrem of Hisham ibn 'Abd al-Malik.jpg Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik 691 26 January 724 6 February 743
  • Son of Abd al-Malik
  • Brother of al-Walid I, Sulayman and Yazid II
File:Gold dinar of al-Walid II ibn Yazid, AH 125-126.jpg Al-Walid II 709 6 February 743 17 April 744 (assassinated) Son of Yazid II
File:Dihrem of Yazid III ibn al-Walid, AH 126.jpg Yazid III 701 17 April 744 3/4 October 744 Son of Al-Walid I
File:Dihrem of Ibrahim ibn al-Walid.jpg Ibrahim ibn al-Walid 744 (few weeks) 25 January 750
(executed) 		Son of Al-Walid I
File:Dirham of Marwan II ibn Muhammad, AH 127-132.jpg Marwan II 691 744 6 August 750
(killed)
  • Nephew of Abd al-Malik
  • Cousin of Al-Walid I, Sulayman, Umar II, Yazid II and Hisham.

Abbasid Caliphate (750–1258)Script error: No such module "anchor".

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Coin Regnal name Personal name Born Reigned from Reigned until Died Parents
File:Dirhem of al-Saffah, AH 132-136.jpg Al-Saffāḥ Abul-'Abbās 'Abdallah 721 25 January 750 10 June 754
File:Abbasid Dinar - Al Mansur - 140 AH (758 AD).JPG Al-Mansur Abu Ja'far 'Abdallah 714 10 June 754 775
File:Abbasid al-Mahdi dirham Kirman 166AH.jpg Al-Mahdi Abu 'Abdallah Muhammad 744/745 775 4 August 785
File:Dirhem of Al-Hadi, AH 170.jpg Al-Hadi Abu Muhammad Musa 764 August 785 14 September 786
File:Gold dinar of Harun al-Rashid, AH 170-193.jpg Al-Rashid Harun 763/766 14 September 786 24 March 809
File:Abbasid Dinar - Al Amin - 195 AH (811 AD).jpg Al-Amin Muhammad 787 March 809 24/25 September 813
File:Coin of the Abbasid Caliph al-Ma'mun.jpg Al-Ma'mun Abu al-Abbas 'Abdallah 13/14 September 786 September 813 9 August 833
File:Abbasid Dinar - Al-Mu'tasim-225h.jpg Al-Mu'tasim Abū Ishaq Muhammad October 796 9 August 833 5 January 842
File:Dinar of al-Wathiq, AH 227-232.jpg Al-Wathiq Abu Ja'far Harun 811–813 5 January 842 10 August 847
File:Dinar of Al-Mutawakkil, AH 232-247.jpg Al-Mutawakkil Ja'far February/March 822 10 August 847 11 December 861
(assassinated)
File:Dirhem of al-Muntasir, AH 247-248.jpg Al-Muntasir Abu Ja'far Muhammad November 837 861 7 or 8 June 862
File:Dinar of Al-Musta'in, AH 248-252.jpg Al-Musta'in Ahmad 836 862 866 (executed)
File:Dinar of al-Mu'tazz, AH 253.jpg Al-Mu'tazz Abū ʿAbd allāh Muhammad 847 866 869
File:Dirham of al-Muhtadi, AH 255-256.jpg Al-Muhtadi Abū Isḥāq Muḥammad 869 21 June 870
  • Al-Wathiq, Abbasid Caliph
  • Qurb (greek concubine)
File:Dinar of al-Mu'tamid, AH 271.jpg Al-Mu'tamid Abu’l-ʿAbbās Aḥmad 842 21 June 870 15 October 892
File:Dinar of al-Mu'tadid, AH 285.jpg Al-Mu'tadid Abu'l-'Abbas Ahmad 854/861 October 892 5 April 902
  • Al-Muwaffaq, Abbasid prince and Commander-in-chief
  • Dirar
File:Dinar of al-Muktafi, AH 292.jpg Al-Muktafi Abu Muhammad ʿAlî 877/878 5 April 902 13 August 908
File:Dinar of al-Muqtadir with Abu'l-Abbas and Amid al-Dawla.jpg Al-Muqtadir Abu al-Fadl Ja'far 895 13 August 908 929 31 October 932
(killed)
File:Gold dinar of al-Qahir, AH 320-322.jpg Al-Qahir Abu Mansur Muhammad 899 929 950
File:Dinar of al-Muqtadir with Abu'l-Abbas and Amid al-Dawla.jpg Al-Muqtadir Abu al-Fadl Ja'far 895 929 31 October 932
(killed)
File:Gold dinar of al-Qahir, AH 320-322.jpg Al-Qahir Abu Mansur Muhammad 899 31 October 932 934 950
File:Gold dinar of al-Radi, 323 AH.jpg Al-Radi Abu al-'Abbas Muhammad December 909 934 23 December 940
File:Dirham of al-Muttaqi.jpg Al-Muttaqi Abu Ishaq Ibrahim 908 940 944 July 968
File:Dirham of al Al-Mustakfi 334h.jpg Al-Mustakfi Abu’l-Qasim 'Abdallah 905 September 944 January 946 September/October 949
File:Dinar Al-Muti(334-363h).jpg Al-Muti Abu al-Qasim al-Faḍl 914 January 946 5 August 974 12 October 974
File:Adud al-DawlaOtherFirstCoinHistoryofIran.jpg Al-Ta'i' Abd al-Karīm 932 974 991 3 August 1003
  • Al-Muti, Abbasid Caliph
  • Utb (Greek concubine)
File:Mahmud coin minted in Ghazni.jpg Al-Qadir Abu'l-Abbas Ahmad ibn Ishaq ibn al-Muqtadir 947 1 November 991 29 November 1031
File:TughrilCoin.jpg Al-Qa'im Abu Ja'far Abdallah 1001 29 November 1031 2 April 1075
  • Al-Qadir, Abbasid Caliph
  • Badr al-Dija also known as Qatr al-Nida
File:Dinar of Malik Shah I, AH 465-485.jpg Al-Muqtadi Abū'l-Qāsim ʿAbd Allāh ibn Muhammad ibn al-Qa'im 1056 2 April 1075 February 1094
File:MuhammadITaparSeljuqCoin.jpg Al-Mustazhir Abū l-ʿAbbās Ahmad April/May 1078 February 1094 6 August 1118
  • Al-Muqtadi, Abbasid Caliph
  • Taif al-Afwah (Egyptian)
Al-Mustarshid Abū'l-Manṣūr al-Faḍl April/May 1092 6 August 1118 29 August 1135
Al-Rashid Billah Abu Jaʿfar Manṣūr 1109 29 August 1135 1136 6 June 1138
(killed by Hashshashins)
File:Dinar of Al-Muqtafi, 905-906.jpg Al-Muqtafi Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad 9 March 1096 1136 12 March 1160
File:Dinar of Abbasid caliph al-Mustanjid 557 AH.jpg Al-Mustanjid Abū'l-Muẓaffar Yūsuf 1124 12 March 1160 20 December 1170
File:Turquoise glass stamp of calif Mustadi 1170 1180.jpg Al-Mustadi Hassan 1142 20 December 1170 30 March 1180
File:Dinar of Al-Nasir 607h.jpg Al-Nasir Abu'l-ʿAbbās Ahmad 6 August 1158 2 March 1180 4 October 1225
File:Qarlughids. Sind. Saif al-Din al-Hasan 1239-1249 In the name of the Abbasid Caliph, al-Zahir struck 1225-1226.jpg Al-Zahir Abu Nasr Muhammad 1176 5 October 1225 11 July 1226
File:Dirham of Al-Mustansir, AH 623-640.jpg Al-Mustansir Abû Ja`far al-Manṣūr 17 February 1192 11 July 1226 2 December 1242
File:Dinar Abbasside - al-Musta'sim bi-llah - 641 AH.jpg Al-Musta'sim Abu Ahmad Abdallah 1213 2 December 1242 20 February 1258

During the later period of Abbasid rule, Muslim rulers began using other titles, such as Amir al-umara and Sultan.

Fatimid Caliphate (909–1171)

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Image/Coin Regnal name Personal name Born Reigned from Reigned until Died Parents
File:Calif al Mahdi Kairouan 912 CE(png).png al-Mahdi Billah Abū Muḥammad ʿAbd Allāh ibn al-Ḥusayn 874 27 August 909 4 March 934
File:Gold dinar of al-Qaim, AH 322-334.jpg al-Qāʾim bi-Amr Allāh Abū al-Qāsim Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd Allāh 893 4 March 934 17 May 946
File:Gold dinar of al-Mansur, al-Mansuriya, AH 338.jpg al-Mansur Billah Abu Tahir Isma'il 914 17 May 946 18 March 953
File:Fatimiden- Abu Tamim al-Muizz - Münzkabinett, Berlin - 5545286.jpg al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah Abu Tamim Ma'ad al-Muizz li-Din Allah 931 19 March 953 21 December 975
File:Dinar of al-'Aziz billah, AH 366 (AD 976-977).jpg al-Aziz Billah Abu al-Mansur Nizar 955 18 December 975 13 October 996
File:Gold dinar of al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, AH 391.jpg al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah Abū ʿAlī al-Manṣūr 985 14 October 996 13 February 1021
File:Gold dinar of al-Zahir li-I'zaz Din Allah, AH 416.jpg al-Zahir li-I'zaz Din Allah Abū al-Ḥasan ʿAlī ibn al-Ḥākim 1005 28 March 1021 13 June 1036
File:Calif al Mustansir Misr 1055.jpg al-Mustansir Billah Abū Tamīm Maʿad al-Mustanṣir biʾllāh 1029 13 June 1036 29 December 1094
File:Gold dinar of al-Musta'li billah, AH 493.jpg al-Musta'li Billah Abū al-Qāsim Aḥmad ibn al-Mustanṣir 1074 29/30 December 1094 11/12 December 1101
File:Fatimid dinar - al-Amir bi-Ahkam Allah.jpg al-Amir bi-Ahkam Allah Abū ʿAlī al-Manṣūr ibn al-Mustaʿlī 1096 11 December 1101 7 October 1130
File:Gold dinar of al-Hafiz li-Din Allah, AH 544.jpg al-Hafiz li-Din Allah Abūʾl-Maymūn ʿAbd al-Majīd ibn Muḥammad ibn al-Mustanṣir 1074/5 or 1075/6 23 January 1132 10 October 1149
  • Abu'l-Qasim Muhammad ibn al-Mustansir Billah
al-Ẓāfir bi-Aʿdāʾ Allāh Abū al-Manṣūr Ismāʿīl ibn al-Ḥāfiẓ 1133 10 October 1149 1 or 15 April 1154
al-Fa'iz bi-Nasr Allah Abūʾl-Qāsim ʿĪsā ibn al-Ẓāfir 1149 16 April 1154 22 July 1160
al-ʿĀḍid li-Dīn Allāh Abū Muḥammad ʿAbd Allāh ibn Yūsuf 1151 23 July 1160 13 September 1171
  • Yusuf ibn al-Hafiz li-Din Allah

Mamluk Abbasid dynasty (1261–1517)

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". The Cairo Abbasids were largely ceremonial Caliphs under the patronage of the Mamluk Sultanate that existed after the takeover of the Ayyubid dynasty.[8][9]

Regnal name Personal name Reign Parents
Al-Mustansir Abu al-Qasim Ahmad 13 June 1261 – 28 November 1261
Al-Hakim I Abu 'Abdullah Muhammad 16 November 1262 – 19 January 1302
  • Abu 'Ali al-Hasan
Al-Mustakfi I Abu ar-Rabi' Sulaiman 20 January 1302 – February 1340
Al-Wathiq I Abu Ishaq Ibrahim February 1340 – 17 June 1341
Al-Hakim II Abu al-'Abbas Ahmad 1341–1352
Al-Mu'tadid I Abu Bakr 1352–1362
Al-Mutawakkil I Abu 'Abdillah Muhammad 1362–1377
Al-Musta’sim Abu Yahya Zakariya 1377
Al-Mutawakkil I Abu 'Abdillah Muhammad 1377–1383
Al-Wathiq II 'Umar September 1383 – 13 November 1386
Al-Musta'sim Abu Yahya Zakariya 1386–1389
Al-Mutawakkil I Abu 'Abdillah Muhammad 1389 – 9 January 1406
Al-Musta'in Abu al-Fadl al-'Abbas 22 January 1406 – 9 March 1414
Al-Mu'tadid II Abu al-Fath Dawud 1414–1441
Al-Mustakfi II Abu ar-Rabi' Sulayman 1441 – 29 January 1451
Al-Qa'im Abu Al-Baqa Hamzah 1451–1455
Al-Mustanjid Abu al-Mahasin Yusuf 1455 – 7 April 1479
Al-Mutawakkil II Abu al-'Izz 'Abdul 'Aziz 5 April 1479 – 27 September 1497
Al-Mustamsik Abu as-Sabr 1497–1508
Al-Mutawakkil III Muhammad 1508–1516
Al-Mustamsik Abu as-Sabr 1516–1517
Al-Mutawakkil III Muhammad 1517

Ottoman Caliphate (1517–1924)Script error: No such module "anchor".

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". The head of the Ottoman dynasty was just entitled Sultan originally, but soon it started accumulating titles assumed from subjected peoples.[10][11] Murad I (reigned 1362–1389) was the first Ottoman claimant to the title of Caliph; claimed the title after conquering Edirne.[12]

Image Tughra Name Reign Parents
File:Yavuz Sultan I. Selim Han.jpg
Tughra of Selim I
Tughra of Selim I
 Selim I 1517 – 21 September 1520
File:EmperorSuleiman.jpg
Tughra of Suleiman I
Tughra of Suleiman I
 Suleiman I 30 September 1520 – 6 or 7 September 1566
File:II. Selim Han.jpg
Tughra of Selim II
Tughra of Selim II
 Selim II 29 September 1566 – 21 December 1574
File:Sultan Murad III.jpeg
Tughra of Murad III
Tughra of Murad III
 Murad III 22 December 1574 – 16 January 1595
File:Sultan Mehmet III of the Ottoman Empire.jpg
Tughra of Mehmed III
Tughra of Mehmed III
 Mehmed III 27 January 1595 – 20 or 21 December 1603
File:Sultan I. Ahmet.jpg
Tughra of Ahmed I
Tughra of Ahmed I
 Ahmed I 21 December 1603 – 22 November 1617
File:I Mustafa (cropped).jpg
Tughra of Mustafa I
Tughra of Mustafa I
 Mustafa I 22 November 1617 – 26 February 1618
File:Osman 2.jpg
Tughra of Osman II
Tughra of Osman II
 Osman II 26 February 1618 – 19 May 1622
File:I Mustafa (cropped).jpg
Tughra of Mustafa I
Tughra of Mustafa I
 Mustafa I 20 May 1622 – 10 September 1623
File:Murad IV.jpg
Tughra of Murad IV
Tughra of Murad IV
 Murad IV 10 September 1623 – 8 or 9 February 1640
File:Ibrahim I.jpg
Tughra of Ibrahim
Tughra of Ibrahim
 Ibrahim 9 February 1640 – 8 August 1648
File:Sultan Mehmed IV (2).jpg
Tughra of Mehmed IV
Tughra of Mehmed IV
 Mehmed IV 8 August 1648 – 8 November 1687
File:Süleyman II.jpg
Tughra of Suleiman II
Tughra of Suleiman II
 Suleiman II 8 November 1687 – 22 June 1691
File:Ahmet II.jpg
Tughra of Ahmed II
Tughra of Ahmed II
 Ahmed II 22 June 1691 – 6 February 1695
File:II. Mustafa.jpg
Tughra of Mustafa II
Tughra of Mustafa II
 Mustafa II 6 February 1695 – 22 August 1703
File:III. Ahmet.jpg
Tughra of Ahmed III
Tughra of Ahmed III
 Ahmed III 22 August 1703 – 1 or 2 October 1730
File:Mahmud1.jpg
Tughra of Mahmud I
Tughra of Mahmud I
 Mahmud I 2 October 1730 – 13 December 1754
File:OsmanIII.jpg
Tughra of Osman III
Tughra of Osman III
 Osman III 13 December 1754 – 29 or 30 October 1757
File:Mustafa3.jpg
Tughra of Mustafa III
Tughra of Mustafa III
 Mustafa III 30 October 1757 – 21 January 1774
File:Portrait of Abdülhamid I of the Ottoman Empire.jpg
Tughra of Abdülhamid I
Tughra of Abdülhamid I
 Abdul Hamid I 21 January 1774 – 6 or 7 April 1789
File:Joseph Warnia-Zarzecki - Sultan Selim III - Google Art Project.jpg
Tughra of Selim III
Tughra of Selim III
 Selim III 7 April 1789 – 29 May 1807
File:IV. Mustafa.jpg
Tughra of Mustafa IV
Tughra of Mustafa IV
 Mustafa IV 29 May 1807 – 28 July 1808
File:Mahmud II.jpg
Tughra of Mahmud II
Tughra of Mahmud II
 Mahmud II 28 July 1808 – 1 July 1839
File:Sultan Abdülmecid - Google Art Project.jpg
Tughra of Abdülmecid I
Tughra of Abdülmecid I
 Abdulmejid I 1 July 1839 – 25 June 1861
File:Abdulaziz.jpg
Tughra of Abdulaziz
Tughra of Abdulaziz
 Abdulaziz 25 June 1861 – 30 May 1876
File:Portrait of Murad V.jpg
Tughra of Murad V
Tughra of Murad V
 Murad V 30 May 1876 – 31 August 1876
File:Abdul Hamid II in Balmoral Castle in 1867-colored.jpg
Tughra of Abdülhamid II
Tughra of Abdülhamid II
 Abdul Hamid II 31 August 1876 – 27 April 1909
File:Sultan Mehmed V of the Ottoman Empire cropped.jpg
Tughra of Mehmed V
Tughra of Mehmed V
 Mehmed V 27 April 1909 – 3 July 1918
File:Sultan Mehmed VI of the Ottoman Empire.jpg
Tughra of Mehmed VI
Tughra of Mehmed VI
 Mehmed VI 4 July 1918 – 19 November 1922
File:Portrait Caliph Abdulmecid II.jpg
 —
Template:Refn 		Abdulmejid II 19 November 1922 – 3 March 1924

The Office of the Ottoman Caliphate was transferred to the Grand National Assembly of Turkey which dissolved the office on March 3, 1924, in keeping with the policies of secularism that were adopted in the early years of the Republic of Turkey by its President Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. After the abolition of the Caliphate, the Grand National Assembly of Turkey founded the Presidency of Religious Affairs as the new highest Islamic religious authority in the country.

Other caliphates

Hasan ibn Ali's Caliphate (661)Script error: No such module "anchor".

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After Ali was killed, the governor of Syria Mu'awiya led his army toward Kufa, where Ali's son Hasan ibn Ali had been nominated as Ali's successor.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Mu'awiya successfully bribed Ubayd Allah ibn Abbas, the commander of Hasan's vanguard, to desert his post, and sent envoys to negotiate with Hasan.Template:Sfn In return for a financial settlement, Hasan abdicated and Mu'awiya entered Kufa in July or September 661 and was recognized as caliph. This year is considered by a number of the early Muslim sources as 'the year of unity' and is generally regarded as the start of Mu'awiya's caliphate.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Hasan abdicated as caliph after ruling for six or seven months.

Calligraphic/Coin Name (and titles) Birth Reigned from Reigned until Death Relationship with Muhammad (or previous Caliph) Parents House
File:Hagia sophia symbol1 (cropped).jpg
File:Coin from the time of Hassan ibn Ali.jpg
 Hasan ibn Ali
(حسن بن علي)
Ahl al-Bayt
Al-Mujtaba 		624 661 (six or seven months) 670
  • Grandson of Muhammad
  • Son of 'Ali ibn Abi Talib
 Banu Hashim

Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr's Caliphate (684–692)

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr, a grandson of the first caliph Abu Bakar and a nephew of Aisha, the third wife of Muhammad, led an uprising against the Umayyad Caliphate in 684 AD. He was proclaimed caliph in Mecca. He ruled Mecca and Medina, the most important places in Islam, for about eight years; outlasting three Ummayad rulers: Yazid ibn Muawiyah, Muawiyah ibn Yazid, and Marwan ibn Al-Hakam. Islamic scholars consider him to be the rightful caliph instead of Marwan ibn Al-Hakam. He was eventually defeated and killed in Mecca in 692 AD after a six-month siege by general Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf.[14]

Coin Name (and titles) Birth Reigned from Reigned until Death Parents House
Silver dirham of Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr
(عبد الله ابن الزبير) 		May, 624 AD November 683 AD November 692 AD November 692 AD Banu Asad

Talib al-Haqq (747–748)Script error: No such module "anchor".

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Calligraphic/Coin Name (and titles) Birth Reigned from Reigned until Death Parents House
Talib al-Haqq
(طالب الحق) 		709 745 748 749

Caliphate of Córdoba (929–1031)

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".(Not universally accepted; actual authority confined to Spain and parts of Maghreb)[15][16]

Name Reign Parents
Abd-ar-Rahman III 929–961
Al-Hakam II 961–976
Hisham II al-Hakam 976–1009
Muhammad II 1009
Sulayman ibn al-Hakam 1009–1010
Hisham II al-Hakam 1010–1013
Sulayman ibn al-Hakam 1013–1016
Abd ar-Rahman IV 1021–1022
Abd ar-Rahman V 1022–1023
Muhammad III 1023–1024
  • Abd ar-Rahman bin Ubayd Allah bin Abd ar-Rahman III, grandson of Abd ar-Rahman III
  • Hawra
Hisham III 1027–1031
  • Muhammad bin 'Abd al-Malik bin Abd ar-Rahman III, grandson of Abd ar-Rahman III
  • 'Ateb

Almohad Caliphate (1145–1269)

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File:Almohads1200.png
The Almohad Empire at its greatest extent (Template:Circa)

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Hafsid Caliphate (1249–1574)Script error: No such module "anchor".

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". The Hafsids claimed their descent from Rashidun caliph Omar.[19] After the fall of Baghdad, Marinid sultan Abu Yusuf Yaqub and Sharif of Mecca Abu Numayy recognized the Hafsids in 1258 and 1259 respectively.[20]

Coin Name Born Reigned from Reigned until Died Parents
File:Hafsid dinar - Tunisia.jpg Muhammad I al-Mustansir c. 1228 c. 1249 c. 1277
Yahya II al-Wathiq c. 1277 1279
Abu Hafs Umar bin Yahya 1284 1295
Abu Asida Muhammad II 1279 1295 1309
Abu Yahya Abu Bakr ash-Shahid 1309
Abu Yahya Abu Bakr ash-Shahid 1309 1309
Abu-l-Baqa Khalid An-Nasr 1309 1311
Abd al-Wahid Zakariya ibn al-Lihyani 1253 1311 1317 1326
Abu Darba Muhammad Al-Mustansir 1317 1318 1323
Abu Yahya Abu Bakr II 1318 1346
Abu Hafs Umar II 1346 1347
Abu al-Abbas Ahmad al-Fadl al-Mutawakkil 1350
Abu Ishaq Ibrahim II 1336 1350 1369
Abu-l-Baqa Khalid II c. 1358 1369 1371
Abu al-Abbas Ahmad II 1329 1370 1394
Abu Faris Abd al-Aziz II 1361 1394 1434
Abu Abd-Allah Muhammad al-Muntasir 1434 1435
File:Hafsid Dinar - Abu Amr Othman.jpg Abu 'Amr 'Uthman 1419 1435 1488
Abu-Zakariya Yahya II 1488 1489
Abd-al-Mumin ibn Ibrahim 1489 1490
Abu Yahya Zakariya 1472 1490 1494
  • son of Abu-Zakariya Yahya II
Abu Abdallah Muhammad IV al-Mutawakkil 1494 1526
  • Abu Muhammad Hasan, son of Mas'ud
File:Mulay-hacan le hafcide.jpg
 Abu Abdallah Muhammad V al-Hasan 1526 1543 1549
File:Mulay Ahmed de Tunis (Hafsid).jpg
 Abu al-Abbas Ahmad III 1500 1543 1569 1575
Abu Abdallah Muhammad VI ibn al-Hasan 1573 1574 1594

Bornu and Songhai Empires (15th/16th century)

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File:Bornu map 1750.svg
The Bornu Empire at its greatest extent (c. 1750)
File:SONGHAI empire map.PNG
Songhai Empire at its greatest extent (c. 1500)

Several rulers of West Africa adopted the title of Caliph. Mai Ali Ghaji ibn Dunama was the first ruler of Bornu Empire to assume the title. Askia Mohammad I of Songhai Empire also assumed the title around the same time.[21]

Indian caliphates (late medieval/early modern)

Since the 12th century, despite the South Asian domination of numerous Muslim empires, kingdoms and sultanates, Islamic caliphates were not fully attempted to be established across the Indian subcontinent. However, under the sharia based reigns of Sunni emperors such as Alauddin Khalji, Mughal Empire's Aurangzeb, and Mysore's rulers Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan, absolute forms of caliphates clearly appeared. These largely impacted the French-Italian emperor Napoleone Bonaparte and soldiers of the British Empire.[22][23][24][25]

Sokoto Caliphate (1804–1903)

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File:Sokoto caliphate.png
The Sokoto Caliphate (pink) at its greatest extent (c. 1800)

(Not widely accepted, actual dominions were parts of West Africa)

Established by Tariqa Islamic scholar and religious leader Usman dan Fodio through the Fulani War (alternatively known as the Fulani Jihad), which sought to reduce the influence of pre-Islamic religious practices and spread a more vigorous form of Islam through the auspices of a Caliphate.

Ahmadiyya Caliphate (1908–present)

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File:Liwa-e-Ahmadiyya 1-2.svg
Ahmadiyya Muslim Community Flag.

The Khalīfatul Masīh (Template:Langx; Template:Langx; Template:Langx), sometimes simply referred to as Khalifah (i.e. Caliph, successor), is the elected spiritual and organizational leader of the worldwide Ahmadiyya Muslim Community and is the successor of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, who had taken the titles of Mahdi and Messiah of Islam.Template:Refn The Caliph is believed to be divinely guided and is also referred to by members of current Khalifatul Masih is Mirza Masroor Ahmad.

After the death of Ghulam Ahmad, his successors directed the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community from Qadian in Punjab, British India, which remained the headquarters of the community until 1947 with the independence of Pakistan. From this time on, the headquarters moved to and remained in Rabwah, a town built on land bought in Pakistan by the community in 1948. In 1984, Ordinance XX was promulgated by the government of Pakistan which rendered the Khalifatul Masih unable to perform his duties and put the very institution in jeopardy. Due to these circumstances, Khalifatul Masih IV left Pakistan and migrated to London, England, provisionally moving the headquarters to the Fazl Mosque.[26]

Sharifian Caliphate (1924–1925)

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File:Hijaz.png
Map with the kingdom in green and the current region in red.

In March 1924, when the Ottoman Caliphate was abolished, Hussein bin Ali, King of Hejaz proclaimed himself Caliph. An attempt at restoring the caliphal office and style following the abolition of the Ottoman Caliphate was made by Hussein bin Ali, King of Hejaz and Sharif of Mecca, who assumed both on 11 March 1924 and held them until 3 October 1924, when he passed the kingship to his son Ali bin Hussein, who did not adopted the caliphal office and style.[27] Like the Fatimid caliphs, he was a descendant of Muhammad through a grandson of Hasan ibn Ali. Hussein's claim for caliphate was not accepted by the Wahhabi and Salafi movements, and in 1925 he was driven from Hejaz by the forces of Ibn Saud as an outcome of the Second Saudi-Hashemite War. He continued to use the title of caliph during his remaining life in exile, until his death in 1931.

In October 1924, facing defeat by Ibn Saud, he abdicated and was succeeded as king by his eldest son Ali bin Hussein. After Hejaz was subsequently completely conquered by the Ibn Saud-Wahhabi armies of the Ikhwan, on 23 December 1925, Hussein surrendered to the Saudis, bringing the Kingdom of Hejaz, the Sharifate of Mecca and the Sharifian Caliphate to an end.Template:Refn[28]

Notes

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References

Template:Reflist

Bibliography

Template:Caliphs

  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ Office of the 33rd Lead Inspector General of the United States Department of Defense (May 2023) "OPERATION INHERENT RESOLVE LEAD INSPECTOR GENERAL REPORT TO THE UNITED STATES CONGRESS" (PDF) Retrieved 2023-05-04
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ Saïd Amir Arjomand, Abd Allah Ibn al-Muqaffa and the Abbasid Revolution. Iranian Studies, vol. 27, Nos. 1–4. London: Routledge, 1994.
  8. ↑ Bosworth 2004, p. 7
  9. ↑ Houtsma & Wensinck 1993, p. 3
  10. ↑ Lane-Poole 2004, p. 195
  11. ↑ Bosworth 2004, pp. 239–240
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ As̜iroğlu 1992Template:Broken anchor, p. 13
  14. ↑ Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: F-O edited by Tony Jacques
  15. ↑ Lane-Poole 2004, p. 21
  16. ↑ Bosworth 2004, p. 11
  17. ↑ Lane-Poole 2004, p. 47
  18. ↑ Bosworth 2004, p. 39
  19. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  20. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  21. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  22. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  23. ↑ Shah Muhammad Waseem (2003): هندوستان ميں فارسى تاريخ نگارى: ٧١ويں صدى كے آخرى نصف سے ٨١ويں صدى كے پهلے نصف تک فارسى تاريخ نگارى كا ارتقاء, Kanishka Publishing, original source from the University of Michigan Template:ISBN
  24. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  25. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  26. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  27. ↑ Bosworth 2004, p. 118
  28. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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