List of Nobel laureates in Physics

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Template:Short description Template:Top icon Template:Use British English Template:Use dmy dates

File:Nobel medal.png
Front side (obverse) of the Nobel Prize Medal for Physics presented to Edward Victor Appleton in 1947

The Nobel Prize in Physics (Template:Langx) is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to scientists in the various fields of physics. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel (who died in 1896), awarded for outstanding contributions in physics.[1] As dictated by Nobel's will, the award is administered by the Nobel Foundation and awarded by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.[2] The award is presented in Stockholm at an annual ceremony on 10 December, the anniversary of Nobel's death.[3] Each recipient receives a medal, a diploma and a monetary award prize that has varied throughout the years.[4]

Statistics

The Nobel Prize in Physics has been awarded to 226 individuals as of 2024.[5] The first prize in physics was awarded in 1901 to Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, of Germany, who received 150,782 SEK. John Bardeen is the only laureate to win the prize twice—in 1956 and 1972.

William Lawrence Bragg was the youngest Nobel laureate in physics; he won the prize in 1915 at the age of 25. He was also the youngest laureate for any Nobel prize until 2014 (when Malala Yousafzai won the Nobel Peace Prize at the age of 17).[6] The oldest Nobel Prize laureate in physics was Arthur Ashkin who was 96 years old when he was awarded the prize in 2018.[7]

Only five women have won the prize: Marie Curie (1903), Maria Goeppert-Mayer (1963), Donna Strickland (2018), Andrea Ghez (2020), and Anne L'Huillier (2023).[8] Before L'Huillier, each woman only ever received a quarter share of the prize, although Marie Curie did receive an unshared Nobel prize in chemistry in 1911. In 2023, L'Huillier received a one-third share.

There have been six years for which the Nobel Prize in Physics was not awarded (1916, 1931, 1934, 1940–1942). There were also nine years for which the Nobel Prize in Physics was delayed for one year:

A 2020 study reported that half of the Nobel Prizes for science awarded between 1995 and 2017 are clustered in few disciplines. Particle physics (14%), atomic physics (10.9%), and 3 non-physics disciplines dominate the prize in recent decades, followed by semiconductor physics and magnetics.[18]

Laureates

Template:Table TOC

Year Image LaureateTemplate:Efn Nationality RationaleTemplate:Efn Ref
1901 File:WilhelmRöntgen.JPG Wilhelm Röntgen
(1845–1923) 		Template:Flagdeco German "in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of the remarkable rays subsequently named after him" [19]
1902 File:H A Lorentz (Nobel).jpg Hendrik Lorentz
(1853–1928) 		Template:Flagdeco Dutch "in recognition of the extraordinary service they rendered by their researches into the influence of magnetism upon radiation phenomena" [20]
File:Pieter Zeeman 1902.jpg Pieter Zeeman
(1865–1943)
1903 File:Henri Becquerel 1903.jpg Henri Becquerel
(1852–1908) 		Template:Flagdeco French "for his discovery of spontaneous radioactivity" [21]
File:PierreCurie.jpg Pierre Curie
(1859–1906) 		"for their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel"
File:Marie Curie 1903.jpg Marie Curie
(1867–1934) 		Template:Flagdeco Polish
Template:Flagdeco French
1904 File:John William Strutt (cropped).jpg Lord Rayleigh
(1842–1919) 		Template:Flagdeco British "for his investigations of the densities of the most important gases and for his discovery of argon in connection with these studies" [22]
1905 File:Lenard.jpg Philipp Lenard
(1862–1947) 		Template:Flagdeco Hungarian
Template:Flagdeco German 		"for his work on cathode rays" [23]
1906 File:J.J Thomson.jpg J. J. Thomson
(1856–1940) 		Template:Flagdeco British "for his theoretical and experimental investigations on the conduction of electricity by gases" [24]
1907 File:Albert Abraham Michelson2.jpg Albert A. Michelson
(1852–1931) 		Template:Flagdeco American "for his optical precision instruments and the spectroscopic and metrological investigations carried out with their aid" [25]
1908 File:Gabriel Lippmann2.jpg Gabriel Lippmann
(1845–1921) 		Template:Flagdeco French "for his method of reproducing colours photographically based on the phenomenon of interference" [26]
1909 File:Marconi 1909.jpg Guglielmo Marconi
(1874–1937) 		Template:Flagdeco Italian "for their contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy" [27]
File:Braun 1909.jpg Karl Ferdinand Braun
(1850–1918) 		Template:Flagdeco German
1910 File:Johannes Diderik van der Waals (cropped).jpg Johannes Diderik van der Waals
(1837–1923) 		Template:Flagdeco Dutch "for his work on the equation of state for gases and liquids" [28]
1911 File:Wilhelm Wien 1911.jpg Wilhelm Wien
(1864–1928) 		Template:Flagdeco German "for his discoveries regarding the laws governing the radiation of heat" [29]
1912 File:Nils Gustaf Dalén.jpg Gustaf Dalén
(1869–1937) 		Template:Flagdeco Swedish "for his invention of automatic valves designed to be used in combination with gas accumulators in lighthouses and buoys" [30]
1913 File:Kamerlingh portret.jpg Heike Kamerlingh Onnes
(1853–1926) 		Template:Flagdeco Dutch "for his investigations on the properties of matter at low temperatures which led, inter alia, to the production of liquid helium" [31]
1914 File:Max von Laue 1914.jpg Max von Laue
(1879–1960) 		Template:Flagdeco German "For his discovery of the diffraction of X-rays by crystals", an important step in the development of X-ray spectroscopy. [9]
1915 File:Wh-bragg.jpg William Henry Bragg
(1862–1942) 		Template:Flagdeco British "'For their services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays', an important step in the development of X-ray crystallography" [32]
File:Wl-bragg.jpg Lawrence Bragg
(1890–1971)
1916 Template:HsNot awarded due to World War I
1917 File:Charles Glover Barkla.jpg Charles Glover Barkla
(1877–1944) 		Template:Flagdeco British "'For his discovery of the characteristic Röntgen radiation of the elements', another important step in the development of X-ray spectroscopy" [10]
1918 File:Max Planck 1933.jpg Max Planck
(1858–1947) 		Template:Flagdeco German "for the services he rendered to the advancement of physics by his discovery of energy quanta" [11]
1919 File:Johannes Stark.jpg Johannes Stark
(1874–1957) 		Template:Flagdeco German "for his discovery of the Doppler effect in canal rays and the splitting of spectral lines in electric fields" [33]
1920 File:Guillaume 1920.jpg Charles Édouard Guillaume
(1861–1938) 		Template:Flagdeco Swiss "for the service he has rendered to precision measurements in physics by his discovery of anomalies in nickel-steel alloys" [34]
1921 File:Einstein1921 by F Schmutzer 4 (cropped).jpg Albert Einstein
(1879–1955) 		Template:Flagdeco German
Template:Flagdeco Swiss 		"for his services to theoretical physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect" [12]
1922 File:Niels Bohr.jpg Niels Bohr
(1885–1962) 		Template:Flagdeco Danish "for his services in the investigation of the structure of atoms and of the radiation emanating from them" [35]
1923 File:Robert Andrews Millikan 1920s.jpg Robert Andrews Millikan
(1868–1953) 		Template:Flagdeco American "for his work on the elementary charge of electricity and on the photoelectric effect" [36]
1924 File:1924 Karl Manne Siegbahn.jpg Manne Siegbahn
(1886–1978) 		Template:Flagdeco Swedish "for his discoveries and research in the field of X-ray spectroscopy" [13]
1925 File:James Franck 1925.jpg James Franck
(1882–1964) 		Template:Flagdeco German "for their discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom" [14]
File:Gustav Hertz.jpg Gustav Hertz
(1887–1975)
1926 File:Jean Perrin 1926.jpg Jean Baptiste Perrin
(1870–1942) 		Template:Flagdeco French "for his work on the discontinuous structure of matter, and especially for his discovery of sedimentation equilibrium" [37]
1927 File:Arthur Compton.jpg Arthur Compton
(1892–1962) 		Template:Flagdeco American "for his discovery of the effect named after him" [38]
File:CTR Wilson.jpg Charles Thomson Rees Wilson
(1869–1959) 		Template:Flagdeco British "for his method of making the paths of electrically charged particles visible by condensation of vapour"
1928 File:Owen Richardson.jpg Owen Willans Richardson
(1879–1959) 		Template:Flagdeco British "for his work on the thermionic phenomenon and especially for the discovery of the law named after him" [15]
1929 File:Broglie Portrait.jpg Louis de Broglie
(1892–1987) 		Template:Flagdeco French "for his discovery of the wave nature of electrons" [39]
1930 File:Sir CV Raman.JPG C. V. Raman
(1888–1970) 		Template:Flagdeco Indian "for his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of the effect named after him" [40]
1931 Template:HsNot awarded
1932 File:Bundesarchiv Bild183-R57262, Werner Heisenberg (cropped).jpg Werner Heisenberg
(1901–1976) 		Template:Flagdeco German "for the creation of quantum mechanics, the application of which has, inter alia, led to the discovery of the allotropic forms of hydrogen" [16]
1933 File:Erwin Schrödinger (1933).jpg Erwin Schrödinger
(1887–1961) 		Template:Flagdeco Austrian "for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory" [41]
File:Dirac 4.jpg Paul Dirac
(1902–1984) 		Template:Flagdeco British
1934 Template:HsNot awarded
1935 File:James Chadwick (3x4 cropped).tif James Chadwick
(1891–1974) 		Template:Flagdeco British "for the discovery of the neutron" [42]
1936 File:Hess.jpg Victor Francis Hess
(1883–1964) 		Template:Flagdeco Austrian "for his discovery of cosmic radiation" [43]
File:Carl David Anderson.jpg Carl David Anderson
(1905–1991) 		Template:Flagdeco American "for his discovery of the positron"
1937 File:Clinton Davisson.jpg Clinton Davisson
(1881–1958) 		Template:Flagdeco American "for their experimental discovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystals" [44]
File:George Paget Thomson.jpg George Paget Thomson
(1892–1975) 		Template:Flagdeco British
1938 File:Enrico Fermi 1943-49 140x190.jpg Enrico Fermi
(1901–1954) 		Template:Flagdeco Italian "for his demonstrations of the existence of new radioactive elements produced by neutron irradiation, and for his related discovery of nuclear reactions brought about by slow neutrons" [45]
1939 File:Ernest Lawrence.jpg Ernest Lawrence
(1901–1958) 		Template:Flagdeco American "for the invention and development of the cyclotron and for results obtained with it, especially with regard to artificial radioactive elements" [46]
1940 Template:HsNot awarded due to World War II
1941 Template:HsNot awarded due to World War II
1942 Template:HsNot awarded due to World War II
1943 File:Otto Stern.jpg Otto Stern
(1888–1969) 		Template:Flagdeco American "for his contribution to the development of the molecular ray method and his discovery of the magnetic moment of the proton" [17]
1944 File:II Rabi.jpg Isidor Isaac Rabi
(1898–1988) 		Template:Flagdeco American "for his resonance method for recording the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei" [47]
1945 File:Pauli.jpg Wolfgang Pauli
(1900–1958) 		Template:Flagdeco Austrian "for the discovery of the Exclusion Principle, also called the Pauli principle" [48]
1946 File:Bridgman.jpg Percy Williams Bridgman
(1882–1961) 		Template:Flagdeco American "for the invention of an apparatus to produce extremely high pressures, and for the discoveries he made there within the field of high pressure physics" [49]
1947 File:Appleton.jpg Edward Victor Appleton
(1892–1965) 		Template:Flagdeco British "for his investigations of the physics of the upper atmosphere especially for the discovery of the so-called Appleton layer" [50]
1948 File:Blackett.jpg Patrick Blackett
(1897–1974) 		Template:Flagdeco British "for his development of the Wilson cloud chamber method, and his discoveries therewith in the fields of nuclear physics and cosmic radiation" [51]
1949 File:Yukawa.jpg Hideki Yukawa
(1907–1981) 		Template:Flagdeco Japanese "for his prediction of the existence of mesons on the basis of theoretical work on nuclear forces" [52]
1950 File:Cecil Powell.jpg C. F. Powell
(1903–1969) 		Template:Flagdeco British "for his development of the photographic method of studying nuclear processes and his discoveries regarding mesons made with this method" [53]
1951 File:Cockcroft.jpg John Cockcroft
(1897–1967) 		Template:Flagdeco British "for their pioneer work on the transmutation of atomic nuclei by artificially accelerated atomic particles" [54]
File:Ernest Walton.jpg Ernest Walton
(1903–1995) 		Template:Flagdeco Irish
1952 File:Felix Bloch, Stanford University.jpg Felix Bloch
(1905–1983) 		Template:Flagdeco Swiss
Template:Flagdeco American 		"for their development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements and discoveries in connection therewith" [55]
File:Edward Mills Purcell.jpg Edward Mills Purcell
(1912–1997) 		Template:Flagdeco American
1953 File:Zernike.jpg Frits Zernike
(1888–1966) 		Template:Flagdeco Dutch "for his demonstration of the phase contrast method, especially for his invention of the phase contrast microscope" [56]
1954 File:Max Born (cropped).jpg Max Born
(1882–1970) 		Template:Flagdeco West German
Template:Flagdeco British 		"for his fundamental research in quantum mechanics, especially for his statistical interpretation of the wavefunction" [57]
File:Bothe.jpg Walther Bothe
(1891–1957) 		Template:Flagdeco West German "for the coincidence method and his discoveries made therewith"
1955 File:Willis Lamb 1955.jpg Willis Lamb
(1913–2008) 		Template:Flagdeco American "for his discoveries concerning the fine structure of the hydrogen spectrum" [58]
File:Polykarp Kusch.jpg Polykarp Kusch
(1911–1993) 		"for his precision determination of the magnetic moment of the electron"
1956 File:Bardeen.jpg John Bardeen
(1908–1991) 		Template:Flagdeco American "for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect" [59]
File:Brattain.jpg Walter Houser Brattain
(1902–1987)
File:William Shockley, Stanford University.jpg William Shockley
(1910–1989)
1957 File:TD Lee.jpg Lee Tsung-Dao
(1926–2024) 		Template:Flagdeco Chinese "for their penetrating investigation of the so-called parity laws which has led to important discoveries regarding the elementary particles" [60]
File:Yang.jpg Yang Chen-Ning
(b. 1922)
1958 File:Cerenkov.jpg Pavel Cherenkov
(1904–1990) 		Template:Flagdeco Soviet "for the discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov effect" [61]
File:Ilya Frank.jpg Ilya Frank
(1908–1990)
File:Igor Tamm.jpg Igor Tamm
(1895–1971)
1959 File:Segre.jpg Emilio Segrè
(1905–1989) 		Template:Flagdeco Italian
Template:Flagdeco American 		"for their discovery of the antiproton" [62]
File:Owen Chamberlain.jpg Owen Chamberlain
(1920–2006) 		Template:Flagdeco American
1960 File:Donald Glaser 1.jpg Donald A. Glaser
(1926–2013) 		Template:Flagdeco American "for the invention of the bubble chamber" [63]
1961 File:Robert Hofstadter.jpg Robert Hofstadter
(1915–1990) 		Template:Flagdeco American "for his pioneering studies of electron scattering in atomic nuclei and for his thereby achieved discoveries concerning the structure of the nucleons" [64]
File:Mossbauer.jpg Rudolf Mössbauer
(1929–2011) 		Template:Flagdeco West German "for his researches concerning the resonance absorption of gamma radiation and his discovery in this connection of the effect which bears his name"
1962 File:Landau.jpg Lev Landau
(1908–1968) 		Template:Flagdeco Soviet "for his pioneering theories for condensed matter, especially liquid helium" [65]
1963 File:Wigner.jpg Eugene Wigner
(1902–1995) 		Template:Flagdeco Hungarian
Template:Flagdeco American 		"for his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles, particularly through the discovery and application of fundamental symmetry principles" [66]
File:Mayer.jpg Maria Goeppert-Mayer
(1906–1972) 		Template:Flagdeco American "for their discoveries concerning nuclear shell structure" [66]
File:Jensen.jpg J. Hans D. Jensen
(1907–1973) 		Template:Flagdeco West German
1964 File:Basov.jpg Nikolay Basov
(1922–2001) 		Template:Flagdeco Soviet "for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser–laser principle" [67]
File:Aleksandr Prokhorov.jpg Alexander Prokhorov
(1916–2002)
File:Charles Townes Nobel.jpg Charles H. Townes
(1915–2015) 		Template:Flagdeco American
1965 File:Richard Feynman Nobel.jpg Richard Feynman
(1918–1988) 		Template:Flagdeco American "for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics (QED), with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles" [68]
File:Schwinger.jpg Julian Schwinger
(1918–1994)
File:Tomonaga.jpg Shin'ichirō Tomonaga
(1906–1979) 		Template:Flagdeco Japanese
1966 File:Kastler.jpg Alfred Kastler
(1902–1984) 		Template:Flagdeco French "for the discovery and development of optical methods for studying Hertzian resonances in atoms" [69]
1967 File:Hans Bethe.jpg Hans Bethe
(1906–2005) 		Template:Flagdeco American "for his contributions to the theory of nuclear reactions, especially his discoveries concerning the energy production in stars" [70]
1968 File:LWA Picture Final.jpg Luis Alvarez
(1911–1988) 		Template:Flagdeco American "for his decisive contributions to elementary particle physics, in particular the discovery of a large number of resonance states, made possible through his development of the technique of using hydrogen bubble chamber and data analysis" [71]
1969 File:MurrayGellMannJI1 (cropped).jpg Murray Gell-Mann
(1929–2019) 		Template:Flagdeco American "for his contributions and discoveries concerning the classification of elementary particles and their interactions" [72]
1970 File:YoungAlfven.jpg Hannes Alfvén
(1908–1995) 		Template:Flagdeco Swedish "for fundamental work and discoveries in magneto-hydrodynamics with fruitful applications in different parts of plasma physics" [73]
File:Louis Neel 1970.jpg Louis Néel
(1904–2000) 		Template:Flagdeco French "for fundamental work and discoveries concerning antiferromagnetism and ferrimagnetism which have led to important applications in solid state physics"
1971 File:Dennis Gabor 1971b.jpg Dennis Gabor
(1900–1979) 		Template:Flagdeco Hungarian
Template:Flagdeco British 		"for his invention and development of the holographic method" [74]
1972 File:Bardeen.jpg John Bardeen
(1908–1991) 		Template:Flagdeco American "for their jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS-theory" [75]
File:Leon Cooper 1972 (Portrait cropped).jpg Leon Cooper
(1930–2024)
File:John Robert Schrieffer.jpg John Robert Schrieffer
(1931–2019)
1973 File:Leo Esaki 1959.jpg Leo Esaki
(b. 1925) 		Template:Flagdeco Japanese "for their experimental discoveries regarding tunneling phenomena in semiconductors and superconductors, respectively" [76]
File:Ivar Giaever.jpg Ivar Giaever
(b. 1929) 		Template:Flagdeco Norwegian
Template:Flagdeco American
File:Brian Josephson, March 2004.jpg Brian Josephson
(b. 1940) 		Template:Flagdeco British "for his theoretical predictions of the properties of a supercurrent through a tunnel barrier, in particular those phenomena which are generally known as the Josephson effect"
1974 File:Martin Ryle 100.png Martin Ryle
(1918–1984) 		Template:Flagdeco British "for their pioneering research in radio astrophysics: Ryle for his observations and inventions, in particular of the aperture synthesis technique, and Hewish for his decisive role in the discovery of pulsars" [77]
File:26. Tagung 1976 Physiker; Gruppen beim Bayrischen Frühstück Antony Hewish - W134Nr.106841b - Willy Pragher (cropped).jpg Antony Hewish
(1924–2021)
1975 File:Aage Bohr.jpg Aage Bohr
(1922–2009) 		Template:Flagdeco Danish "for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection" [78]
File:Mottelson,Ben 1963 Kopenhagen.jpg Ben Roy Mottelson
(1926–2022) 		Template:Flagdeco American
Template:Flagdeco Danish
File:James Rainwater 2.jpg James Rainwater
(1917–1986) 		Template:Flagdeco American
1976 File:Samuel ting 10-19-10.jpg Samuel C. C. Ting
(b. 1936) 		Template:Flagdeco American "for their pioneering work in the discovery of a heavy elementary particle of a new kind" [79]
File:Burton Richter 1976 (cropped).jpg Burton Richter
(1931–2018)
1977 File:Andersonphoto (cropped).jpg Philip Warren Anderson
(1923–2020) 		Template:Flagdeco American "for their fundamental theoretical investigations of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems" [80]
File:Mott,Nevill Francis Heisenberg 1952 London.jpg Nevill Francis Mott
(1905–1996) 		Template:Flagdeco British
File:JH van Vleck 1974.jpg John Hasbrouck Van Vleck
(1899–1980) 		Template:Flagdeco American
1978 File:Pyotr L Kapitsa Russian physicist 1964.jpg Pyotr Kapitsa
(1894–1984) 		Template:Flagdeco Soviet "for his basic inventions and discoveries in the area of low-temperature physics" [81]
File:32. Tagung 1982 Physiker; Beim Studentenabend Arno A. Penzias - W134Nr.119142 - Willy Pragher (cropped).jpg Arno Allan Penzias
(1933–2024) 		Template:Flagdeco American "for their discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation"
File:Robert Wilson (28215880301) (portrait).jpg Robert Woodrow Wilson
(b. 1936)
1979 File:Sheldon Glashow at Harvard cropped.jpg Sheldon Glashow
(b. 1932) 		Template:Flagdeco American "for their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, including, inter alia, the prediction of the weak neutral current" [82]
File:Abdus Salam 1987.jpg Abdus Salam
(1926–1996) 		Template:Flagdeco Pakistani
File:Steven weinberg 2010.jpg Steven Weinberg
(1933–2021) 		Template:Flagdeco American
1980 File:James-cronin.jpg James Cronin
(1931–2016) 		Template:Flagdeco American "for the discovery of violations of fundamental symmetry principles in the decay of neutral K-mesons" [83]
File:Val Fitch.jpg Val Logsdon Fitch
(1923–2015)
1981 File:Nicolaas Bloembergen 1981.jpg Nicolaas Bloembergen
(1920–2017) 		Template:Flagdeco Dutch
Template:Flagdeco American 		"for their contribution to the development of laser spectroscopy" [84]
File:Artur Schawlow, Stanford University.jpg Arthur Leonard Schawlow
(1921–1999) 		Template:Flagdeco American
File:Kai Manne Börje Siegbahn 2.jpg Kai Siegbahn
(1918–2007) 		Template:Flagdeco Swedish "for his contribution to the development of high-resolution electron spectroscopy" [84]
1982 Kenneth G. Wilson
(1936–2013) 		Template:Flagdeco American "for his theory for critical phenomena in connection with phase transitions" [85]
1983 File:Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar.gif Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar
(1910–1995) 		Template:Flagdeco Indian
Template:Flagdeco American 		"for his theoretical studies of the physical processes of importance to the structure and evolution of the stars" [86]
File:William A. Fowler Los Alamos ID.png William Alfred Fowler
(1911–1995) 		Template:Flagdeco American "for his theoretical and experimental studies of the nuclear reactions of importance in the formation of the chemical elements in the universe"
1984 File:Carlo Rubbia 2012.jpg Carlo Rubbia
(b. 1934) 		Template:Flagdeco Italian "for their decisive contributions to the large project, which led to the discovery of the field particles W and Z, communicators of weak interaction" [87]
File:Simon van der Meer in the AA Control Room (cropped).jpg Simon van der Meer
(1925–2011) 		Template:Flagdeco Dutch
1985 File:Klaus von Klitzing 2015.jpg Klaus von Klitzing
(b. 1943) 		Template:Flagdeco West German "for the discovery of the quantized Hall effect" [88]
1986 File:No image.svg Ernst Ruska
(1906–1988) 		Template:Flagdeco West German "for his fundamental work in electron optics, and for the design of the first electron microscope" [89]
File:Gerd Binnig sw.jpg Gerd Binnig
(b. 1947) 		"for their design of the scanning tunneling microscope" [89]
File:Rohrer.jpg Heinrich Rohrer
(1933–2013) 		Template:Flagdeco Swiss
1987 File:Ibmgb.jpg Georg Bednorz
(b. 1950) 		Template:Flagdeco West German "for their important break-through in the discovery of superconductivity in ceramic materials" [90]
File:Head photo of K Alex Mueller, Nobel Laureate, in the 1980s (cropped).jpg K. Alex Müller
(1927–2023) 		Template:Flagdeco Swiss
1988 File:Leon M. Lederman 1988.jpg Leon M. Lederman
(1922–2018) 		Template:Flagdeco American "for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino" [91]
File:No image.svg Melvin Schwartz
(1932–2006)
File:Jack-Steinberger-2008.JPG Jack Steinberger
(1921–2020)
1989 File:Norman Foster Ramsey 1970 (cropped).jpg Norman Foster Ramsey Jr.
(1915–2011) 		Template:Flagdeco American "for the invention of the separated oscillatory fields method and its use in the hydrogen maser and other atomic clocks" [92]
File:No image.svg Hans Georg Dehmelt
(1922–2017) 		"for the development of the ion trap technique"
File:No image.svg Wolfgang Paul
(1913–1993) 		Template:Flagdeco West German
1990 File:Physics Nobel laureate Jerry Friedman, 2016.jpg Jerome I. Friedman
(b. 1930) 		Template:Flagdeco American "for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics" [93]
File:Henry Kendall by Tom Frost crop.jpg Henry Way Kendall
(1926–1999)
File:Richard E. Taylor (3x4 cropped).jpg Richard E. Taylor
(1929–2018) 		Template:Flagdeco Canadian
1991 File:Pierre-Gilles crop (cropped).jpg Pierre-Gilles de Gennes
(1932–2007) 		Template:Flagdeco French "for discovering that methods developed for studying order phenomena in simple systems can be generalized to more complex forms of matter, in particular to liquid crystals and polymers" [94]
1992 File:CHARPAK Georges-24x50-2005 cropped.JPG Georges Charpak
(1924–2010) 		Template:Flagdeco French "for his invention and development of particle detectors, in particular the multiwire proportional chamber" [95]
1993 File:Russell Alan Hulse (cropped).jpg Russell Alan Hulse
(b. 1950) 		Template:Flagdeco American "for the discovery of a new type of pulsar, a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation" [96]
File:2008JosephTaylor.jpg Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr.
(b. 1941)
1994 File:Bertram Brockhouse.jpg Bertram Brockhouse
(1918–2003) 		Template:Flagdeco Canadian "for the development of neutron spectroscopy" and "for pioneering contributions to the development of neutron scattering techniques for studies of condensed matter" [97]
File:Clifford Shull (cropped).jpg Clifford Shull
(1915–2001) 		Template:Flagdeco American "for the development of the neutron diffraction technique" and "for pioneering contributions to the development of neutron scattering techniques for studies of condensed matter"
1995 File:Martin Perl - tau.jpg Martin Lewis Perl
(1927–2014) 		Template:Flagdeco American "for the discovery of the tau lepton" and "for pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics" [98]
File:Frederick Reines, early 1950s.jpg Frederick Reines
(1918–1998) 		"for the detection of the neutrino" and "for pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics"
1996 File:Nobel Laureate David Morris Lee in 2007.jpg David Lee
(b. 1931) 		Template:Flagdeco American "for their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3" [99]
File:Douglas Osheroff NSF.jpg Douglas D. Osheroff
(b. 1945)
File:Robert Coleman Richardson.jpg Robert Coleman Richardson
(1937–2013)
1997 File:Steven Chu official portrait headshot.jpg Steven Chu
(b. 1948) 		Template:Flagdeco American "for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light." [100]
File:Claude Cohen-Tannoudji (cropped).JPG Claude Cohen-Tannoudji
(b. 1933) 		Template:Flagdeco French
File:William D. Phillips.jpg William Daniel Phillips
(b. 1948) 		Template:Flagdeco American
1998 File:Robert Laughlin, Stanford University.jpg Robert B. Laughlin
(b. 1950) 		Template:Flagdeco American "for their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations" [101]
File:Horst Störmer cropped.jpg Horst Ludwig Störmer
(b. 1949) 		Template:Flagdeco German
File:Daniel Chee Tsui.jpg Daniel C. Tsui
(b. 1939) 		Template:Flagdeco American
1999 File:Gerard 't Hooft.jpg Gerard 't Hooft
(b. 1946) 		Template:Flagdeco Dutch "for elucidating the quantum structure of electroweak interactions in physics" [102]
File:Martinus Veltman.jpg Martinus J. G. Veltman
(1931–2021)
2000 File:Zhores Alferov.jpg Zhores Alferov
(1930–2019) 		Template:Flagdeco Russian "for developing semiconductor heterostructures used in high-speed- and optoelectronics" [103]
File:Herbert Kroemer (cropped).jpg Herbert Kroemer
(1928–2024) 		Template:Flagdeco German
File:Jack Kilby 1960s.png Jack Kilby
(1923–2005) 		Template:Flagdeco American "for his part in the invention of the integrated circuit"
2001 File:Physics Nobel Laureate Eric Allin Cornell, in June of 2015 (cropped).jpg Eric Allin Cornell
(b. 1961) 		Template:Flagdeco American "for the achievement of Bose–Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates" [104]
File:Carl Wieman.jpg Carl Wieman
(b. 1951)
File:Ketterle.jpg Wolfgang Ketterle
(b. 1957) 		Template:Flagdeco German
2002 File:Raymond Davis, Jr 2001.jpg Raymond Davis Jr.
(1914–2006) 		Template:Flagdeco American "for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, in particular for the detection of cosmic neutrinos" [105]
File:Masatoshi Koshiba 2002.jpg Masatoshi Koshiba
(1926–2020) 		Template:Flagdeco Japanese
File:RiccardoGiacconi.jpg Riccardo Giacconi
(1931–2018) 		Template:Flagdeco Italian
Template:Flagdeco American 		"for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, which have led to the discovery of cosmic X-ray sources"
2003 File:AA Abrikosov ANL1.jpg Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov
(1928–2017) 		Template:Flagdeco Russian
Template:Flagdeco American 		"for pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids" [106]
File:Ginzburg in MSU opaque.jpg Vitaly Ginzburg
(1916–2009) 		Template:Flagdeco Russian
File:Nobel Laureate Sir Anthony James Leggett in 2007 (cropped).jpg Anthony James Leggett
(b. 1938) 		Template:Flagdeco British
Template:Flagdeco American
2004 File:David Gross LANL.jpg David Gross
(b. 1941) 		Template:Flagdeco American "for the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction" [107]
File:No image.svg Hugh David Politzer
(b. 1949)
File:FrankStockholm2004.jpg Frank Wilczek
(b. 1951)
2005 File:Roy Glauber Dec 10 2005.jpg Roy J. Glauber
(1925–2018) 		Template:Flagdeco American "for his contribution to the quantum theory of optical coherence" [108]
File:John L. Hall.jpg John L. Hall
(b. 1934) 		"for their contributions to the development of laser-based precision spectroscopy, including the optical frequency comb technique"
File:Theodor Haensch.jpg Theodor W. Hänsch
(b. 1941) 		Template:Flagdeco German
2006 File:John-C-Mather5.jpg John C. Mather
(b. 1946) 		Template:Flagdeco American "for their discovery of the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation" [109]
File:George Smoot crop.jpg George Smoot
(b. 1945)
2007 File:Fert-002 (cropped).jpg Albert Fert
(b. 1938) 		Template:Flagdeco French "for the discovery of giant magnetoresistance" [110]
File:Peter Gruenberg 01.jpg Peter Grünberg
(1939–2018) 		Template:Flagdeco German
2008 File:Mkobayashi.jpg Makoto Kobayashi
(b. 1944) 		Template:Flagdeco Japanese "for the discovery of the origin of the broken symmetry which predicts the existence of at least three families of quarks in nature" [111]
File:Toshihide Masukawa-press conference Dec 07th, 2008-2 (cropped).jpg Toshihide Maskawa
(1940–2021)
File:YoichiroNambu.jpg Yoichiro Nambu
(1921–2015) 		Template:Flagdeco Japanese
Template:Flagdeco American 		"for the discovery of the mechanism of spontaneous broken symmetry in subatomic physics"
2009 File:Charles K. Kao cropped 2.jpg Charles K. Kao
(1933–2018) 		Template:Flagdeco Chinese
Template:Flagdeco British
 "for groundbreaking achievements concerning the transmission of light in fibers for optical communication" [112]
File:Nobel Prize 2009-Press Conference KVA-23.jpg Willard S. Boyle
(1924–2011) 		Template:Flagdeco Canadian "for the invention of an imaging semiconductor circuit – the CCD sensor"
File:Nobel Prize 2009-Press Conference KVA-27.jpg George E. Smith
(1930–2025) 		Template:Flagdeco American
2010 File:Andre Geim 2010-1.jpg Andre Geim
(b. 1958) 		Template:Flagdeco Russian
Template:Flagdeco British 		"for groundbreaking experiments regarding the two-dimensional material graphene" [113]
File:Konstantin Novoselov at MIPT.jpg Konstantin Novoselov
(b. 1974)
2011 File:Saul Perlmutter.jpg Saul Perlmutter
(b. 1959) 		Template:Flagdeco American "for the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the Universe through observations of distant supernovae" [114]
File:Brian P Schmidt.jpg Brian P. Schmidt
(b. 1967) 		Template:Flagdeco Australian
File:Adam Riess.jpg Adam G. Riess
(b. 1969) 		Template:Flagdeco American
2012 File:Serge Haroche - Théâtre de la Commune d'Aubervilliers - 4 mai 2009.jpg Serge Haroche
(b. 1944) 		Template:Flagdeco French "for ground-breaking experimental methods that enable measuring and manipulation of individual quantum systems." [115]
File:David Wineland 2008crop.jpg David J. Wineland
(b. 1944) 		Template:Flagdeco American
2013 File:Francois Englert.jpg François Englert
(b. 1932) 		Template:Flagdeco Belgian "for the theoretical discovery of a mechanism that contributes to our understanding of the origin of mass of subatomic particles, and which recently was confirmed through the discovery of the predicted fundamental particle, by the ATLAS and CMS experiments at CERN's Large Hadron Collider" [116]
File:Higgs, Peter (1929)3.jpg Peter Higgs
(1929–2024) 		Template:Flagdeco British
2014 File:Isamu Akasaki 20141211.jpg Isamu Akasaki
(1929–2021) 		Template:Flagdeco Japanese "for the invention of efficient blue light-emitting diodes which has enabled bright and energy-saving white light sources" [117]
File:Hiroshi Amano 20141211.jpg Hiroshi Amano
(b. 1960)
File:Shuji Nakamura Nobel (cropped).jpg Shuji Nakamura
(b. 1954) 		Template:Flagdeco Japanese
Template:Flagdeco American
2015 File:Takaaki Kajita 5171-2015 (cropped).jpg Takaaki Kajita
(b. 1959) 		Template:Flagdeco Japanese "for the discovery of neutrino oscillations, which shows that neutrinos have mass" [118]
File:Arthur B. McDonald 5193-2015.jpg Arthur B. McDonald
(b. 1943) 		Template:Flagdeco Canadian
2016 File:DavidThouless 1995 UW.jpg David J. Thouless
(1934–2019) 		Template:Flagdeco British "for theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions and topological phases of matter" [119]
File:Duncan Haldane.jpg Duncan Haldane
(b. 1951)
File:Jkosterl.jpg John M. Kosterlitz
(b. 1943) 		Template:Flagdeco British
Template:Flagdeco American
2017 File:Rainer Weiss - December 2006 (cropped).jpg Rainer Weiss
(b. 1932) 		Template:Flagdeco American "for decisive contributions to the LIGO detector and the observation of gravitational waves" [120]
File:Kip Thorne at Caltech.jpg Kip Thorne
(b. 1940)
File:05-0367-92D.hr.jpg Barry Barish
(b. 1936)
2018 File:Arthur Ashkin EM1B5678 (44417135450) (adjusted).jpg Arthur Ashkin
(1922–2020) 		Template:Flagdeco American "for groundbreaking inventions in the field of laser physics", in particular "for the optical tweezers and their application to biological systems" [121]
File:Gérard Mourou, 2014.jpg Gérard Mourou
(b. 1944) 		Template:Flagdeco French "for groundbreaking inventions in the field of laser physics", in particular "for their method of generating high-intensity, ultra-short optical pulses"
File:Donna Strickland, OSA Holiday Party 2012.jpg Donna Strickland
(b. 1959) 		Template:Flagdeco Canadian
2019 File:Jim Peebles (cropped 2).jpg James Peebles
(b. 1935) 		Template:Flagdeco Canadian
Template:Flagdeco American 		"for theoretical discoveries in physical cosmology" [122]
File:Michel Mayor, 2012 (cropped).jpg Michel Mayor
(b. 1942) 		Template:Flagdeco Swiss "for the discovery of an exoplanet orbiting a solar-type star"
File:Didier Queloz, 2012 (cropped).jpg Didier Queloz
(b. 1966)
2020 File:Roger Penrose at Festival della Scienza Oct 29 2011 (cropped).jpg Roger Penrose
(b. 1931) 		Template:Flagdeco British "for the discovery that black hole formation is a robust prediction of the general theory of relativity" [123]
File:Reinhard Genzel.jpg Reinhard Genzel
(b. 1952) 		Template:Flagdeco German "for the discovery of a supermassive compact object at the centre of our galaxy"
File:Andrea Ghez (cropped 3x4).jpg Andrea M. Ghez
(b. 1965) 		Template:Flagdeco American
2021 File:Crafoord Prize EM1B0732 (42329290061).jpg Syukuro Manabe
(b. 1931) 		Template:Flagdeco Japanese
Template:Flagdeco American[124] 		"for the physical modelling of Earth's climate, quantifying variability and reliably predicting global warming" [125]
File:Blank 1x1.png Klaus Hasselmann
(b. 1931) 		Template:Flagdeco German
File:Parisi Giorgio (3x4 cropped).jpg Giorgio Parisi
(b. 1948) 		Template:Flagdeco Italian "for the discovery of the interplay of disorder and fluctuations in physical systems from atomic to planetary scales"
2022 File:Alain-Aspect-ForMemRS (cropped).jpg Alain Aspect
(b. 1947) 		Template:Flagdeco French "for experiments with entangled photons, establishing the violation of Bell inequalities and pioneering quantum information science" [126]
File:JohnClauser.jpg John Clauser
(b. 1942) 		Template:Flagdeco American
File:Anton Zeilinger 2021 (profile cropped).jpg Anton Zeilinger
(b. 1945) 		Template:Flagdeco Austrian
2023 File:Anne LHuiller 01.JPG Anne L'Huillier
(b. 1958) 		Template:Flagdeco French "for experimental methods that generate attosecond pulses of light for the study of electron dynamics in matter" [127]
File:Ferenc Krausz (cropped).jpg Ferenc Krausz
(b. 1962) 		Template:Flagdeco Hungarian
Template:Flagdeco Austrian
File:US Embassy Sweden 2023 Nobel Reception (53397591873) (cropped).jpg Pierre Agostini
(b. 1941) 		Template:Flagdeco French
2024 File:John Hopfield 2016.jpg John Hopfield
(b. 1933) 		Template:Flagdeco American "for foundational discoveries and inventions that enable machine learning with artificial neural networks" [128]
File:Geoffrey Hinton - Collision 2023 - Centre Stage RCZ 1307 (cropped) (cropped).jpg Geoffrey Hinton
(b. 1947) 		Template:Flagdeco British
Template:Flagdeco Canadian

Number of Nobel laureates in Physics by country

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Country Number of Nobel laureates
Script error: No such module "flag". 91
Script error: No such module "flag". 26
Script error: No such module "flag". 25
Script error: No such module "flag". 16
Script error: No such module "flag"./Script error: No such module "flag". 10
Script error: No such module "flag". 9
Script error: No such module "flag". 9
Script error: No such module "flag". 6
Script error: No such module "flag". 6
Script error: No such module "flag". 6
Script error: No such module "flag". 5
Script error: No such module "flag". 4
Script error: No such module "flag". 4
Script error: No such module "flag". 3
Script error: No such module "flag". 2
Script error: No such module "flag". (1912–1949) 2
Script error: No such module "flag". (Taiwan) 2
Script error: No such module "flag". 1
Script error: No such module "flag". 1
Script error: No such module "flag". 1
Script error: No such module "flag". 1
Script error: No such module "flag". 1
Script error: No such module "flag". 1

See also

Notes

Template:Notelist

References

<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  18. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  19. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  20. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  21. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  22. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  23. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  24. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  25. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  26. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  27. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  28. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  29. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  30. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  31. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  32. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  33. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  34. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  35. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  36. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  37. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  38. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  39. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  40. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  41. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  42. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  43. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  44. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  45. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  46. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  47. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  48. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  49. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  50. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  51. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  52. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  53. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  54. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  55. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  56. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  57. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  58. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  59. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  60. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  61. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  62. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  63. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  64. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  65. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  66. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  67. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  68. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  69. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  70. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  71. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  72. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  73. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  74. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  75. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  76. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  77. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  78. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  79. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  80. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  81. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  82. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  83. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  84. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  85. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  86. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  87. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  88. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  89. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  90. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  91. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  92. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  93. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  94. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  95. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  96. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  97. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  98. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  99. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  100. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  101. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  102. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  103. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  104. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  105. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  106. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  107. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  108. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  109. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  110. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  111. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  112. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  113. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  114. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  115. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  116. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  117. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  118. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  119. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  120. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  121. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  122. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  123. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  124. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  125. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  126. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  127. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  128. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

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External links

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