Astronomical symbols

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Template:Short description Script error: No such module "Distinguish". Template:Use mdy dates

File:Astronomical symbols in 1833 Nautical Almanac.png
This excerpt from the 1833 Nautical Almanac illustrates the use of (upper left) astronomical symbols for the phases of the moon; and (right) the generic symbol for the moon and symbols for the planets and zodiacal constellations.
File:Bezeichnung der Himmelskörper Encke 1850.png
"Designation of celestial bodies" in a German almanac printed in 1850, with the first four asteroids ordered as planets, and the next five appended at the end[1]

Template:Special characters Astronomical symbols are abstract pictorial symbols used to represent astronomical objects, theoretical constructs and observational events in European astronomy. The earliest forms of these symbols appear in Greek papyrus texts of late antiquity. The Byzantine codices in which many Greek papyrus texts were preserved continued and extended the inventory of astronomical symbols.[2][3] New symbols have been invented to represent many planets and minor planets discovered in the 18th to the 21st centuries.

These symbols were once commonly used by professional astronomers, amateur astronomers, alchemists, and astrologers. While they are still commonly used in almanacs and astrological publications, their occurrence in published research and texts on astronomy is relatively infrequent,[4] with some exceptions such as the Sun and Earth symbols appearing in astronomical constants, and certain zodiacal signs used to represent the solstices and equinoxes.

Unicode has encoded many of these symbols, mainly in the Miscellaneous Symbols,[5] Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows,[6] Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs,[7] Alchemical Symbols,[8] and Miscellaneous Symbols Supplement blocks.[9]

Sun and Moon

The use of astronomical symbols for the Sun and Moon dates to antiquity. The forms of the symbols that appear in the original papyrus texts of Greek horoscopes are a circle with one ray (old sun symbol) for the Sun and a crescent for the Moon.[3] The modern Sun symbol, a circle with a dot (☉), first appeared in Europe in the Renaissance.[3]

In modern academic writing, the Sun symbol is used for astronomical constants relating to the Sun.[11] Teff☉ represents the solar effective temperature, and the luminosity, mass, and radius of stars are often represented using the corresponding solar constants (Template:Solar luminosity, Template:Solar mass, and Template:Solar radius, respectively) as units of measurement.[12][13][14][15]

Sun
Referent Symbol Unicode
code point		 Browser
display		 Represents
Sun Sol
[16][17] 		U+2609
(dec 9737)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		☉︎ Standard astronomical symbol
Sol
[3] 		U+1F71A
(dec 128794)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		🜚︎ the Sun with one ray
Sun with face
[18][19] 		U+1F31E
(dec 127774)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		🌞︎︎ the face of the Sun or "Sun in splendor"
Moon and lunar phases[20]
Referent Symbol Unicode
code point		 Browser
text display[21]		 Represents
Moon Crescent moon
[22][23][24] 		U+263D
(dec 9789)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		☽︎ an increscent (waxing) moon
(as viewed from the northern hemisphere)
Decrescent Moon
[23][24] 		U+263E
(dec 9790)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		☾ a decrescent (waning) moon
(as viewed from the northern hemisphere)
new moon New Moon
[23][24] 		U+1F311
(dec 127761)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		🌑︎ fully dark
New Moon with face
[18][25][26] 		U+1F31A
(dec 127770)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		🌚︎
waxing crescent File:Waxing crescent moon (fixed width).svg U+1F312
(dec 127762)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		🌒︎ encrescent moon (northern hemisphere)
first-quarter (waxing) moon First-quarter moon U+1F313
(dec 127763)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		🌓︎ one week into the month, half the visible face illuminated
First-quarter moon with face
[27] or Crescent/quarter moon with face
[18][25][26] 		U+1F31B
(dec 127771)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		🌛︎︎
waxing gibbous File:Waxing gibbous moon (fixed width).svg U+1F314
(dec 127764)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		🌔︎ (northern hemisphere)
full moon Full Moon
[23][24] 		U+1F315
(dec 127765)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		🌕︎ fully illuminated
Full Moon with face
[18][25][26] 		U+1F31D
(dec 127773)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		🌝︎︎
waning gibbous File:Waning gibbous moon (fixed width).svg U+1F316
(dec 127766)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		🌖︎ (northern hemisphere)
last-quarter (waning) moon Last-quarter moon U+1F317
(dec 127767)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		🌗︎ final week of the month, the other half of the visible face illuminated
Last-quarter moon with face
[27] or Decrescent/quarter Moon with faceDark decrescent/quarter Moon with face
[18][25][26] 		U+1F31C
(dec 127772)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		🌜︎︎
waning crescent File:Waning crescent moon (fixed width).svg U+1F318
(dec 127768)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		🌘︎ decrescent moon (northern hemisphere)

Planets

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".

File:F4.v. zodiac circle with planets - NLW MS 735C.png
Medieval depiction of the zodiac and the classical planets. The planets are represented by seven faces.

Symbols for the classical planets appear in many medieval Byzantine codices in which many ancient horoscopes were preserved.[2] The written symbols for Mercury, Venus, Jupiter, and Saturn have been traced to forms found in late Greek papyrus texts.[10] The symbols for Jupiter and Saturn are identified as monograms of the corresponding Greek names, and the symbol for Mercury is a stylized caduceus.[10] According to A.S.D. Maunder, antecedents of the planetary symbols were used in art to represent the gods associated with the classical planets; Bianchini's planisphere, discovered by Francesco Bianchini in the 18th century, produced in the 2nd century,[28] shows Greek personifications of planetary gods charged with early versions of the planetary symbols: Mercury has a caduceus; Venus has, attached to her necklace, a cord connected to another necklace; Mars, a spear; Jupiter, a staff; Saturn, a scythe; the Sun, a circlet with rays radiating from it; and the Moon, a headdress with a crescent attached.[29]

A diagram in Byzantine astronomer Johannes Kamateros's 12th century Compendium of Astrology shows the Sun represented by the circle with a ray, Jupiter by the letter Zeta (the initial of Zeus, Jupiter's counterpart in Greek mythology), Mars by a shield crossed by a spear, and the remaining classical planets by symbols resembling the modern ones, without the cross-mark at the bottom of the modern versions of the symbols for Mercury and Venus. These cross-marks first appear around the 16th century. According to Maunder, the addition of crosses appears to be "an attempt to give a savour of Christianity to the symbols of the old pagan gods."[29]

The symbols for Uranus were created shortly after its discovery. One symbol, Uranus, invented by J. G. Köhler and refined by Bode, was intended to represent the newly discovered metal platinum; since platinum, commonly called white gold, was found by chemists mixed with iron, the symbol for platinum combines the alchemical symbols for the planetary elements iron, ♂, and gold, ☉.[30][31] Another symbol, Uranus, was suggested by Joseph Jérôme Lefrançois de Lalande in 1784. In a letter to William Herschel, Lalande described it as "un globe surmonté par la première lettre de votre nom" ("a globe surmounted by the first letter of your name").[32] Today, Köhler's symbol is more common among astronomers, and Lalande's among astrologers, although it is not uncommon to see each symbol in the other context.[33]

Several symbols were proposed for Neptune to accompany the suggested names for the planet. Claiming the right to name his discovery, Urbain Le Verrier originally proposed the name Neptune[34] and the symbol of a trident,[35] while falsely stating that this had been officially approved by the French Bureau des Longitudes.[34] In October, he sought to name the planet Leverrier, after himself, and he had loyal support in this from the observatory director, François Arago,[36] who in turn proposed a new symbol for the planet (proposed symbol for planet Leverrier).[37] However, this suggestion met with stiff resistance outside France.[36] French almanacs quickly reintroduced the name Herschel for Uranus, after that planet's discoverer Sir William Herschel, and Leverrier for the new planet.[38] Professor James Pillans of the University of Edinburgh defended the name Janus for the new planet, and proposed a key for its symbol.[35] Meanwhile, German-Russian astronomer Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve presented the name Neptune on December 29, 1846, to the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences.[39] In August 1847, the Bureau des Longitudes announced its decision to follow prevailing astronomical practice and adopt the choice of Neptune, with Arago refraining from participating in this decision.[40]

The International Astronomical Union discourages the use of these symbols in journal articles, though they do occur.[41] In certain cases where planetary symbols might be used, such as in the headings of tables, the IAU Style Manual permits certain one- and (to disambiguate Mercury and Mars) two-letter abbreviations for the names of the planets.[42]

Planets
Planet IAU
abbreviation		 Symbol Unicode
code point		 Browser
display		 Represents
Mercury H, Me Mercury
[16][43] 		U+263F
(dec 9791)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		☿ Mercury's caduceus, with a cross[10]
Venus V Venus
[16][43] 		U+2640
(dec 9792)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		♀ Perhaps Venus's necklace or a (copper) hand mirror, with a cross[22][43]
Earth E Earth
[16][43] 		U+1F728
(dec 128808)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		🜨 the four quadrants of the world, divided by the four rivers descending from Eden[44]Template:Efn
Earth
[16][22][23] 		U+2641
(dec 9793)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		♁ a globus cruciger
Mars M, Ma Mars
[16][43] 		U+2642
(dec 9794)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		♂ Mars's shield and spear[22][43]
Jupiter J Jupiter
[16][43] 		U+2643
(dec 9795)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		♃ the letter Zeta with an abbreviation stroke (for Zeus, the Greek equivalent to the Roman god Jupiter)[10]
Saturn S Saturn
[16][43] 		U+2644
(dec 9796)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		♄ the letters kappa-rho with an abbreviation stroke (for Kronos, the Greek equivalent to the Roman god Saturn), with a cross[10]
Uranus U Uranus
[30][31] 		U+26E2
(dec 9954)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		⛢ symbol of the recently described element platinum, which was invented to provide a symbol for Uranus[30][31]
Uranus
[23][24][43] 		U+2645
(dec 9797)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		♅ a globe surmounted by the letter H (for Herschel, who discovered Uranus)[32]
(more common in older or British literature)
Neptune N Neptune
[16][24] 		U+2646
(dec 9798)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		♆ Neptune's trident
Neptune (alternate symbol)
[37][43] 		U+2BC9
(dec 11209)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		⯉ a globe surmounted by the letters "L" and "V", (for Le Verrier, who discovered Neptune)[37][43]
(more common in older, especially French, literature)

Asteroids

File:Asteroid symbols (1864).png
Asteroid symbols as listed in Webster's Dictionary in 1864. All but the first 4 were already obsolete by this time. ("Pomona" is a mistake for "Proserpina".)[45]

Following the discovery of Ceres in 1801 by the astronomer and Catholic priest Giuseppe Piazzi, a group of astronomers ratified the name, which Piazzi had proposed. At that time, the sickle was chosen as a symbol of the planet.[46]

The symbol for 2 Pallas, the spear of Pallas Athena, was invented by Baron Franz Xaver von Zach, who organized a group of twenty-four astronomers to search for a planet between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. The symbol was introduced by von Zach in 1802.[47] In a letter to von Zach, discoverer Heinrich Wilhelm Matthäus Olbers (who had discovered and named Pallas) expressed his approval of the proposed symbol, but wished that the handle of the sickle of Ceres had been adorned with a pommel instead of a crossbar, to better differentiate it from the sign of Venus.[47]

German astronomer Karl Ludwig Harding created the symbol for 3 Juno. Harding, who discovered this asteroid in 1804, proposed the name Juno and the use of a scepter topped with a star as its astronomical symbol.[48]

The symbol for 4 Vesta was invented by German mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss. Olbers, having previously discovered and named 2 Pallas, gave Gauss the honor of naming his newest discovery. Gauss decided to name the new asteroid for the goddess Vesta, and also designed the symbol (Vesta): the altar of the goddess, with the sacred fire burning on it.[49][50][51] Other contemporaneous writers use a more elaborate symbol (VestaVesta) instead.[52][53]

Karl Ludwig Hencke, a German amateur astronomer, discovered the next two asteroids, 5 Astraea (in 1845) and 6 Hebe (in 1847). Hencke requested that the symbol for 5 Astraea be an upside-down anchor;[54] however, a weighing scale was sometimes used instead.[17][55] Gauss named 6 Hebe at Hencke's request, and chose a wineglass as the symbol.[56][57]

As more new asteroids were discovered, astronomers continued to assign symbols to them. Thus, 7 Iris (discovered 1847) had for its symbol a rainbow with a star;[58] 8 Flora (discovered 1847), a flower;[58] 9 Metis (discovered 1848), an eye with a star;[59] 10 Hygiea (discovered 1849), an upright snake with a star on its head;[60] 11 Parthenope (discovered 1850), a standing fish with a star;[60] 12 Victoria (discovered 1850), a star topped with a branch of laurel;[61] 13 Egeria (discovered 1850), a buckler;[62] 14 Irene (discovered 1851), a dove carrying an olive branch with a star on its head;[63] 15 Eunomia (discovered 1851), a heart topped with a star;[64] 16 Psyche (discovered 1852), a butterfly wing with a star;[65] 17 Thetis (discovered 1852), a dolphin with a star;[66] 18 Melpomene (discovered 1852), a dagger over a star;[67] and 19 Fortuna (discovered 1852), a star over Fortuna's wheel.[67]Template:Efn

In most cases the discovery reports only describe the symbols and do not draw them; from Hygiea onward, there are significant glyph variants as well as a significant delay between the discovery and the symbols having been communicated to the astronomical community as a whole.[68][69] Consequently, astronomical publications were not always complete.[45] The discovery reports for Melpomene[70] and Fortuna[71] do not even describe the symbols, which only appear in a later reference work by the discoverer;[67] the symbols are drawn in the reports for Astraea,[54] Hebe,[56] and Thetis.[66] Benjamin Apthorp Gould criticised the symbols in 1852 as being often inefficient at suggesting the bodies they represented and difficult to draw, and pointed out that the symbol that had been described for Irene had to his knowledge never actually been drawn.[72] The same year, John Russell Hind expressed the contrary view that the symbols were easier to remember than the numbers, but also admitted that the names were more commonly used than either the numbers or the symbols.[67]

The last edition of the Berliner Astronomisches Jahrbuch (BAJ, Berlin Astronomical Yearbook) to use asteroid symbols was for the year 1853, published in 1850: although it includes eleven asteroids up to Parthenope, it only includes symbols for the first nine (up to Metis), noting that the symbols for Hygiea and Parthenope had not yet been made definitively known.[68] The last edition of the British The Nautical Almanac and Astronomical Ephemeris to include asteroid ephemerides was that for 1855, published in 1852: despite fifteen asteroids being known (up to Eunomia), symbols are only included for the first nine.[73]

Johann Franz Encke made a major change in the BAJ for the year 1854, published in 1851. He introduced encircled numbers instead of symbols, although his numbering began with Astraea, the first four asteroids continuing to be denoted by their traditional symbols.[17] This symbolic innovation was adopted very quickly by the astronomical community. The following year (1852), Astraea's number was bumped up to 5, but Ceres through Vesta were not listed by their numbers until the 1867 edition.[17] The Astronomical Journal edited by Gould adopted the symbolism in this form, with Ceres at 1 and Astraea at 5.[72] This form had previously been proposed in an 1850 letter by Heinrich Christian Schumacher to Gauss.[69] The circle later became a pair of parentheses, which were easier to typeset,[45] and the parentheses were sometimes omitted altogether over the next few decades.[17] Thus the iconic asteroid symbols fell out of use; reference works continued giving them for the next few decades, though they often noted them as being obsolete.[45]

A few asteroids were given symbols by their discoverers after the encircled-number notation became widespread. 26 Proserpina (discovered 1853), 28 Bellona (discovered 1854), 35 Leukothea (discovered 1855), and 37 Fides (discovered 1855), all discovered by German astronomer Robert Luther, were assigned, respectively, a pomegranate with a star inside;[74] a whip and spear;[75] an antique lighthouse;[76] and a cross.[77] These symbols were drawn in the discovery reports. 29 Amphitrite was named and assigned a shell for its symbol by George Bishop, the owner of the observatory where astronomer Albert Marth discovered it in 1854, though the symbol was not drawn in the discovery report.[78]

File:Psyche insignia.svg
Insignia of the NASA Psyche mission

All these symbols are rare or obsolete in modern astronomy, though NASA has used Ceres' symbol when describing the dwarf planets,[79] and Psyche's symbol may have influenced the design of the insignia for the Psyche mission.[45] The major use of symbols for minor planets today is by astrologers, who have invented symbols for many more objects, though they sometimes use symbols that differ from the historical symbols for the same bodies.[80]

The symbol for 99942 Apophis, a near-Earth asteroid discovered in 2004 that attracted interest when initial observations suggested a significant probability of an Earth impact in 2029 (a possibility since eliminated), is much later. It was designed by Denis Moskowitz, who also designed many of the dwarf-planet symbols, at a time when asteroid symbols had become extremely rare in astronomy. Nonetheless, its inclusion of a star is meant to recall the 19th-century asteroid symbols.[81]

Table

Asteroids
Asteroid Symbol Unicode
code point		 Browser
display 		Represents
1 Ceres 1 Ceres
[17][23][43] 		U+26B3
(dec 9907)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		⚳ A scythe.[43]
In some fonts, the symbol for Saturn is the inverse.
2 Pallas 2 Pallas
[47] 		U+26B4
(dec 9908)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		⚴ A spear.[47][55] In modern renditions, the spearhead has a broader or narrower diamond shape. In 1802, it was given a cordate leaf shape. A variation has a triangular head, conflating it with the alchemical symbol for sulfur.
2 Pallas
[47]
3 Juno 3 Juno
[48][82] 		U+26B5
(dec 9909)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		⚵ a scepter topped with a star[48]
3 Juno
[43][83]
4 Vesta 4 Vesta
[49] 		U+1F777
(dec 128887)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		🝷 The temple hearth with the sacred fire of Vesta. The original form was a box with what looks like the horns of Aries on top.[49][51]
4 Vesta4 Vesta
[17][55][83] 		An early elaborate form is an altar surmounted with a censer holding the sacred fire.[49][51]
4 Vesta
[51] 		U+26B6
(dec 9910)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		⚶ The modern V-shaped form dates from astrological use in the 1970s; it is an abbreviation of the above.[49][51]
5 Astraea 5 Astraea
[54][55] 		U+1F778
(dec 128888)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		🝸 an inverted anchor[54][84]
5 Astraea (alternate symbol) 5 Astraea (alternate symbol)
[85] 		U+2696
(dec 9878)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		⚖ a weighing scale[43][55]
6 Hebe 6 Hebe
[56][86][87] 		U+1CEC0
(dec 118464)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		𜻀 A wineglass. Originally typeset as a triangle ∇ set on a base ⊥.[56]
6 Hebe
[17][43][55]
7 Iris 7 Iris
[17][43] 		U+1CEC1
(dec 118465)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		𜻁 a rainbow with a star inside it[58]
7 Iris
[58][67]
8 Flora File:Flora symbol (fixed width).svg File:Flora symbol (simple, fixed width).svg
[17][55] 		U+1CEC2
(dec 118466)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		𜻂 a flower[58]
9 Metis 9 Metis
[17][43][55] 		U+1CEC3
(dec 118467)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		𜻃 an eye with a star above it[59]
10 Hygiea 10 Hygiea
[60][67] 		U+1F779
(dec 128889)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		🝹 a serpent with a star (from the Bowl of Hygiea U+1F54F 🕏)[60]
10 Hygiea
[17][55] 		U+2695
(dec 9877)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		⚕ a Rod of Asclepius. Cf. the modern astrological symbol U+2BDA ⯚, a caduceus (often confused with the Rod of Asclepius)[80]
11 Parthenope 11 Parthenope
[17][60] 		U+1CEC4
(dec 118468)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		𜻄 a fish with a star. This is the original symbol from the brief period when this asteroid was known and astronomers were still using iconic symbols.[60]
11 Parthenope
[85] 		U+1F77A
(dec 128890)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		🝺 a lyre. This symbol only appears in later 19th-century reference works that appeared when iconic symbols for asteroids had already become obsolete.[45]
12 Victoria 12 Victoria
[17][55] 		U+1CEC5
(dec 118469)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		𜻅 a star with a branch of laurel[61]
12 Victoria
[88]
13 Egeria File:Egeria symbol (original, fixed width).svg
[88] 		U+1CEC6
(dec 118470)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		𜻆 a buckler[62]
13 Egeria
[67]
14 Irene 14 Irene
[85] 		U+1CEC7
(dec 118471)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		𜻇 a dove carrying an olive-branch in its mouth and a star on its head[63]
15 Eunomia 15 Eunomia
[17][55] 		U+1CEC8
(dec 118472)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		𜻈 a heart with a star on top[64]
16 Psyche 16 Psyche
[67] 		U+1CEC9
(dec 118473)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		𜻉 a butterfly's wing and a star[65]
17 Thetis File:Thetis symbol (fixed width).svg
[66] 		U+1CECA
(dec 118474)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		𜻊 a dolphin and a star[66]
18 Melpomene 18 Melpomene
[67] 		U+1CECB
(dec 118475)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		𜻋 a dagger over a star[67]
19 Fortuna 19 Fortuna
[67] 		U+1CECC
(dec 118476)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		𜻌 a star over a wheel[67]
26 Proserpina 26 Proserpina
[74] 		U+1CECD
(dec 118477)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		𜻍 a pomegranate with a star inside it[74]
28 Bellona 28 Bellona
[75] 		U+1CECE
(dec 118478)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		𜻎 Bellona's whip / morning star and spear[75]
29 Amphitrite 29 Amphitrite
[88] 		U+1CECF
(dec 118479)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		𜻏 a "shell".[78] There is no mention of a star in the original description, but the only 19th-century drawing of the symbol includes one.[45]
35 Leukothea 35 Leukothea
[76] 		U+1CED0
(dec 118480)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		𜻐 a pharos (ancient lighthouse)[76]
37 Fides 37 Fides
[77] 		U+271D
(dec 10013)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		✝ a Latin cross[77][88]
99942 Apophis 99942 Apophis
[81] 		— — a stylised depiction of the Egyptian god Apep, with a star[81]

Trans-Neptunian objects

Pluto's name and symbol were announced by the discoverers on May 1, 1930.[89] The symbol, a monogram of the letters PL, could be interpreted to stand for Pluto or for Percival Lowell, the astronomer who initiated Lowell Observatory's search for a planet beyond the orbit of Neptune. Pluto has an alternative symbol consisting of an orb over Pluto's bident: it is more common in astrology than astronomy, and was popularised by the astrologer Paul Clancy,[90] but has been used by NASA to refer to Pluto as a dwarf planet.[79] There are a few other astrological symbols for Pluto that are used locally.[90] Pluto also had the IAU abbreviation P when it was considered the ninth planet.[42]

The other large trans-Neptunian objects were only discovered around the dawn of the 21st century. They were not generally thought to be planets on their discovery, and planetary symbols had in any case mostly fallen out of use among astronomers by then. Denis Moskowitz, a software engineer in Massachusetts,[91] proposed astronomical symbols for the dwarf planets Quaoar, Sedna, Orcus, Haumea, Eris, Makemake, and Gonggong.[92][91] These symbols are somewhat standard among astrologers (e.g. in the program Astrolog),[93] which is where planetary symbols are most used today. Moskowitz has also proposed symbols for Varuna, Ixion, and Salacia, and others have done so for additional TNOs, but there is little consistency between sources.[92]

NASA has used Moskowitz's symbols for Haumea, Makemake, and Eris in an astronomical context, and Unicode labels the symbols for Haumea, Makemake, Gonggong, Quaoar, and Orcus (added to Unicode in 2022) as "astronomy symbols".[91]

Trans-Neptunian objects
Object Symbol Unicode
code point		 Browser
display		 Represents
50000 Quaoar Quaoar
[92] 		U+1F77E
(dec 128894)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		🝾 a Q for Quaoar with the tail fashioned as a canoe, stylised to resemble the angular rock art of the Tongva[92]
90377 Sedna Sedna
[92] 		U+2BF2
(dec 11250)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		⯲ a monogram of the Inuktitut syllabics ᓴ sa and ᓐ n, as Sedna's Inuit name is ᓴᓐᓇ Sanna[94]
90482 Orcus Orcus
[92] 		U+1F77F
(dec 128895)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		🝿 an O-R monogram for Orcus, stylised to resemble a skull and an orca's grin[92]
134340 Pluto Pluto
[16] 		U+2647
(dec 9799)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		♇ a P-L monogram for Pluto and Percival Lowell
Pluto
[79] 		U+2BD3
(dec 11219)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		⯓ a cap or planetary orb over Pluto's bident
136108 Haumea Haumea
[79] 		U+1F77B
(dec 128891)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		🝻 conflation of Hawaiian petroglyphs for woman and birth, as Haumea was the goddess of both[92]
136199 Eris Eris
[79] 		U+2BF0
(dec 11248)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		⯰ the Hand of Eris, a traditional symbol from Discordianism (a religion worshipping the goddess Eris)[51]
136472 Makemake Makemake
[79] 		U+1F77C
(dec 128892)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		🝼 engraved face of the Rapa Nui god Makemake, also resembling an M[92][95]
225088 Gonggong Gonggong
[92] 		U+1F77D
(dec 128893)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		🝽 Chinese character 共 gòng (the first character in Gonggong's name), combined with a snake's tail[92]

Zodiac and other constellations

File:Nuremberg chronicles f 11r 2.png
A late-15th-century manuscript with the zodiac symbols
File:12 houses of heaven.jpg
A mid-18th-century manuscript with symbols for the zodiac and planets. Note the distinctive shapes of Virgo (6), Scorpius (8), Capricornus (10) and Aquarius (11).

The zodiac symbols have several astronomical interpretations. Depending on context, a zodiac symbol may denote either a constellation, or a point or interval on the ecliptic plane.

Lists of astronomical phenomena published by almanacs sometimes included conjunctions of stars and planets or the Moon; rather than print the full name of the star, a Greek letter and the symbol for the constellation of the star was sometimes used instead.[96][97] The ecliptic was sometimes divided into 12 signs, each subdivided into 30 degrees,[98][99] and the sign component of ecliptic longitude was expressed either with a number from 0 to 11.[100] or with the corresponding zodiacal symbol.[99]

In modern astronomical writing, all the constellations, including the 12 of the zodiac, have dedicated three-letter abbreviations, which specifically refer to constellations rather than signs.[101] The zodiac symbols are also sometimes used to represent points on the ecliptic, particularly the solstices and equinoxes. Each symbol is taken to represent the "first point" of each sign, rather than the place in the visible constellation where the alignment is observed.[102][103] Thus, ♈︎ the symbol for Aries, represents the March equinox;Template:Efn ♋︎, for Cancer, the June solstice;Template:Efn ♎︎, for Libra, the September equinox;Template:Efn and ♑︎, for Capricorn, the December solstice.Template:Efn

Although the use of astrological sign symbols is rare, the particular symbol ♈︎ for Aries, is an exception; it is commonly used in modern astronomy to represent the location of the (slowly) moving reference point for the ecliptic and equatorial celestial coordinate systems.

Zodiacal symbols
Constellation IAU
abbreviation 		Number Astrological
location 		Symbol Translation Unicode
code point 		Browser
display
Aries Ari[42] 0 0° Aries
[99][5] 		ram[104] U+2648
(dec 9800)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		♈︎
Taurus Tau[42] 1 30° Taurus
[99][5] 		bull[104] U+2649
(dec 9801)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		♉︎
Gemini Gem[42] 2 60° Gemini
[99][5] 		twinned[104] U+264A
(dec 9802)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		♊︎
Cancer Cnc[42]
[99][5] 		3 90° Cancer Cancer
[99][5] 		crab[104] U+264B
(dec 9803)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		♋︎
Leo Leo[42] 4 120° Leo
[99][5] 		lion[104] U+264C
(dec 9804)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		♌︎
Virgo Vir[42] 5 150° Virgo
[99][5] 		maiden[104] U+264D
(dec 9805)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		♍︎
Libra Lib[42] 6 180° Libra
[99][5] 		scales[104] U+264E
(dec 9806)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		♎︎
Scorpio Sco[42] 7 210° Scorpius
[99][5] 		scorpion[104] U+264F
(dec 9807)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		♏︎
Sagittarius Sgr[42] 8 240° Sagittarius
[99][5] 		archer[104] U+2650
(dec 9808)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		♐︎
Capricorn Cap[42] 9 270° Capricornus File:Capricornus symbol (European, fixed width).svg
[99][5] 		having a goat's horns[104] U+2651
(dec 9809)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		♑︎
Aquarius Aqr[42] 10 300° Aquarius
[99][5] 		water-carrier[104] U+2652
(dec 9810)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		♒︎
Pisces Psc[42] 11 330° Pisces
[99][5] 		fishes[104] U+2653
(dec 9811)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		♓︎

Ophiuchus has been proposed as a thirteenth sign of the zodiac by astrologer Walter Berg in 1995, who gave it a symbol that has become popular in Japan.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

Constellation IAU
abbreviation 		Symbol Translation Unicode
code point 		Browser
display
Ophiuchus Oph[42] Ophiuchus
[5] 		the Serpent-holder[104] U+26CE
(dec 9934)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		⛎︎

None of the constellations have official symbols. However, in addition to the zodiac, occasional symbols for other modern constellations, as well as older constellations that occur in modern nomenclature, have appeared in publication. The symbols below were devised by Denis Moskowitz (except those for the 13 constellations already listed above).[105][106]

Template:Div col begin

Andromeda File:Andromeda symbol (fixed width).svg
Antlia File:Antlia symbol (fixed width).svg
Apus File:Apus symbol (fixed width).svg
Aquarius File:Aquarius symbol (fixed width).svg
Aquila File:Aquila symbol (fixed width).svg
Ara File:Ara symbol (fixed width).svg
Argo Navis File:Argo Navis symbol (fixed width).svg
Carina File:Carina symbol (fixed width).svg
Puppis File:Puppis symbol (fixed width).svg
Vela File:Vela symbol (fixed width).svg
Aries File:Aries symbol (fixed width).svg
Auriga File:Auriga symbol (fixed width).svg
Boötes File:Bootes symbol (fixed width).svg
Caelum File:Caelum symbol (fixed width).svg
Camelopardalis File:Camelopardalis symbol (fixed width).svg
Cancer File:Cancer symbol (fixed width).svg
Canes Venatici File:Canes Venatici symbol (fixed width).svg
Canis Major File:Canis Major symbol (fixed width).svg
Canis Minor File:Canis Minor symbol (fixed width).svg
Capricornus File:Capricornus symbol (fixed width).svg
Cassiopeia File:Cassiopeia symbol (fixed width).svg
Centaurus File:Centaurus symbol (fixed width).svg
Cepheus File:Cepheus symbol (fixed width).svg
Cetus File:Cetus symbol (fixed width).svg
Chamaeleon File:Chamaeleon symbol (fixed width).svg
Circinus File:Circinus symbol (fixed width).svg
Columba File:Columba symbol (fixed width).svg
Coma Berenices File:Coma Berenices symbol (fixed width).svg
Corona Australis File:Corona Australis symbol (fixed width).svg
Corona Borealis File:Corona Borealis symbol (fixed width).svg
Corvus File:Corvus symbol (fixed width).svg
Crater File:Crater symbol (fixed width).svg
Crux File:Crux symbol (fixed width).svg
Cygnus File:Cygnus symbol (fixed width).svg
Delphinus File:Delphinus symbol (fixed width).svg
Dorado File:Dorado symbol (fixed width).svg
Draco File:Draco symbol (fixed width).svg
Equuleus File:Equuleus symbol (fixed width).svg
Eridanus File:Eridanus symbol (fixed width).svg
Fornax File:Fornax symbol (fixed width).svg
Gemini File:Gemini symbol (fixed width).svg
Grus File:Grus symbol (fixed width).svg
Hercules File:Hercules symbol (fixed width).svg
Horologium File:Horologium symbol (fixed width).svg
Hydra File:Hydra constellation symbol (fixed width).svg
Hydrus File:Hydrus symbol (fixed width).svg
Indus File:Indus symbol (fixed width).svg
Lacerta File:Lacerta symbol (fixed width).svg
Leo File:Leo symbol (fixed width).svg
Leo Minor File:Leo Minor symbol (fixed width).svg
Lepus File:Lepus symbol (fixed width).svg
Libra File:Libra symbol (fixed width).svg
Lupus File:Lupus symbol (fixed width).svg
Lynx File:Lynx symbol (fixed width).svg
Lyra File:Lyra symbol (fixed width).svg
Mensa File:Mensa symbol (fixed width).svg
Microscopium File:Microscopium symbol (fixed width).svg
Monoceros File:Monoceros symbol (fixed width).svg
Musca File:Musca symbol (fixed width).svg
Norma File:Norma symbol (fixed width).svg
Octans File:Octans symbol (fixed width).svg
Ophiuchus File:Ophiuchus symbol (fixed width).svg
Orion File:Orion symbol (fixed width).svg
Pavo File:Pavo symbol (fixed width).svg
Pegasus File:Pegasus symbol (fixed width).svg
Perseus File:Perseus symbol (fixed width).svg
Phoenix File:Phoenix symbol (fixed width).svg
Pictor File:Pictor symbol (fixed width).svg
Pisces File:Pisces symbol (fixed width).svg
Piscis Austrinus File:Piscis Austrinus symbol (fixed width).svg
Pyxis File:Pyxis symbol (fixed width).svg
Quadrans Muralis File:Quadrans Muralis symbol (fixed width).svg
Reticulum File:Reticulum symbol (fixed width).svg
Sagitta File:Sagitta symbol (fixed width).svg
Sagittarius File:Sagittarius symbol (fixed width).svg
Scorpius File:Scorpius symbol (fixed width).svg
Sculptor File:Sculptor symbol (fixed width).svg
Scutum File:Scutum symbol (fixed width).svg
Serpens File:Serpens symbol (fixed width).svg
Serpens Cauda File:Serpens cauda symbol (fixed width).svg
Serpens Caput File:Serpens caput symbol (fixed width).svg
Sextans File:Sextans symbol (fixed width).svg
Taurus File:Taurus symbol (fixed width).svg
Telescopium File:Telescopium symbol (fixed width).svg
Triangulum File:Triangulum symbol (fixed width).svg
Triangulum Australe File:Triangulum Australe symbol (fixed width).svg
Tucana File:Tucana symbol (fixed width).svg
Ursa Major File:Ursa Major symbol (fixed width).svg
Ursa Minor File:Ursa Minor symbol (fixed width).svg
Virgo File:Virgo symbol (fixed width).svg
Volans File:Volans symbol (fixed width).svg
Vulpecula File:Vulpecula symbol (fixed width).svg

Other

Symbols for aspects and nodes appear in medieval texts, although medieval and modern usage of the node symbols differ; the modern ascending node symbol (☊) formerly stood for the descending node, and the modern descending node symbol (☋) was used for the ascending node.[3] In describing the Keplerian elements of an orbit, ☊ is sometimes used to denote the ecliptic longitude of the ascending node, although it is more common to use Ω (capital omega, and inverted ℧), which were originally typographical substitutes for the astronomical symbols.[107]

The symbols for aspects first appear in Byzantine codices.[3] Of the symbols for the five Ptolemaic aspects, only the three displayed here — for conjunction, opposition, and quadrature — are used in astronomy.[108]

Symbols for a comet (☄) and a Template:Vanchor (File:Astronomical symbol for star.svg) have been used in published astronomical observations of comets. In tables of these observations, ☄ stood for the comet being discussed and File:Astronomical symbol for star.svg for the star of comparison relative to which measurements of the comet's position were made.[109]

Other symbols
Referent Symbol Unicode
code point 		Browser
display
ascending node ascending node
[16][23] 		U+260A
(dec 9738)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		☊
descending node descending node
[16][23] 		U+260B
(dec 9739)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		☋
conjunction conjunction
[23][24] 		U+260C
(dec 9740)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		☌
opposition opposition
[23][24] 		U+260D
(dec 9741)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		☍
occultation occultation
[110] 		U+1F775
(dec 128885)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		🝵
a lunar eclipse,
or any body in the
shadow of another[111] 		lunar eclipse
[110] 		U+1F776
(dec 128886)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		🝶
quadrature quadrature
[23][24] 		U+25A1, U+25FB
(dec 9633, 9723)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		□ , ◻
comet comet comet
[23][88][109] 		U+2604
(dec 9732)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		☄
fixed star starTemplate:Efn
[23][88][109] 		(Not designated) (Many possibilities)
planetary rings
(rare) 		planetary rings
[112] 		U+1FA90+FE0E
(dec 129680)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		🪐︎

Meteor showers also have limited use of astronomical symbols in the literature, designed by Denis Moskowitz. They are based on the parent constellation symbols, with letters included to disambiguate the Aquariids and Taurids.[81][105]

Template:Div col begin

Delta Aquariids File:Delta Aquariid symbol.png
Eta Aquariids File:Eta Aquariid symbol.png
Geminids File:Geminid symbol.png
Leonids File:Leonid symbol.png
Lyrids File:Lyrid symbol.png
Orionids File:Orionid symbol.png
Perseids File:Perseid symbol.png
Quadrantids File:Quadrantid symbol.png
Taurids File:North Taurid symbol.pngFile:South Taurid symbol.png
Ursids File:Ursid symbol.png

For planetary transits of Mercury and Venus, Moskowitz proposed overlaying the respective planetary symbol on that of the Sun, extending the crossbar into an arrow: File:Mercury transit symbol.svg (Mercury), File:Venus transit symbol.svg (Venus). This also has some limited use.[81]

Limited use can also be found of Moskowitz's symbol for Halley's Comet, File:Comet Halley symbol (fixed width).svg: it is simply the standard comet symbol with an H.[81]

See also

Template:Sister project

Footnotes

Template:Notelist

References

<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ a b c d e f Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  18. ↑ a b c d e Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  19. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  20. ↑ The American Practical Navigator, chapter 13, 'Navigational Astronomy'
  21. ↑ Text display is forced by appending U+FE0E to the character. Emojis are forced by appending U+FE0F.
  22. ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  23. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  24. ↑ a b c d e f g h i Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  25. ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  26. ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  27. ↑ a b Jim Maynard, Celestial Calendars
  28. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  29. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  30. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  31. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  32. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  33. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  34. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  35. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  36. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  37. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  38. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  39. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  40. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  41. ↑ E.g. p. 10, fig. 3 in Chen & Kipping (2017) Probabilistic Forecasting of the Masses and Radii of Other Worlds Template:Webarchive, The Astrophysical Journal, 834: 1.
  42. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  43. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  44. ↑ Unicode characters with a similar shape:
    :U+2295 ⊕ CIRCLED PLUS;
    :U+2A01 ⨁ N-ARY CIRCLED PLUS OPERATOR; U+1F310 🌐︎ GLOBE WITH MERIDIANS
  45. ↑ a b c d e f g Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  46. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  47. ↑ a b c d e Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  48. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  49. ↑ a b c d e Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  50. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  51. ↑ a b c d e f Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  52. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  53. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  54. ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  55. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  56. ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  57. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  58. ↑ a b c d e Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  59. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  60. ↑ a b c d e f Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  61. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  62. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  63. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  64. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  65. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  66. ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  67. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  68. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  69. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  70. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  71. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  72. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  73. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  74. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  75. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  76. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  77. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  78. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  79. ↑ a b c d e f Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  80. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  81. ↑ a b c d e f Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  82. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  83. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  84. ↑ Österreichischer Universal-Kalender, 1849, p. xxxix
  85. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  86. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  87. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  88. ↑ a b c d e f Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  89. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  90. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  91. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  92. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  93. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  94. ↑ Compare the symbol of the Maza cryptocurrency of the Oglala Sioux, which has a similar 'M' shape.
  95. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  96. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  97. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  98. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  99. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". The 1834 edition of the Nautical Almanac and Astronomical Ephemeris abandoned the use of numerical signs (among other innovations); compare the representation of (ecliptic) longitude in the editions for the years 1834 and 1833.
  100. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  101. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  102. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  103. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  104. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  105. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  106. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  107. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  108. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  109. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  110. ↑ For example, Io entering Jupiter's shadow, the timing of which enabled Rømer to calculate the speed of light.
  111. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

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