List of amazon parrots

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The amazon parrots are 33 species of parrots that comprise the genus Amazona. They are native to the New World, ranging from South America to Mexico and the Caribbean. Amazon parrots range in size from medium to large, and have relatively short, rather square tails. They are predominantly green, with accenting colours that are quite vivid in some species.

The taxonomy of the yellow-crowned amazon (Amazona ochrocephala complex) is disputed, with some authorities listing only a single species (A. ochrocephala), and others splitting it into as many as three species (A. ochrocephala, A. auropalliata and A. oratrix).[1][2][3] The yellow-faced parrot, Alipiopsitta xanthops, was traditionally placed within the amazon parrot genus, but recent research has shown that it is more closely related to the short-tailed parrot and species from the genus Pionus; as a result, it has been transferred to the monotypic genus Alipiopsitta.[4][5]

Two extinct species have been postulated, based on limited evidence.[6][7] They are the Martinique amazon (Amazona martinica)[8][9] and the Guadeloupe amazon (Amazona violacea).[6][10][11] Amazon parrots were described living on Guadeloupe by Jean-Baptiste Du Tertre in 1667 and by Jean-Baptiste Labat in 1742, and they were called Psittacus violaceus at that time. Labat also described amazon parrots living on Martinique. There are no specimens or remains of either island population, so their taxonomy may never be fully elucidated. Their status as separate species is unproven and they are regarded as hypothetical extinct species.[6]

In 2017 a study published by ornithologists Tony Silva, Antonio Guzmán, Adam D. Urantówka and Paweł Mackiewicz proposed a new species for the Yucatan Peninsula area (Mexico), being this named blue-winged amazon (Amazona gomezgarzai).[12] However, subsequent studies question its validity, indicating that these organisms possibly had an artificial hybrid origin.[13]

Species

Species of amazon parrots in taxonomic sequence
Common and binomial names[7] Image Description Range
Festive amazon
(Amazona festiva)
File:Amazona festiva bodini -Tulsa Zoo-8a.jpg
 Mostly green, red forehead, deep blue outer wing feathers, red rump. Brazil, Colombia, Bolivia, Ecuador, Guyana, French Guiana, Peru, Venezuela[14][15]
Vinaceous-breasted amazon
(Amazona vinacea)
File:Amazona vinacea -RSFP-8a-1c.jpg
 30 cm (12 in) long, mostly green, red forehead, bluish nape, vinous-maroon breast.[16] Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay[17]
Tucumán amazon
(Amazona tucumana)
File:Amazona tucumana -Loro Parque -Spain-8a-4cr.jpg
 31 cm (12 in) long, mostly green with feathers of the upper body being green with black margins. Red plumage on the forehead and forecrown, and the red does not extend around the white eye rings. Red primary wing feathers with no red at the bend of the wing. Orange thighs and red at the base of a green tail.[18] Argentina, Bolivia[19][20]
Red-spectacled amazon
(Amazona pretrei)
File:Amazona pretrei -Brazil-8.jpg
 32 cm (12.5 in) long, mostly green with a variable extent of red on the forehead, lores, and around the eyes. The eye rings are white and the bill is yellowish. Red on the bend of the wings with blue tips to the primary and secondary wing feathers.[21] Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay[22]
Black-billed amazon
(Amazona agilis)
File:Amazona agilis in zoo.jpeg
 25 cm (10 in) long, mostly green with small patches of red on the wing and sometimes flecked with red on the head, black beak.[23] Jamaica[24]
White-fronted amazon
(Amazona albifrons)
File:White-fronted Amazon (Amazona albifrons) -tree-3c.jpg
 25 cm (10 in) long, mostly green, white forehead with blue on the crown, red on the sides of the face. Sexual dimorphism: males have bright red feathers on their shoulders, while females have green shoulders. Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua[25][26]
Yellow-billed amazon
(Amazona collaria)
File:Amazona collaria -St. Andrew -Jamaica-8a-3c.jpg
 28 cm (11 in) long, mostly green, white face markings and white forehead, blue forecrown, pink throat and upper breast, bluish primaries, yellow bill.[27] Jamaica[28]
Cuban amazon
or rose-throated amazon
(Amazona leucocephala)
File:Amazona leucocephala -in tree-4cp.jpg
 28–33 cm (11–13 in) long, mostly green, white on the face, pink throat, brownish on the belly.[29] Cuba, the Bahamas, the Cayman Islands[30][31]
Hispaniolan amazon
(Amazona ventralis)
File:Amazona ventralis -Dominican Republic-4a-4c.jpg
 28–31 cm (11–12 in) long, mostly green, white forehead, blue flight feathers, maroon belly and red in the tail feathers.[32] Haiti, the Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands[33]
Puerto Rican amazon
(Amazona vittata)
File:Puerto Rican parrot.jpg
 28–30 cm (11–12 in) long, mostly green, red forehead, white eye rings.[34] Puerto Rico[35]
Lilac-crowned amazon
(Amazona finschi)
File:Lilac-crowned Amazon.jpg
 30.5–34.5 cm (12–14 in) long, mostly green, maroon forehead, violet-blue crown.[36] Northwestern to southwestern Mexico[36][37][38]
Red-lored amazon
(Amazona autumnalis)
File:Amazona autumnalis -The Parrot Zoo, Friskney, Lincolnshire, England-8a-2c.jpg
 32–35 cm (13 in) long, mostly green, red forehead and, in some subspecies, yellow cheeks (sometimes with red spots), blue crown. Central and South America[39][40]
Lilacine amazon
(Amazona autumnalis lilacina)
File:Amazona autumnalis lilacina -Chester Zoo -a pair-8a.jpg
 The lilacine amazon is a small parrot, approximately 34 cm long when mature, with primarily green plumage. Like the red-lored amazon, it has red lores and yellow cheeks; its distinguishing features include a fully black beak, and lilac-tipped feathers on its crown.[41][42] Western Ecuador to extreme south-western Colombia[42]
Diademed amazon
(Amazona diadema)
File:Amazona diadema (26728838050).jpg
 Length of about Script error: No such module "convert".. Largely green bird with glimpses of red and black; many of the feathers are margined with contrasting colours giving a finely scalloped effect.[43] Amazon basin in northern Brazil[43]
Red-crowned amazon
(Amazona viridigenalis)
File:Red Crowned Amazon.jpg
 33 cm (13 in) long, mostly green, bright red forehead and crown, dark blue streaks behind the eyes, and light green cheeks. Less red on the crown of the female and the juvenile.[44] Native to Mexico; introduced to Puerto Rico and the United States[45]
Yucatan amazon
(Amazona xantholora)
File:Goldzuegelamazone.JPG
 Mostly green, blue crown and yellow on the sides of the face, horn-coloured (grey) beak. Belize, Honduras, Mexico[46][47]
Blue-cheeked amazon
or Dufresne's amazon
(Amazona dufresniana)
File:Amazona dufresniana -two captive-8a-2c.jpg
 34 cm (13.5 in) long, mostly green, blue cheeks. French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, Venezuela, possibly in northern Brazil[48][49]
Red-browed amazon
(Amazona rhodocorytha)
File:Amazona rhodocorytha -RSCF-6.jpg
 35 cm (14 in) long, mostly green, red forehead fading to brownish-purple on the crown, orange lores and yellow below the lores, bluish to violet cheeks and throat.[50] Eastern Brazil[51][52]
Red-necked amazon
(Amazona arausiaca)
File:Amazona arausiaca -Roseau -Dominica -aviary-6a-4c.jpg
 40 cm (16 in) long, mostly green, blue forehead and face, white bare eye rings, red patch on the throat (sometimes absent).[53] Dominica[54]
Saint Lucia amazon
(Amazona versicolor)
File:Amazona versicolor -St Lucia-5a.jpg
 43 cm (17 in) long, mostly green, blue face and forehead, red breast becoming maroon and mottled on the lower breast and belly.[55] Saint Lucia[56]
Yellow-headed amazon
(Amazona oratrix)
File:Yellow-headed Amazon (Amazona oratrix) -on wooden shelf.jpg
 35–38 cm (14–15 in) long, mostly green, yellow head.[57] Belize, Guatemala, Mexico[58]
Yellow-naped amazon
(Amazona auropalliata)
File:Yellow naped amazon Morris MN 2007.JPG
 Mostly green, yellow band across the lower nape and hindneck. Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua[59][60]
Yellow-crowned amazon
(Amazona ochrocephala)
File:Amazona ochrocephala -zoo-8.jpg
 33–38 cm (13–15 in) long, mostly green, extent of the yellow on the head varies between subspecies. South America, Panama[61][62]
Panama amazon
(Amazona ochrocephala panamensis)
File:Amazona ochrocephala panamensis -captive-8a.jpg
 Script error: No such module "convert". in length, are bright green with a yellow area on the forehead, and a horn-colored (gray) beak, sometimes with a dark tip, but lacking the reddish coloring on the upper mandible that is present in the nominate yellow-crowned amazon.[63] Panama (including the Pearl Islands and Coiba) and northwest Colombia[42][64][7][65]
Yellow-shouldered amazon
(Amazona barbadensis)
File:Amazona barbadensis -pet-4.jpg
 33 cm (13 in) long, mostly green, white forehead and lores, yellow crown and ear coverts, bare white eye rings. Yellow chin and shoulders. Some red and dark blue in the wing feathers.[66] The Netherlands Antilles, Venezuela[67]
Blue-fronted amazon
(Amazona aestiva)
File:Amazona aestiva -in tree-8.jpg
 38 cm (15 in) long, mostly green, blue forehead and yellow on the face. Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, northern Argentina[68][69]
Scaly-naped amazon
(Amazona mercenarius)
File:Amazona mercenaria -Ecuador -Andes-8-4c.jpg
 Mostly green. Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela[70][71]
Mealy amazon
(Amazona farinosa)
File:Amazona farinosa -upper body -Elmwood Park Zoo-6.jpg
 38–41 cm (15–16 in) long, mostly green, extent of yellow and green on the forehead and crown varies between subspecies. Mexico, Central and South America[72][73]
Kawall's amazon
(Amazona kawalli)
File:Amazona kawalli JJK'1.jpg
 Large and mostly green, white skin at the base of the bill. Bolivia, Brazil[74][75]
Imperial amazon
(Amazona imperialis)
File:Amazona imperialis -Roseau -Dominica -aviary-6a-3c.jpg
 45 cm (18 in) long, mostly green, purple neck, green-tipped red tail and purple below.[76] Dominica[76]
Red-tailed amazon
(Amazona brasiliensis)
File:Amazona brasiliensis 001 1280.jpg
 37 cm (14.4 in) long, mostly green, red forehead fading to purple on the crown. Blue throat, cheeks and over the ears. Red in the tail feathers.[77] Southeastern Brazil[51][78]
Orange-winged amazon
(Amazona amazonica)
File:Loro guaro (Amazona amazonica), Quito, Ecuador, 2015-07-22, DD 180.jpg
 33 cm (13 in) long, mostly green, blue and yellow feathers on the head which varies in extent between individuals. The upper mandible is partly horn-coloured (grey) and partly dark grey. It has orange feathers in the wings and tail. South America[79][80]
Saint Vincent amazon
(Amazona guildingii)
File:Amazona guildingii -Botanical Gardens -Kingstown -Saint Vincent-8a-4c.jpg
 40 cm (16 in) long, mostly green, multi-coloured with a yellowish-white, blue and green head, greenish-bronze upperparts, grey feet, orange irises, and violet blue-green wings and tail feathers. There is a yellow-brown morph and a less common green morph.[81] The Caribbean island of Saint Vincent in the Lesser Antilles[82]

See also

References

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  1. ↑ Binford, L. (1989). "A distributional survey of the birds of the Mexican state of Oaxaca." Ornithological Monographs. 43: 1–418.
  2. ↑ Monroe, B, Monroe, JR & Howell T. (1966). "Geographic variation in Middle American parrots of the Amazona ochrocephala complex". Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology, no. 34. Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge.
  3. ↑ For further on this issue, see the yellow-crowned amazon taxonomic section
  4. ↑ Duarte JMB and Caparroz R (1995) "Cytotaxonomic analysis of Brazilian species of the genus Amazona (Psittacidae, Aves) and confirmation of the genus Salvatoria (Ribeiro, 1920)." Brazilian Journal of Genetics 18:623–628.
  5. ↑ Russello, M A & Amato, G (2004) "A molecular phylogeny of Amazona: implications for Neotropical parrot biogeography, taxonomy, and conservation." Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 30: 421–437.
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Bibliography

  • Collar N (1997) "Family Psittacidae (Parrots)" in Handbook of the Birds of the World Volume 4; Sandgrouse to Cuckoos (eds del Hoyo J, Elliott A, Sargatal J) Lynx Edicions:Barcelona. Template:ISBN
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