List of Global Boundary Stratotype Sections and Points

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This is a list of Global Boundary Stratotype Sections and Points. Since 1977, Global Boundary Stratotype Sections and Points (abbreviated GSSPs) are internationally agreed upon reference points on stratigraphic sections of rock which define the lower boundaries of stages on the geologic time scale. They are selected by the International Commission on Stratigraphy based on multiple factors, but their accessibility and the degree to which they are representative of the same boundary on sections worldwide are among the most important.

Since GSSPs require well-preserved sections of rock without interruptions in sedimentation, and since most are defined by different stages of animal life, defining them becomes progressively more difficult as one goes farther back in time.

Organization of this list

This list is divided first into the geologic eras of the Phanerozoic (the Cenozoic, the Mesozoic, and the Paleozoic) and then into the geologic periods of each era. Each period is marked below the era bar on top of its subdivided epochs and stages. Each stage is assigned an age in mya, an acronym for million years ago, which is the age at which it began. Most of these ages are derived from astronomical cycles in sediments, magnetic data, biostratigraphic data, and radiometric dating methods. The GSSP assigned to each stage is that stage's lower boundary and oldest point.

Ages are given in "million year ago" (mya). They are obtained with different radiometric dating methods depending on the type of rock and its age. Ages that have a tilde (~) prefix are approximate ages for GSSPs that have not been defined or not been accurately dated.

The Status column has a "golden spike" for every GSSP which has been formally agreed by the ICS. Those without have only candidate sections which have not yet been formally ratified. The clock stands for times that are currently defined only by an age.

The "Defining markers" column lists the evidence in the rock used to define the boundary. (Ideally, these are applicable in rock sections worldwide.) Most of the boundaries rely on the fossil record (biologic), paleomagnetic data (magnetic), and/or climate data determined by carbon and oxygen isotopes.

List

Cenozoic

Quaternary

Epoch	Stage	Age (mya)	Status	GSSP location	Defining markers	Geographic Coordinates	References
Holocene
	Meghalayan	Expression error: Unexpected round operator	File:GSSP Golden Spike.svg	Mawmluh Cave, Meghalaya, India	Climatic: 4.2 kiloyear event.	Script error: No such module "Coordinates".	^[1]^[2]
	Northgrippian	Expression error: Unexpected round operator	File:GSSP Golden Spike.svg	NGRIP1 ice core, Greenland	Climatic: 8.2 kiloyear event.	Script error: No such module "Coordinates".	^[1]
	Greenlandian	Expression error: Unexpected round operator	File:GSSP Golden Spike.svg	NGRIP2 ice core, Greenland	Climatic: End of the Younger Dryas stadial.	Script error: No such module "Coordinates".	^[1]^[3]
Pleistocene
	Upper/Late	Expression error: Unexpected round operator		-	Climatic: Marine Isotope Substage 5e	-	-
	Chibanian	Expression error: Unexpected round operator	File:GSSP Golden Spike.svg	Chiba, Japan	Magnetic: Brunhes-Matuyama magnetic reversal.	Script error: No such module "Coordinates".	^[4]
	Calabrian	Expression error: Unexpected round operator	File:GSSP Golden Spike.svg	Vrica Section, Calabria, Italy	Magnetic: Approximately 15 ka after the end of magnetic polarity chronozone C2n (Olduvai). Biologic: Immediately above extinction Discoaster brouweri (Haptophyte). Sedimentologic: Boundary between a sapropelic bed and marine claystones.	Script error: No such module "Coordinates".	^[5]
	Gelasian	Expression error: Unexpected round operator	File:GSSP Golden Spike.svg	Monte San Nicola Section, Gela, Sicily, Italy	Magnetic: Base of magnetic polarity chronozone C2r (Matuyama). Biologic: Extinction of Discoaster pentaradiatus and Discoaster surculus (Haptophyte).	Script error: No such module "Coordinates".	^[6]

Neogene

Epoch	Stage	Age (mya)	Status	GSSP location	Defining markers	Geographic Coordinates	References
Pliocene
	Piacenzian	Expression error: Unexpected round operator	File:GSSP Golden Spike.svg	Punta Piccola Section, Porto Empedocle, Sicily, Italy	Magnetic: Base of magnetic polarity chronozone C2An (Gauss). Biologic: Extinction of Globorotalia margaritae and Pulleniatina primalis (Planktonic foraminifera).	Script error: No such module "Coordinates".	^[7]
	Zanclean	Expression error: Unexpected round operator	File:GSSP Golden Spike.svg	Heraclea Minoa section Heraclea Minoa, Cattolica Eraclea, Sicily, Italy	Magnetic: Top of magnetic polarity chronozone C3r. Biologic: First appearance of Ceratolithus acutus and near extinction of Triquetrorhabdulus rugosus (Haptophyte).	Script error: No such module "Coordinates".	^[8]
Miocene
	Messinian	Expression error: Unexpected round operator	File:GSSP Golden Spike.svg	Oued Akrech section, Rabat, Morocco	Magnetic: Within magnetic polarity chronozone C3Br.1r. Biologic: First regular occurrence of the Globorotalia miotumida (Planktonic foraminifera). Biologic: First appearance of Amaurolithus delicatus (Haptophyte).	Script error: No such module "Coordinates".	^[9]
	Tortonian	Expression error: Unexpected round operator	File:GSSP Golden Spike.svg	Monte dei Corvi Beach section, Ancona, Italy	Magnetic: Within normal-polarity subchron C5r.2n Biologic: Last Common Occurrence of the Discoaster kugleri (Haptophyte). Biologic: Last Common Occurrence of the Globigerinoides subquadratus (Planktonic foraminifera). Climatic: Oxygen isotope event Mi-5.	Script error: No such module "Coordinates".	^[10]
	Serravallian	Expression error: Unexpected round operator	File:GSSP Golden Spike.svg	Ras il Pellegrin section, Fomm ir-Riħ Bay, Malta	Magnetic: Within magnetic polarity chronozone C5ABr. Biologic: Below first appearance of Sphenolithus heteromorphus (Haptophyte) Climatic: Mi3b isotopic event (Global cooling episode).	Script error: No such module "Coordinates".	^[11]
	Langhian	Expression error: Unexpected round operator	File:GSSP Golden Spike.svg	At 17.84 m in the 'Lower La Vedova Beach' section, Ancona, Italy	Magnetic: Near top of magnetic polarity chronozone C5Cn.1n. Biologic: Near first appearance of Praeorbulina glomerosa (Planktonic foraminifera).	Script error: No such module "Coordinates".	^[4]
	Burdigalian	Expression error: Unexpected round operator		Candidate sections: Astronomically tuned ODP core (e.g. Ceara Rise, Leg 154)	Near FAD of Globigerinoides altiaperturus (planktonic foraminifer) or near top of magnetic polarity chronozone C6An	-	^[4]
	Aquitanian	Expression error: Unexpected round operator	File:GSSP Golden Spike.svg	Lemme-Carrosio Section, Carrosio, Italy	Magnetic: Base of magnetic polarity chronozone C6Cn.2n. Biologic: Near first appearance of Paragloborotalia kugleri (Planktonic foraminifera).	Script error: No such module "Coordinates".	^[12]

Paleogene

Epoch	Stage	Age (mya)	Status	GSSP location	Defining markers	Geographic Coordinates	References
Oligocene
	Chattian	Expression error: Unexpected round operator	File:GSSP Golden Spike.svg	Monte Cagnero, Central Apennines, Italy	Biological: last occurrence of the planktonic foraminifer Chiloguembelina (Base of Foram Zone P21b)	Script error: No such module "Coordinates".	^[13]
	Rupelian	Expression error: Unexpected round operator	File:GSSP Golden Spike.svg	Massignano quarry section, Massignano, Ancona, Italy	Biologic: Extinction of Hantkenina and Cribrohantkenina (Planktonic foraminifera).	Script error: No such module "Coordinates".	^[14]
Eocene
	Priabonian	Expression error: Unexpected round operator	File:GSSP Golden Spike.svg	Alano section, Piave river, Venetian Prealps, Belluno, Italy	Biologic: Last appearance of large acarininids and Morozovelloides crassatus; The Base of common and continuous Cribrocentrum erbae and the Top of Chiasmolithus grandis Magnetic: The Base of Chronozone C17n and Subchron C17n.2n	Script error: No such module "Coordinates".	^[15]
	Bartonian	Expression error: Unexpected round operator		Contessa highway section Gubbio, Central Apennines, Italy	Biologic: Near Extinction of Reticulofenestra reticulata (Haptophyte)	Script error: No such module "Coordinates".	-
	Lutetian	Expression error: Unexpected round operator	File:GSSP Golden Spike.svg	Gorrondatxe sea-cliff section, Western Pyrenees, Basque Country, Spain	Biologic: First appearance of Hantkenina (Planktonic foraminifera).	Script error: No such module "Coordinates".	^[16]
	Ypresian	Expression error: Unexpected round operator	File:GSSP Golden Spike.svg	Dababiya section, Luxor, Egypt	Climatic: Base of negative Carbon Isotope Excursion (CIE).	Script error: No such module "Coordinates".	^[17]^[18]
Paleocene
	Thanetian	Expression error: Unexpected round operator	File:GSSP Golden Spike.svg	Zumaia Section, Basque Country, Spain	Magnetic: Base of magnetic polarity chronozone C26n.	Script error: No such module "Coordinates".	^[19]
	Selandian	Expression error: Unexpected round operator	File:GSSP Golden Spike.svg	Zumaia Section, Basque Country, Spain	Chemical: Onset of sea-level drop and carbon isotope shift. Magnetic: 30 precession cycles after the top of magnetic polarity Chron 27n	Script error: No such module "Coordinates".	^[19]
	Danian	Expression error: Unexpected round operator	File:GSSP Golden Spike.svg	El Kef Section, El Kef, Tunisia	Iridium enriched layer associated with a major meteorite impact and subsequent extinction event.	Script error: No such module "Coordinates".	^[20]

Mesozoic

Cretaceous

Epoch	Stage	Age (mya)	Status	GSSP location	Defining markers	Geographic Coordinates	References
Upper
	Maastrichtian	Expression error: Unexpected round operator	File:GSSP Golden Spike.svg	Grande Carrière quarry, Landes, France	Biologic: 12 biostratigraphic criteria Biologic: First appearance of Pachydiscus neubergicus (Ammonite) is just above the boundary.	Script error: No such module "Coordinates".	^[21]
	Campanian	Expression error: Unexpected round operator	File:GSSP Golden Spike.svg	Bottaccione, Gubbio, Italy	Magnetic: Base of Chron C33r.	Script error: No such module "Coordinates".	^[22]^[23]
	Santonian	Expression error: Unexpected round operator	File:GSSP Golden Spike.svg	Olazagutia, Spain	Biologic: First appearance of Cladoceramus undulatoplicatus (Inoceramid bivalve).	Script error: No such module "Coordinates".	^[4]
	Coniacian	Expression error: Unexpected round operator	File:GSSP Golden Spike.svg	Salzgitter-Salder quarry, Germany	Biologic: First appearance of Cremnoceramus rotundatus (Inoceramid bivalve).	Script error: No such module "Coordinates".	^[4]
	Turonian	Expression error: Unexpected round operator	File:GSSP Golden Spike.svg	Rock Canyon, Colorado, United States	Biologic: First appearance of Watinoceras devonense (Ammonite).	Script error: No such module "Coordinates".	^[24]
	Cenomanian	Expression error: Unexpected round operator	File:GSSP Golden Spike.svg	Mont Risoux, Hautes-Alpes, France	Biologic: First appearance of Rotalipora globotruncanoides (Planktonic foraminifera)	Script error: No such module "Coordinates".	^[25]
Lower
	Albian	Expression error: Unexpected round operator	File:GSSP Golden Spike.svg	Col de Pré-Guittard section, Arnayon, Drôme, France	Biologic: first appearance of the planktonic foraminiferan Microhedbergella renilaevis.	Script error: No such module "Coordinates".	^[26] ^[27]
	Aptian	Expression error: Unexpected round operator		Candidate section: Gorgo a Cerbara, Piobbico, Central Apennines, Italy	Magnetic: Base of magnetic polarity chronozone M0r. Biologic: Near first appearance of Paradeshayesites oglanlensis (Ammonite).	-	-
	Barremian	Expression error: Unexpected round operator	File:GSSP Golden Spike.svg	Río Argos, Caravaca de la Cruz, Murcia Province, Spain	Biologic: First appearance of Ammonite Taveraidiscus hugii.	-	^[28]
	Hauterivian	Expression error: Unexpected round operator	File:GSSP Golden Spike.svg	La Charce, Drôme, France	Biologic: First appearance of the Ammonite genus Acanthodiscus.	Script error: No such module "Coordinates".	^[29]^[30]
	Valanginian	Expression error: Unexpected round operator		Candidates sections: Montbrun-les-Bains, Drôme, France Cañada Luenga, Betic Cordillera, Spain	Biologic: First appearance of Calpionellites darderi (Calpionellid). Biologic: First appearance of Thurmanniceras pertransiens (Ammonite).	-	-
	Berriasian	Expression error: Unexpected round operator		Candidate section: Vaca Muerta, Neuquén Basin, Argentina^[31]	Candidates: Magnetic—base of Chron M18r Base of Calpionellid zone B

Jurassic

Epoch	Stage	Age (mya)	Status	GSSP location	Defining markers	Geographic Coordinates	References
Upper
	Tithonian	Expression error: Unexpected round operator		Candidate sections: Mt. Crussol, France Canjuers, France Fornazzo, Sicily	Magnetic: Base of magnetic polarity chronozone M22An. Biologic: Near first appearance of Hybonoticeras hybonotum (Ammonite). Biologic: First appearance of genus Gravesia (Ammonite).	-	-
	Kimmeridgian	Expression error: Unexpected round operator	File:GSSP Golden Spike.svg	Flodigarry, Isle of Skye, Scotland, U.K.	Biologic: First appearance of Pictonia baylei (Ammonite).	Script error: No such module "Coordinates".	^[4]
	Oxfordian	Expression error: Unexpected round operator		Candidate sections: Redcliff Point, Dorset, England, U.K. Savouron, Provence, France	Biologic: Horizon of Cardioceras redcliffense (Ammonite).	-	-
Middle
	Callovian	Expression error: Unexpected round operator		Candidate sections: Pfeffingen, Swabian Alb, Germany Russia	Biologic: First appearance of genus Kepplerites (Ammonite).	-	-
	Bathonian	Expression error: Unexpected round operator	File:GSSP Golden Spike.svg	Ravin du Bès, Bas-Auran, Alpes de Haute, France	Biologic: First appearance of Gonolkites convergen (Ammonite).	Script error: No such module "Coordinates".	^[32]
	Bajocian	Expression error: Unexpected round operator	File:GSSP Golden Spike.svg	Cabo Mondego, Portugal	Biologic: First appearance of Hyperlioceras mundum, Hyperlioceras furcatum, Braunsina aspera, and Braunsina elegantula(Ammonite) Biologic: First appearance of genus Hyperlioceras (Ammonite).	Script error: No such module "Coordinates".	^[33]
	Aalenian	Expression error: Unexpected round operator	File:GSSP Golden Spike.svg	Fuentelsaz, Spain	Biologic: First appearance of Leioceras opalinum and Leioceras lineatum Biologic: First appearance of genus Leioceras (Ammonite).	Script error: No such module "Coordinates".	^[34]
Lower
	Toarcian	Expression error: Unexpected round operator	File:GSSP Golden Spike.svg	Peniche, Portugal	Biologic: First appearance of D. (E.) simplex (Ammonite).	Script error: No such module "Coordinates".	^[35]
	Pliensbachian	Expression error: Unexpected round operator	File:GSSP Golden Spike.svg	Robin Hood's Bay, Yorkshire, England, U.K.	Biologic: First appearance of Bifericeras donovani and genera Apoderoceras (Ammonite).	Script error: No such module "Coordinates".	^[36]
	Sinemurian	Expression error: Unexpected round operator	File:GSSP Golden Spike.svg	East Quantoxhead, West Somerset, England, UK	Biologic: First appearance of the Vermiceras quantoxense, Vermiceras palmeri (Ammonite).	Script error: No such module "Coordinates".	^[37]
	Hettangian	Expression error: Unexpected round operator	File:GSSP Golden Spike.svg	Kuhjoch section, Karwendel mountains, Northern Calcareous Alps, Austria	Biologic: Near first appearance of smooth Psiloceras spela group (Ammonite).	Script error: No such module "Coordinates".

Triassic

Epoch	Stage	Age (mya)	Status	GSSP location	Defining markers	Geographic Coordinates	References
Upper
	Rhaetian	~Expression error: Unexpected round operator		Candidate sections: Steinbergkogel, Austria Pignola-Abriola, Italy^[38] Turkey British Columbia	Biologic: First appearance of Misikella posthernsteini (Conodont). Biologic: Near first appearance of genus Cochloceras (Ammonite). Biologic: Near first appearance of Epigondolella mosheri (Conodont). Biologic: Near first appearance of Proparvicingula moniliformis (radiolarian).	-	-
	Norian	~Expression error: Unexpected round operator		Candidate sections: Black Bear Ridge, British Columbia Pizzo Mondello, Sicily	Base of Stikinoceras kerri ammonoid zone and near FAD of Metapolygnathus echinatus within the M. communisti conodont zones.	-	-
	Carnian	~Expression error: Unexpected round operator	File:GSSP Golden Spike.svg	Prati di Stuores, Dolomites, Italy	Biologic: First appearance of Daxatina canadensis (Ammonite). Biologic: Near first appearance of Metapolygnathus polygnathiformis (Conodont). Magnetic: Above magnetic zone S2n.	Script error: No such module "Coordinates".	^[39]
Middle
	Ladinian	~Expression error: Unexpected round operator	File:GSSP Golden Spike.svg	Bagolino, Lombardian pre-Alps, Italy	Biologic: First appearance of Eoprotrachyceras curionii (Ammonite). Biologic: First appearance of Budurovignathus praehungaricus (Conodont).	Script error: No such module "Coordinates".	^[40]
	Anisian	Expression error: Unexpected round operator		Candidate sections: Desli Caira, Northern Dobruja, Romania Guandao, Guizhou, China	Biologic: First appearance of Chiosella timorensis (Conodont). Magnetic: Base of magnetic zone MT1n.	Script error: No such module "Coordinates".
Lower
	Olenekian	Expression error: Unexpected round operator		Candidate sections: Mud (Muth) village, Spiti valley, India Chaohu, China	Biologic: First appearance of Neospathodus waageni (Conodont). Biologic: Near first appearance of genera Flemingites and Euflemingites (Ammonite).	Script error: No such module "Coordinates".
	Induan	251.9	File:GSSP Golden Spike.svg	Meishan, Zhejiang, China	Biologic: First appearance of Hindeodus parvus (Conodont).	Script error: No such module "Coordinates".

Paleozoic

Permian

Epoch	Stage	Age (mya)	Status	GSSP location	Defining markers	Geographic Coordinates	References
Lopingian
	Changhsingian	Expression error: Unexpected round operator	File:GSSP Golden Spike.svg	Zhejiang, China	Biologic: Near first appearance of Clarkina wangi (Conodont).	Script error: No such module "Coordinates".	^[41]
	Wuchiapingian	Expression error: Unexpected round operator	File:GSSP Golden Spike.svg	Penglaitan Section, Laibin, Guangxi, China	Biologic: First appearance of Clarkina postbitteri postbitteri (Conodont).	Script error: No such module "Coordinates".	^[42]
Guadalupian
	Capitanian	Expression error: Unexpected round operator	File:GSSP Golden Spike.svg	Nipple Hill, Guadalupe Mountains, Texas, U.S.A.	Biologic: First appearance of Jinogondolella postserrata (Conodont).	Script error: No such module "Coordinates".	^[4]
	Wordian	Expression error: Unexpected round operator	File:GSSP Golden Spike.svg	Guadalupe Pass, Guadalupe Mountains, Texas, U.S.A.	Biologic: First appearance of Jinogondolella aserrata (Conodont).	Script error: No such module "Coordinates".	^[4]
	Roadian	Expression error: Unexpected round operator	File:GSSP Golden Spike.svg	Stratotype Canyon, Guadalupe Mountains, Texas, U.S.A.	Biologic: First appearance of Jinogondolella nanginkensis (Conodont).	Script error: No such module "Coordinates".	^[4]
Cisuralian
	Kungurian	Expression error: Unexpected round operator		Candidate section: Mechetlino, Southern Ural Mountains, Russia	Biologic: Near first appearance of Neostreptognathodus pnevi (Conodont).	-	^[4]
	Artinskian	Expression error: Unexpected round operator	File:GSSP Golden Spike.svg	Dalny Tulkas section, Southern Ural Mountains, Russia	Biologic: First appearance of Sweetognathus whitei (Conodont).	Script error: No such module "Coordinates".	^[4]
	Sakmarian	Expression error: Unexpected round operator	File:GSSP Golden Spike.svg	Usolka section, Southern Urals, Russia	Biologic: First appearance of Mesogondolella monstra (Conodont).	Script error: No such module "Coordinates".	^[43]^[44]
	Asselian	Expression error: Unexpected round operator	File:GSSP Golden Spike.svg	Aidaralash, Ural Mountains, Kazakhstan	Biologic: First appearance of Streptognathodus isolatus within the morphotype Streptognathodus wabaunsensis chronocline (Conodont).	Script error: No such module "Coordinates".	^[45]

Carboniferous

Epoch	Stage	Age (mya)	Status	GSSP location	Defining markers	Geographic Coordinates	References
Pennsylvanian
	Gzhelian	Expression error: Unexpected round operator		Candidate sections: Ural mountains Nashui, Luodian County, Guizhou, China	Biologic: First appearance Idiognathodus simulator and close to first appearance of Shumardites	-	^[4]
	Kasimovian	Expression error: Unexpected round operator		Candidate sections: Ural mountains United States Nashui, Luodian County, Guizhou, China	Biologic: First appearance of Protriticites or 1 million years older Montiparus montiparus	-	^[4]
	Moscovian	Expression error: Unexpected round operator		Candidate sections: Ural mountains Nashui, Luodian County, Guizhou, China	Biologic: First appearance of Idiognathoides postsulcatus or Declinognathodus donetzianus	-	^[4]
	Bashkirian	Expression error: Unexpected round operator	File:GSSP Golden Spike.svg	Arrow Canyon, Nevada, United States	Biologic: First appearance of Declinognathodus nodiliferus (Conodont).	Script error: No such module "Coordinates".	^[46]
Mississippian
	Serpukhovian	Expression error: Unexpected round operator		Candidate sections: Verkhnyaya Kardailovka, Ural mountains Nashui, Luodian County, Guizhou, China	Biologic: First appearance of Lochriea ziegleri	-	^[4]
	Visean	Expression error: Unexpected round operator	File:GSSP Golden Spike.svg	Pengchong Section, Guangxi, China	Biologic: First appearance of Eoparastaffella simplex	Script error: No such module "Coordinates".	^[4]
	Tournaisian	Expression error: Unexpected round operator	File:GSSP Golden Spike.svg	La Serre, Montagne Noire, France	Biologic: First appearance of Siphonodella sulcata (Conodont). In 2006 it was discovered that this GSSP has biostratigraphic problems.	Script error: No such module "Coordinates".	^[47]

Devonian

Epoch	Stage	Age (mya)	Status	GSSP location	Defining markers	Geographic Coordinates	References
Upper
	Famennian	Expression error: Unexpected round operator	File:GSSP Golden Spike.svg	Coumiac quarry,Template:Ill Montagne Noire, France	Biologic: Abundant occurrence of Palmatolepis triangularis (Conodont). Biologic: Upper Kellwasser Extinction of all Ancyrodella and Ozarkodina and most Palmatolepis, Polygnathus, and Ancyrognathus. Biologic: Coincides with the first appearance of Phoenixites frechi (Goniatite).	Script error: No such module "Coordinates".	^[48]
	Frasnian	Expression error: Unexpected round operator	File:GSSP Golden Spike.svg	Col du Puech de la Suque, Montagne Noire, France	Biologic: First appearance of Ancyrodella rotundiloba (Conodont).	Script error: No such module "Coordinates".	^[49]
Middle
	Givetian	Expression error: Unexpected round operator	File:GSSP Golden Spike.svg	Jebel Mech Irdane, Tafilalt, Morocco	Biologic: First appearance of Polygnathus hemiansatus (Conodont). Biologic: Just below first appearance of Maenioceras (Goniatite).	Script error: No such module "Coordinates".	^[50]
	Eifelian	Expression error: Unexpected round operator	File:GSSP Golden Spike.svg	Wetteldorf Richtschnitt section, Wetteldorf, Eifel, Germany	Biologic: First appearance of Polygnathus costatus partitus (Conodont).	Script error: No such module "Coordinates".	^[51]
Lower
	Emsian	Expression error: Unexpected round operator	File:GSSP Golden Spike.svg	Zinzil'ban Gorge, Uzbekistan	Biologic: First appearance of Polygnathus kitabicus (Conodont).	Script error: No such module "Coordinates".	^[52]
	Pragian	Expression error: Unexpected round operator	File:GSSP Golden Spike.svg	Velká Chuchle quarry Velká Chuchle, Prague, Czech Republic	Biologic: First appearance of Eognathodus sulcatus (Conodont).	Script error: No such module "Coordinates".	^[53]
	Lochkovian	Expression error: Unexpected round operator	File:GSSP Golden Spike.svg	Klonk, Prague, Czech Republic	Biologic: First appearance of Monograptus uniformis (graptolite).	Script error: No such module "Coordinates".	^[4]

Silurian

Epoch	Stage	Age (mya)	Status	GSSP location	Defining markers	Geographic Coordinates	References
Přídolí		Expression error: Unexpected round operator	File:GSSP Golden Spike.svg	Požáry Section, Řeporyje District, Prague, Czech Republic	Biologic: First appearance of Monograptus parultimus (Graptolite).	Script error: No such module "Coordinates".	^[54]
Ludlow
	Ludfordian	Expression error: Unexpected round operator	File:GSSP Golden Spike.svg	Sunnyhill, Ludlow, Shropshire, England, U.K.	Imprecise GSSP. Biologic: Near first appearance of Saetograptus leintwardinensis (Graptolite).	Script error: No such module "Coordinates".	^[55]
	Gorstian	Expression error: Unexpected round operator	File:GSSP Golden Spike.svg	Pitch Coppice, Ludlow, Shropshire, England, U.K.	Biologic: First appearance Saetograptus (Colonograptus) varians	Script error: No such module "Coordinates".	^[55]
Wenlock
	Homerian	Expression error: Unexpected round operator	File:GSSP Golden Spike.svg	Whitwell Coppice, Homer, England, U.K.	Biologic: First appearance of Cyrtograptus lundgreni (Graptolite).	Script error: No such module "Coordinates".	^[55]
	Sheinwoodian	Expression error: Unexpected round operator	File:GSSP Golden Spike.svg	Hughley Brook, Apedale, England, U.K.	Imprecise GSSP. Will be reexamined. Biologic: Currently between acritarch biozone 5 and last appearance of Pterospathodus amorphognathoides. Candidate boundaries are a conodont boundary (Ireviken datum 2) which is close to the murchisoni graptolite biozone.	Script error: No such module "Coordinates".	^[4]^[55]
Llandovery
	Telychian	Expression error: Unexpected round operator	File:GSSP Golden Spike.svg	El Pintado section, Province of Seville, Spain	Biologic: FAD of the graptolite Spirograptus guerichi	Script error: No such module "Coordinates".	^[4]^[56]^[57]
	Aeronian	Expression error: Unexpected round operator	File:GSSP Golden Spike.svg	Hlásná Třebaň section, Czech Republic	Biologic: First appearance of Demirastrites triangulatus (Graptolite).	Script error: No such module "Coordinates".	^[4]^[57]^[58]
	Rhuddanian	Expression error: Unexpected round operator	File:GSSP Golden Spike.svg	Dob's Linn, Moffat, Dumfries-shire, Scotland, U.K.	Biologic: First appearance of Akidograptus ascensus and Parakidograptus acuminatus (Graptolite). 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale Formation.	Script error: No such module "Coordinates".	^[54]

Ordovician

Epoch	Stage	Age (mya)	Status	GSSP location	Defining markers	Geographic Coordinates	References
Upper
	Hirnantian	Expression error: Unexpected round operator	File:GSSP Golden Spike.svg	Wangjiawan section Wangjiawan, Yichang, China	Biologic: First appearance of Normalograptus extraordinarius (Graptolite). Climatic: Base of major positive carbon isotope excursion. Climatic: Beginning of sea-level fall associated with onset of a major glaciation.	Script error: No such module "Coordinates".	^[59]
	Katian	Expression error: Unexpected round operator	File:GSSP Golden Spike.svg	Black Knob Ridge section, Oklahoma, United States	Biologic: First appearance of Diplacanthograptus caudatus (Graptolite). Climatic: Just below base of Guttenberg carbon isotope excursion.	Script error: No such module "Coordinates".	^[60]
	Sandbian	Expression error: Unexpected round operator	File:GSSP Golden Spike.svg	Fågelsång section Sularp Brook, Skåne, Sweden	Biologic: First appearance of Nemagraptus gracilis (Graptolite). 1.4 m below a phosphorite marker bed.	Script error: No such module "Coordinates".	^[61]
Middle
	Darriwilian	Expression error: Unexpected round operator	File:GSSP Golden Spike.svg	Huangnitang Section Huangnitang Village, Changshan, Zhejiang, China	Biologic: First appearance of Undulograptus austrodentatus (Graptolite).	Script error: No such module "Coordinates".	^[62]
	Dapingian	Expression error: Unexpected round operator	File:GSSP Golden Spike.svg	Huanghuachang section Huanghuachang, Yichang, China	Biologic: Lowest appearance of Baltoniodus triangularis (Conodont).	Script error: No such module "Coordinates".	^[63]^[64]
Lower
	Floian	Expression error: Unexpected round operator	File:GSSP Golden Spike.svg	Diabasbrottet quarry, Västergötland, Sweden	Biologic: Lowest appearance of Tetragraptus approximatus (Graptolite).	Script error: No such module "Coordinates".	^[65]
	Tremadocian	Expression error: Unexpected round operator	File:GSSP Golden Spike.svg	Greenpoint section Green Point, Newfoundland, Canada	Biologic: First appearance of Iapetognathus fluctivagus (Conodont). Biologic: Planktonic graptolites occur 4.8 m above boundary. Climatic: Coincides with a peak in carbon isotopes.	Script error: No such module "Coordinates".	^[66]

Cambrian

Epoch	Stage	Age (mya)	Status	GSSP location	Defining markers	Geographic Coordinates	References
Furongian
	Stage 10	Expression error: Unexpected round operator		Candidate sections: Duibian, Zhejiang, China Lawson Cove, Utah, United States	Candidates: Biologic: First appearance of Lotagnostus americanus (Trilobite). Biologic: First appearance of Cordylodus andresi (Conodont). Biologic: First appearance of Eoconodontus notchpeakensis (Conodont).	-	^[67]
	Jiangshanian	~Expression error: Unexpected round operator	File:GSSP Golden Spike.svg	Duibian B Section Duibian, Zhejiang, China	Biologic: First appearance of Agnostotes orientalis (Trilobite).	Script error: No such module "Coordinates".	^[68]
	Paibian	~Expression error: Unexpected round operator	File:GSSP Golden Spike.svg	Paibi section Paibi, Hunan, China	Biologic: First appearance of the agnostoid Glyptagnostus reticulatus (Trilobite). Climatic: Coincides with base of the Steptoean positive carbon isotope excursion (SPICE).	Script error: No such module "Coordinates".	^[69]
Miaolingian
	Guzhangian	~Expression error: Unexpected round operator	File:GSSP Golden Spike.svg	Luoyixi section Luoyixi, Guzhang, Hunan, China	Biologic: First appearance of Lejopyge laevigata (Trilobite).	Script error: No such module "Coordinates".	^[70]
	Drumian	~Expression error: Unexpected round operator	File:GSSP Golden Spike.svg	Drumian section Wheeler Shale, Utah, U.S.A.	Biologic: First appearance of Ptychagnostus atavus (Trilobite).	Script error: No such module "Coordinates".	^[71]
	Wuliuan	~Expression error: Unexpected round operator	File:GSSP Golden Spike.svg	Wuliu-Zengjiayan, Guizhou, China	Biologic: First appearance of Oryctocephalus indicus (Trilobite).	Script error: No such module "Coordinates".	^[72]^[73]
Series 2
	Stage 4	~Expression error: Unexpected round operator		None	Biologic: First appearance Arthricocephalus chauveaui (Trilobite species). Biologic: First appearance Olenellus or Redlichia (Trilobite genera).	-	^[74]
	Stage 3	~Expression error: Unexpected round operator		None	Biologic: First appearance of trilobites (possibly Lemdadella)	-	^[75]^[76]
Terreneuvian
	Stage 2	~Expression error: Unexpected round operator		None	Biologic: First appearance of small shelly fauna or archaeocyathids	-	-
	Fortunian	Expression error: Unexpected round operator	File:GSSP Golden Spike.svg	Fortune head section, Newfoundland, Canada	Biologic: First appearance of Treptichnus pedum (trace fossil).	Script error: No such module "Coordinates".	^[77]

Precambrian

Proterozoic

Era	Period	Age (mya)	Status	GSSP location	Defining markers	Geographic Coordinates	References
Neoproterozoic
	Ediacaran	~Expression error: Unexpected round operator	File:GSSP Golden Spike.svg	Enorama Creek section Flinders Ranges, South Australia	Geologic: Worldwide distinct cap carbonates. Isotopic: Beginning of a distinctive pattern of secular changes in carbon isotopes.	Script error: No such module "Coordinates".	^[78]
	Cryogenian	~Expression error: Unexpected round operator		Defined chronometrically with an interim calibrated age of ca. 720 Ma. GSSP is in progress.	Geologic: the GSSP has been recommended to be placed at a stratigraphic level beneath the first appearance of widespread glaciation associated with the Sturtian glacial epoch.^[79]	-	^[79]
	Tonian	Expression error: Unexpected round operator	File:GSSA Golden Clock.svg	Defined chronometrically	-	-	^[80]
Mesoproterozoic
	Stenian	Expression error: Unexpected round operator	File:GSSA Golden Clock.svg	Defined chronometrically	-	-	^[80]
	Ectasian	Expression error: Unexpected round operator	File:GSSA Golden Clock.svg	Defined chronometrically	-	-	^[80]
	Calymmian	Expression error: Unexpected round operator	File:GSSA Golden Clock.svg	Defined chronometrically	-	-	^[80]
Paleoproterozoic
	Statherian	Expression error: Unexpected round operator	File:GSSA Golden Clock.svg	Defined chronometrically	-	-	^[80]
	Orosirian	Expression error: Unexpected round operator	File:GSSA Golden Clock.svg	Defined chronometrically	-	-	^[80]
	Rhyacian	Expression error: Unexpected round operator	File:GSSA Golden Clock.svg	Defined chronometrically	-	-	^[80]
	Siderian	Expression error: Unexpected round operator	File:GSSA Golden Clock.svg	Defined chronometrically	-	-	^[80]

Archean and Hadean

Eon	Era	Age (mya)	Status	GSSP/GSSA location	Defining markers	Geographic Coordinates	References
Archean
	Neoarchean	Expression error: Unexpected round operator	File:GSSA Golden Clock.svg	-	Defined chronometrically	-	-
	Mesoarchean	Expression error: Unexpected round operator	File:GSSA Golden Clock.svg	-	Defined chronometrically	-	-
	Paleoarchean	Expression error: Unexpected round operator	File:GSSA Golden Clock.svg	-	Defined chronometrically	-	-
	Eoarchean	4031	File:GSSA Golden Clock.svg	Along the Acasta River, Northwest Territories, Canada	Defined chronometrically Ten oldest U-Pb zircon ages	Script error: No such module "Coordinates".	^[4]
Hadean	-	4567.3	File:GSSA Golden Clock.svg	-	Defined chronometrically Formation of the Solar System	-	^[4]

References

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↑ The Jurassic-Cretaceous boundary in the High Andes of Mendoza: New geochronological constraints
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↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".Note: there is an apparent typo in the article referenced; they give the coordinates as "a latitude of 30°51'37.8"N and a longitude of110°22'26.5"E", but their map and location description better corresponds to 30°51'37.8"N 111°22'26.5"E.
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Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

External links

International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS)

[holocenestageratification-1] Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".

[2] Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".

[Walker_2009-3] Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".

[GSSP_Web-4] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[Aguirre_1985-5] Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".

[Rio_1998-6] Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".

[Castradori_1998-7] Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".

[Couvering_2000-8] Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".

[Hilgen_2000-9] Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".

[Hilgen_2005-10] Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".

[Hilgen_2009-11] Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".

[Steininger_1997-12] Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".

[13] Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".

[Silva_1993-14] Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".

[15] Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".

[Molina_2011-16] Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".

[Dupuis_2003-17] Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".

[Aubry_2007-18] Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".

[Schmitz_2011-19] Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".

[Molina_2006-20] Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".

[Odin_2001-21] Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".

[22] Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".

[23] Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".

[Kennedy_2005-24] Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".

[Kennedy_2004-25] Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".

[Albian2016-26] Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".

[Galbrun,2022-27] Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".

[28] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[29] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[30] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[31] The Jurassic-Cretaceous boundary in the High Andes of Mendoza: New geochronological constraints

[Fernández-López_2009-32] Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".

[Pavia_1997-33] Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".

[Cresta_2001-34] Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".

[35] Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".

[Meister_2006-36] Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".

[Bloos_2002-37] Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".

[38] Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".

[Mietto_2007-39] Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".

[Brack_2005-40] Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".

[Yugan_2006-41] Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".

[Yugan_2006b-42] Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".

[43] Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".

[44] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[Davydov_1998-45] Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".

[Lane_1999-46] Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".

[Paproth_1991-47] Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".

[Klapper_1993-48] Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".

[Klapper_1987-49] Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".

[Walliser_1995-50] Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".

[Ziegler_1985-51] Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".

[Yolkin_1997-52] Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".

[Chlupac_1989-53] Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".

[Holland_1985-54] Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".

[Holland_1982-55] Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".

[56] Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".

[telaer-57] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[58] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[Chen_2006-59] Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".

[Goldman_2007-60] Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".

[Bergström_2000-61] Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".

[Mittchell_1997-62] Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".

[Wang_2005-63] Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".

[Wang_2009-64] Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".Note: there is an apparent typo in the article referenced; they give the coordinates as "a latitude of 30°51'37.8"N and a longitude of110°22'26.5"E", but their map and location description better corresponds to 30°51'37.8"N 111°22'26.5"E.

[Bergström_2004-65] Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".

[Cooper_2001-66] Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".

[Landin_2011-67] Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".

[GSSP_Jiangshanian-68] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[Peng_2004-69] Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".

[Peng_2009-70] Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".

[Babcock_2007-71] Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".

[72] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[73] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[Peng_2011-74] Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".

[GSSP_Table_-_Paleozoic_Era-75] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[Yuan_2011-76] Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".

[Brasier_1994-77] Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".

[Knoll_2006-78] Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".

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[Plumb_1991-80] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".

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List of Global Boundary Stratotype Sections and Points

Contents

Organization of this list

List

Cenozoic

Quaternary

Neogene

Paleogene

Mesozoic

Cretaceous

Jurassic

Triassic

Paleozoic

Permian

Carboniferous

Devonian

Silurian

Ordovician

Cambrian

Precambrian

Proterozoic

Archean and Hadean

See also

References

External links

Navigation menu

List of Global Boundary Stratotype Sections and Points

Organization of this list

List

Archean and Hadean

See also

References

External links

Navigation menu

Search