List of German field marshals

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Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates

Field marshal (Template:Langx) was usually the highest military rank in various German armed forces. It had existed, under slightly different names, in several German states since 1631.[1] After the unification of Germany it was the highest military rank of the Imperial German Army and later in the WehrmachtTemplate:EfnTemplate:Efn until it was abolished in 1945.[2]

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The vast majority of the people promoted to field marshal won major battles in wars of their time. Field marshals played a compelling and influential role in military matters, were tax-exempt, members of the nobility, equal to government officials, under constant protection or escort, and had the right to directly report to the royal family.[3] In the Prussian military tradition, which set the tone for the 19th century and the German Empire, field marshals could only be promoted in wartime and the royal family was excluded, both resulting in the creation of the rank of colonel general with the rank of general field marshal (Template:Langx) in 1854. Both restrictions would eventually end with the first royals being promoted during the Franco-Prussian War in 1870, and later honorary promotions to foreign monarchs would follow. Adolf Hitler effectively disregarded the wartime prerequisite by two promotions in 1936 and 1938, though all subsequent promotions were during wartime.

Electorate (1356–1806) and Kingdom of Saxony (1806–1918)

Name Date of promotion Birth and Death Portrait Reference
Hans Georg von Arnim-Boitzenburg Template:Dts 1583–1641 File:Hans Georg von Arnim.jpg [4]
Francis Albert of Saxe-Lauenburg Template:Dts 1598–1642 File:Franz Albrecht von Sachsen-Lauenburg.jpg
Rudolf Graf von Marzin Template:Dts 1585–1645 File:Rudolf von Morzin.jpg [5]
Ernst Albrecht von Eberstein Template:Dts 1605–76 File:Ernst Albrecht von Eberstein 1605.jpg
Joachim Rüdiger of Goltz Template:Dts 1620–88 File:Joachim Ruediger vonder Goltz.jpg [6]
Heino Heinrich Graf von Flemming Template:Dts 1632–1706 File:WP Heino Heinrich von Flemming.jpg
Hans Adam von Schöning Template:Dts 1641–96 File:Schöning, Hans Adam von (1641-1696).jpg
Jeremias of Chauvet Template:Dts Unknown–1699
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Heinrich VI Reuß zu Obergreiz Template:Dts 1649–97 File:Heinrich VI. Graf Reuß zu Obergreiz (1649-1697).jpg
Adam Heinrich von Steinau Template:Dts Unknown–1712
—
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Georg Benedikt von Ogilvy Template:Dts 1651–1710 File:Georg Benedikt von Ogilvy2.jpg
Jacob Heinrich von Flemming Template:Dts 1667–1728 File:Jokūbas Henrikas Flemingas.jpg
Christoph August of Wackerbarth Template:Dts 1662–1734 File:August von Wackerbarth (1662–1734).jpg [8]
Johann Adolf II, Duke of Saxe-Weissenfels Template:Dts 1685–1746 File:Antoine Pesne (1683-1757) - John Adolphus II, Duke of Saxe-Weissenfels (1685-1746) - RCIN 405656 - Royal Collection.jpg [9]
Frederick Augustus Rutowsky Template:Dts 1702–64 File:Fryderyk August Rutowski.jpeg
Johann Georg, Chevalier de Saxe Template:Dts 1704–74 File:Johann George Chevalier de Saxe.jpg [10]
Frederick of Anhalt-Dessau Template:Dts 1705–81 File:Friedrich Heinrich Eugen von Anhalt-Dessau (1705-1781).jpg
Albert of Saxony Template:Dts 1828–1902 File:Albert of Saxony by Nicola Perscheid c1900cr.jpg [11]
Georg of Saxony Template:Dts 1832–1904 File:George of Saxony by Nicola Perscheid c1900.jpg

Brandenburg-Prussia and the Kingdom of Prussia (1701–1870)

Name Date of promotion Birth and Death Portrait Reference
Otto Christoph von Sparr Template:Dts 1599–1668 File:OttoChristophvonSparr.JPG [12]
John George II, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau Template:Dts 1627–93 File:John George II, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau.jpg [12]
Georg von Derfflinger Template:Dts 1606–95 File:Georg von Derfflinger.png [12]
Alexander Hermann, Count of Wartensleben Template:Dts 1650–1734 File:Alexander Hermann, Count of Wartensleben.jpg [13]
Leopold I, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau Template:Dts 1676–1747 File:Leopold I, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau.jpeg [14]
Carl Philipp, Reichsgraf von Wylich und Lottum Template:Dts 1650–1719 File:Wylich und Lottum, Karl Philipp Graf von (1650-1719).jpg [15]
Alexander zu Dohna-Schlobitten Template:Dts 1661–1728 File:Dohna-Schlobitten, Alexander Burggraf und Graf zu (1661-1728)2.jpg [16]
Dubislav Gneomar von Natzmer Template:Dts 1654–1739 File:Dubislav Gneomar von Natzmer.jpg [17]
Albrecht Konrad Finck von Finckenstein Template:Dts 1660–1735 File:Albr.Konr.Finckenstein.jpg [18]
Friedrich Wilhelm von Grumbkow Template:Dts 1678–1739 File:Friedrich Wilhelm von Grumbkow.PNG [17]
Kurt Christoph Graf von Schwerin Template:Dts 1684–1757 File:Kurt Christoph Graf von Schwerin.jpg [19]
Caspar Otto von Glasenapp Template:Dts 1664–1747 File:Caspar Otto von Glasenapp Gouverneur.jpg [20]
Samuel von Schmettau Template:Dts 1684–1751 File:Samuel von Schmettau AGE V11 1803.jpg [21]
Christian August, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst Template:Dts 1690–1747 File:Christian August of Anhalt-Zerbst, 1725 (Antoine Pesne).jpg [22]
Leopold II, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau Template:Dts 1700–51 File:Leopold II. Maximilian von Anhalt-Dessau.jpg [23]
Friedrich Wilhelm von Dossow Template:Dts 1669–1758 File:Friedrich Wilhelm von Dossow (unbekannter Maler).jpg [24]
Henning Alexander von Kleist Template:Dts 1677–1749 File:HenningAlexandervonKleist.JPG [25]
Christoph Wilhelm von Kalckstein Template:Dts 1682–1759 File:WP Christoph Wilhelm von Kalckstein.jpg [25]
Dietrich of Anhalt-Dessau Template:Dts 1702–69 File:Dietrich von Anhalt-Dessau.jpg [25]
James Francis Edward Keith Template:Dts 1696–1758 File:Generalfeldmarschall Keith (Pesne).jpg [26]
Hans von Lehwaldt Template:Dts 1685–1768 File:Johann von Lewaldt RSAO.png [27]
Prince Moritz of Anhalt-Dessau Template:Dts 1712–60 File:Prince Moritz of Anhalt-Dessau.jpg [28]
Duke Ferdinand of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel Template:Dts 1721–92 File:Prinz Ferdinand Braunschweig.jpg [29]
Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick Template:Dts 1735–1806 File:BraunschweigLKWF.jpg [30]
Wichard Joachim Heinrich von Möllendorf Template:Dts 1724–1816 File:WichardvonMoellendorff.JPG [31]
Alexander von Knobelsdorff Template:Dts 1723–99 File:Field Marshal von Knobelsdorff, German School of the 18th century.jpg [32]
Ludwig Karl von Kalckstein Template:Dts 1725–1800 File:Ludwig Karl von Kalckstein.jpg [33]
Friedrich Adolf Graf von Kalckreuth Template:Dts 1737–1818 File:Friedrich Adolf, Count von Kalckreuth.jpg [34]
Wilhelm René de l'Homme de Courbière Template:Dts 1733–1811 File:WP Wilhelm René de l’Homme de Courbière.jpg [35]
Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher Template:Dts 1742–1819 File:Blücher (nach Gebauer).jpg [36]
Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington Template:Dts 1769–1852 File:Sir Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington.png [37]
Friedrich Graf Kleist von Nollendorf Template:Dts 1762–1823 File:Hermann Scherenberg-Friedrich Graf Kleist von Nollendorf.jpg [38]
Ludwig Yorck von Wartenburg Template:Dts 1759–1830 File:Ludwig Yorck von Wartenburg.jpg [39]
August Neidhardt von Gneisenau Template:Dts 1760–1831 File:George Dawe, Field Marshal August Neidhardt, Count of Gneisenau (1760–1831), 1818.jpg [40]
Hans Ernst Karl, Graf von Zieten Template:Dts 1770–1848 File:GrafVonZieten.png [41]
Karl Freiherr von Müffling Template:Dts 1775–1851 File:WP Karl von Muffling.jpg [42]
Hermann von Boyen Template:Dts 1771–1848 File:Boyen.jpg [43]
Karl Friedrich von dem Knesebeck Template:Dts 1768–1848 File:Knesebeck.gif [44]
Karl Friedrich Emil zu Dohna-Schlobitten Template:Dts 1784–1859 File:Friedrich Graf zu Dohna-Schlobitten.png [45]
Friedrich Graf von Wrangel Template:Dts 1784–1877 File:Feldmarschall Friedrich von Wrangel.jpg [46]
Prince Friedrich Karl of Prussia Template:Dts 1828–85 File:Friedrich Karl von Preussen.jpg [1]
Prince Frederick William of Prussia Template:Dts 1831–88 File:Friedrich III as Kronprinz - in GdK uniform by Heinrich von Angeli 1874.jpg [1]

German Empire (1871–1918)

Name Date of promotion Birth and Death Portrait Reference
Template:Sortname Template:Dts 1796–1884 File:Karl Eberhard Herwarth von Bittenfeld (2).jpg [47]
Template:Sortname Template:Dts 1796–1877 File:Karl Friedrich von Steinmetz.jpg [48]
Helmuth Karl Bernhard von Moltke Template:Dts 1800–91 File:Field Marshal Count Helmuth von Moltke.jpg [49]
Albert, Crown Prince of Saxony Template:Dts 1828–1902 File:Albert of Saxony by Nicola Perscheid c1900.jpg [50]
Template:Sortname Template:Dts 1803–79 File:Count Albrecht von Roon circa 1870.jpg [51]
Template:Sortname Template:Dts 1809–85 File:Edwin Freiherr von Manteuffel by Adolphe Braun.png [52]
Template:Sortname Template:Dts 1810–1900 File:Generalfeldmarschall Leonhard Graf von Blumenthal.JPG [53]
Georg, Crown Prince of Saxony Template:Dts 1832–1904 File:George of Saxony by Nicola Perscheid c1900.jpg [11]
Prince Albert of Prussia Template:Dts 1837–1906 File:Prince Albrecht of Prussia in 1883.jpg [54]
Archduke Albrecht, Duke of Teschen Template:Dts 1817–95 File:Alberto Federico Rodolfo Domenico d'Asburgo-Teschen, arciduca d'Austria.jpg [55]
Franz Joseph I of Austria Template:Dts 1830–1916 File:Emperor Francis Joseph.jpg [56]
Template:Sortname Template:Dts 1832–1904 File:Alfred von Waldersee (cropped).png [57]
Template:Sortname Template:Dts 1836–1919 File:Gottliebvonhaeseler.jpeg [58]
Template:Sortname Template:Dts 1833–1912 File:Wilhelm von Hahnke.jpg [59]
Template:Sortname Template:Dts 1828–1908
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Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn Template:DtsTemplate:Efn 1850–1942 File:Duke of Connaught and Strathearn.jpg [61]
Carol I of Romania Template:Dts 1839–1914 File:Carol I King of Romania.jpg [62]
Template:Sortname Template:Dts 1833–1913 File:Alfred von Schlieffen 1906.jpg [63]
George V of the United Kingdom Template:DtsTemplate:Efn 1865–1936 File:KingGeorgeVimage.jpg
Constantine I of Greece Template:Dts 1868–1923 File:Constantine I of Greece.jpg [64]
Template:Sortname Template:Dts 1847–1934 File:Paul von Hindenburg (1914) von Nicola Perscheid (cropped).jpg [65]
Template:Sortname Template:Dts 1846–1921 File:Karl von Bülow c1915.jpg [66]
Archduke Friedrich, Duke of Teschen Template:Dts 1856–1936 File:Freddyofaustria.jpg [67]
Template:Sortname Template:Dts 1849–1945 File:General Feldmarschall August Von Mackensen (cropped).png [68]
Ludwig III of Bavaria Template:Dts 1845–1921 File:Kingludwig3bavaria.jpg [69]
Template:Sortname Template:Dts 1852–1925 File:Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf (Hermann Torggler, 1915).jpg [70]
Ferdinand I of Bulgaria Template:Dts 1861–1948 File:Zar Ferdinand Bulgarien.jpg [71]
Mehmed V of the Ottoman Empire Template:Dts 1844–1918 File:Sultan Muhammed Chan V., Kaiser der Osmanen 1915 C. Pietzner.jpg
William II of Württemberg Template:Dts 1848–1921 File:Andersen & Klemm - Wilhelm II. von Württemberg (1892 RB25-21).jpg [72]
Rupprecht, Crown Prince of Bavaria Template:Dts 1869–1955 File:Flanders. Crown Prince Ruprecht of Bavaria - NARA - 17390954 (cropped).jpg [73]
Prince Leopold of Bavaria Template:Dts 1846–1930 File:Leopold II of Bavaria (1907).jpg [74]
Albrecht, Duke of Württemberg Template:Dts 1865–1939 File:AlbrechtHerzogWürttemberg.jpg [75]
Charles I of Austria Template:Dts 1887–1922 File:Emperor karl of austria-hungary 1917.png [76]
Template:Sortname Template:Dts 1848–1918 File:Voneichornhermanngen.jpg [77]
Template:Sortname Template:Dts 1847–1920 File:Remus von Woyrsch 1915.jpg [78]

Weimar Republic (1918–33)

After the loss of the First World War, Germany was transformed into what became known as the Weimar Republic, which was subject to the terms of the Treaty of Versailles. The military restrictions imposed by the treaty required the reduction of the German Army to 100,000 men,[79] a reduction of the German Navy,[79] and the abolition of the German Air Force.[79] As a result of the new military arrangements, there were no field marshals created during the Weimar Republic.

Nazi Germany (1933–45)

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See also

Notes

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References

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Sources

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Template:Refend

  1. ↑ a b c Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Wawro
  2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Hakim
  3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Snyder
  4. ↑ Irmer 2005, pp. 5, 35.
  5. ↑ Guthrie 2003, p. 48.
  6. ↑ Roberts & Tucker 2005, p. 790.
  7. ↑ Glozier & Onnekink 2007, p. 209.
  8. ↑ Phillips 1871, p. 943.
  9. ↑ Long 1844, p. 360.
  10. ↑ Carlyle 2002, p. 709.
  11. ↑ a b Riley 2014, p. 232.
  12. ↑ a b c Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Citino
  13. ↑ Gruyter 2006, p. 355.
  14. ↑ Paret & Morgan 2014, p. 391.
  15. ↑ König 1789, p. 434.
  16. ↑ Johannes 2004, p. 34.
  17. ↑ a b Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named MacDonogh
  18. ↑ Colby & Williams 1906, p. 620.
  19. ↑ Tucker 2009, p. 239.
  20. ↑ Ohm & Boehlke & Boehlke 1997, p. 6.
  21. ↑ Lund 1999, p. 182.
  22. ↑ Alexeevna 2007, p. 236.
  23. ↑ Siebigk 1883, pp. 352, 356.
  24. ↑ Siebigk 1883, pp. 364, 365.
  25. ↑ a b c Anton Balthasar König, Henning Alexander von Kleist,Biographisches Lexikon aller Helden und Militärpersonen: T. G-L, A. Wever, 1789, pp. 275–276. Accessed 26 September 2015.
  26. ↑ MacKillop & Murdoch 2003, p. 103.
  27. ↑ Siebigk 1883, pp. 166, 167.
  28. ↑ Ross 1997, p. 134, 135.
  29. ↑ Ballard 2011, p. 54.
  30. ↑ Debrett 1836, p. 151.
  31. ↑ Stoker 2014, p. 52.
  32. ↑ Bruce & Stanard 1958, p. 88.
  33. ↑ Friedländer 1882, pp. 18-19.
  34. ↑ Phillips 1871, p. 378.
  35. ↑ Fischer 1907, p. 50.
  36. ↑ Leggiere 2014, p. 535.
  37. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  38. ↑ Siebigk 1883, p. 127.
  39. ↑ Droysen 1851, p. 158.
  40. ↑ Gneisenau & Marston 1815, pp. 1, 8.
  41. ↑ Veve 1992, p. 30.
  42. ↑ Muffling 1997, p. 174.
  43. ↑ Parkinson 2000, p. 259.
  44. ↑ Jensen & Rothstein 2000, p. 110.
  45. ↑ Siborne 1895, p. 96.
  46. ↑ Röhl 1996, p. 274.
  47. ↑ Chisholm & Garvin 1926, p. 405.
  48. ↑ Hughes 2009, p. 423.
  49. ↑ Heal 2012, p. 206.
  50. ↑ Maitland 1762, p. 24.
  51. ↑ Large 2007, p. 2.
  52. ↑ Marrs 2010, p. 25.
  53. ↑ Darmstaedter 2008, p. 414.
  54. ↑ Burke 2012, p. 17.
  55. ↑ Hakim 1995, p. 65.
  56. ↑ Murad 1968, p. 61.
  57. ↑ Clarke 2000, p. 12.
  58. ↑ Ross 1997, p. 452.
  59. ↑ Hahnke 2012, p. 47.
  60. ↑ Steinberg 2011, p. 407.
  61. ↑ Browne 2013, p. 105.
  62. ↑ Roberts & Tucker 2005, pp. 666, 667.
  63. ↑ Ehlert 2014, pp. 1, 2.
  64. ↑ Vatikiotis 2014, p. 1.
  65. ↑ Hargreaves 2010, p. 20.
  66. ↑ Roberts & Tucker 2005, p. 243.
  67. ↑ Riley 2013, p. 471.
  68. ↑ Sandler 2002, p. 523.
  69. ↑ Pawly 2012, p. 63.
  70. ↑ Rothenburg 1976, p. 143.
  71. ↑ Tague 2011, p. 359.
  72. ↑ Blumberg 1990, p. 238.
  73. ↑ Roberts & Tucker 2005, p. 1007.
  74. ↑ Roberts & Tucker 2005, p. 687.
  75. ↑ Roberts & Tucker 2005, p. 82.
  76. ↑ Wheatcroft & Keegan, 2014. p. 62.
  77. ↑ Roberts & Tucker 2005, p. 390.
  78. ↑ Pope & Wheal 2007, p. 476.
  79. ↑ a b c Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Kershaw
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