List of Canadian monarchs

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Template:Short description Template:Monarchy of Canada sidebar Template:Sidebar with collapsible lists Listed here are the monarchs who reigned over Canada, starting with the French colony of Canada, which subsequently became a British colony, followed by the British Dominion of Canada, and, finally, the present-day sovereign state of Canada.Template:Refn The date of the first claim by a monarch over Canada varies, with most sources giving the year as 1497, when John Cabot made landfall somewhere on the North American coast (likely either modern-day Newfoundland or Nova Scotia) and claimed the land for England on behalf of King Henry VII.Template:Refn However, some sources, instead, put this date at 1535, when the word Canada was first used to refer to the French colony of Canada,[1] which was founded in the name of King Francis I.[2][3] Monarchical governance subsequently evolved under a continuous succession of French, British, and eventually uniquely Canadian sovereigns.Template:Refn Since the first claim by Henry VII,[4] there have been 33 sovereigns of Canada, including two sets of co-sovereigns.Template:Refn

While Canada became a Dominion within the British Empire upon Confederation in 1867,[5][6][7][8] the concept of a fully independent Canada sharing the person of the sovereign with the United Kingdom and other countries, such as Australia and New Zealand, only emerged gradually over time through constitutional convention,[9] and was officially confirmed with the passage of the Statute of Westminster in 1931.[10] Since then,[11] the Canadian Crown has been legally distinct from those of the other Commonwealth realms, with its own separate and distinct monarch.[N 1] Although the term king of Canada was used as early as the beginning of the reign of George VI,[13] it was not until 1953 that the monarch's title was made official, with Elizabeth II being the first monarch to be separately proclaimed as Queen of Canada, as per the Royal Style and Titles Act.

Sovereigns of Canada

The French Crown (1534–1763)

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Portrait Regnal name Reign Full name Consort
House of Valois
File:François Ier Louvre.jpg Francis I
(1494–1547) 		24 July 1534 31 March 1547 Francis Eleanor of Austria
Territorial claim:
File:Henry II of France-François Clouet (altered).jpg Henry II
(1519–1559) 		31 March 1547 10 July 1559 Henry Catherine de' Medici
File:FrancoisII.jpg Francis II
(1544–1560) 		10 July 1559 5 December 1560 Francis Mary, Queen of Scots
File:Portrait of King Charles IX of France (1550–1574), by After François Clouet.jpg Charles IX
(1550–1574) 		5 December 1560 30 May 1574 Charles Maximilian Elisabeth of Austria
File:Quesnel Henry III of France in Polish hat.jpg Henry III
(1551–1589) 		30 May 1574 2 August 1589 Alexandre Édouard Louise of Lorraine
House of Bourbon
File:Frans Pourbus the Younger (Antwerp 1569 - Paris 1622) - Henri IV, King of France (1553-1610) - RCIN 402972 - Royal Collection.jpg Henry IV
(1553–1610) 		2 August 1589 14 May 1610 Henri de Bourbon Margaret of Valois,
Marie de' Medici
File:Luis XIII, rey de Francia (Philippe de Champaigne).jpg Louis XIII
(1601–1643) 		14 May 1610 14 May 1643 Louis Anne of Austria
File:Louis XIV of France.jpg Louis XIV
(1638–1715) 		14 May 1643 1 September 1715 Louis-Dieudonné Maria Theresa of Spain,
Françoise d'Aubigné
Territorial changes:
File:Louis XV, King of France (1710-1774) edited 2.jpg Louis XV
(1710–1774) 		1 September 1715 10 February 1763 Louis Marie Leszczyńska
Territorial changes:

The English and British Crowns (1497–1931)

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Portrait Regnal name Reign Full name Consort
House of Tudor
File:Enrique VII de Inglaterra, por un artista anónimo.jpg Henry VII
(1457–1509) 		24 June 1497 21 April 1509 Henry Elizabeth of York
Territorial changes:
  • 1497: in Henry's name, John Cabot laid claim to lands that soon came to be called "Canada".[N 2][15] The English Crown did not concretely exercise this claim until the reign of King George III, when the colony of Canada was officially ceded from France to Great Britain.
File:Workshop of Hans Holbein the Younger - Portrait of Henry VIII - Google Art Project.jpg Henry VIII
(1491–1547) 		21 April 1509 28 January 1547 Henry Catherine of Aragon (1509), Anne Boleyn (1533), Jane Seymour (1536), Anne of Cleves (1540), Catherine Howard (1540), Catherine Parr (1543)
File:Circle of William Scrots Edward VI of England.jpg Edward VI
(1537–1553) 		28 January 1547 6 July 1553 Edward None
File:Anthonis Mor 001.jpg
File:Portrait of Philip II of Spain by Sofonisba Anguissola - 002b.jpg 		Mary I
(1516–1558)
& Philip II
(1527–1598)
as co-sovereigns 		19 July 1553 (Mary I)

25 July 1554 (Philip II)

17 November 1558 Mary

Felipe

each other
File:Darnley stage 3.jpg Elizabeth I
(1533–1603) 		17 November 1558 24 March 1603 Elizabeth None
Territorial changes:
House of Stuart
File:JamesIEngland.jpg James I
(1566–1625) 		24 March 1603 27 March 1625 Charles James Anne of Denmark
File:King Charles I after original by van Dyck.jpg Charles I
(1600–1649) 		27 March 1625 30 January 1649 Charles Henrietta Maria of France
Interregnum 30 January 1649 29 May 1660
File:King Charles II by John Michael Wright or studio.jpg Charles II
(1630–1685) 		29 May 1660 6 February 1685 Charles Catherine of Braganza
Territorial changes:
File:James II by Peter Lely.jpg James II
(1633–1701) 		6 February 1685 1 December 1688 James Mary of Modena
Vacant 1 December 1688 13 February 1689
File:Mary II - Kneller 1690.jpg
File:King William III of England.jpg 		Mary II
(1662–1694)
& William III
(1650–1702)
as co-sovereigns 		13 February 1689 28 December 1694

8 March 1702

Mary

William

each other
File:Dahl, Michael - Queen Anne - NPG 6187.jpg Anne
(1665–1714) 		8 March 1702 1 August 1714 Anne Prince George of Denmark
Territorial changes:
House of Hanover
File:King George I by Sir Godfrey Kneller, Bt (3).jpg George I
(1660–1727) 		1 August 1714 11 June 1727 George Louis Sophia Dorothea of Celle
File:George II by Thomas Hudson.jpg George II
(1683–1760) 		11 June 1727
old calendar 		25 October 1760
new calendar 		George Augustus Caroline of Ansbach
File:Allan Ramsay - King George III in coronation robes - Google Art Project.jpg George III
(1738–1820) 		25 October 1760 29 January 1820 George William Frederick Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
Governors General of British North America: The Lord Dorchester, Robert Prescott, Robert Milnes, Thomas Dunn, James Henry Craig, George Prevost, Gordon Drummond, John Coape Sherbrooke, The Duke of Richmond
Territorial changes:
File:George IV 1821 color.jpg George IV
(1762–1830) 		29 January 1820 26 June 1830 George Augustus Frederick Caroline of Brunswick
Governors General of British North America: The Earl of Dalhousie, James Kempt
File:William IV in 1833 by Shee cropped.jpg William IV
(1765–1837) 		26 June 1830 20 June 1837 William Henry Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen
Governors General of British North America: The Lord Aylmer, The Earl of Gosford
File:Queen Victoria 1843.jpg Victoria
(1819–1901) 		20 June 1837 22 January 1901 Alexandrina Victoria Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
Governors General of British North America: The Earl of Gosford, John Colborne, The Earl of Durham, The Lord Sydenham, Charles Bagot, The Lord Metcalfe, The Earl Cathcart, The Earl of Elgin, Edmund Walker Head, The Viscount Monck; Governors General of Canada: The Viscount Monck, the Lord Lisgar, the Earl of Dufferin, the Marquess of Lorne, the Marquess of Lansdowne, the Lord Stanley of Preston, the Earl of Aberdeen, the Earl of Minto
Prime Ministers of Canada: John A. Macdonald, Alexander Mackenzie, John Abbott, John Thompson, Mackenzie Bowell, Charles Tupper, Wilfrid Laurier
Territorial changes:
House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
File:King Edward VII by Sir (Samuel) Luke Fildes.jpg Edward VII
(1841–1910) 		22 January 1901 6 May 1910 Albert Edward Alexandra of Denmark
Governors General of Canada: The Earl of Minto, the Earl Grey
Prime Minister of Canada: Wilfrid Laurier
Territorial changes:
House of WindsorTemplate:Efn
File:King George V 1911.jpg George V
(1865–1936) 		6 May 1910 11 December 1931 George Frederick Ernest Albert Mary of Teck
Governors General of Canada: The Earl Grey, the Duke of Connaught and Strathearn, the Duke of Devonshire, the Lord Byng of Vimy, the Marquess of Willingdon, the Earl of Bessborough
Prime Ministers of Canada: Wilfrid Laurier, Robert Borden, Arthur Meighen, William Lyon Mackenzie King, Richard B. Bennett
Territorial changes:
  • 1931: granted Royal Assent to the Statute of Westminster 1931, thereby creating the Canadian Crown and leaving Newfoundland as the only part of Canada's current territory left under the British Crown.

The Canadian Crown (1931–present)

In 1931 the Canadian Crown emerged as an independent entity from that of the British Crown due to the Statute of Westminster 1931.

The Dominion of Newfoundland had the same status as Canada in 1931. However, its parliament never adopted the statute to create a separate position of king of Newfoundland and would remain under the British Crown until it joined Canada in 1949.

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Portrait Regnal name Reign Full name Consort
House of WindsorTemplate:Efn
File:King George V 1911.jpg George V
(1865–1936) 		11 December 1931 20 January 1936 George Frederick Ernest Albert Mary of Teck
Governors general: The Earl of Bessborough, the Lord Tweedsmuir
Prime ministers: Richard B. Bennett, William Lyon Mackenzie King
File:His Majesty King Edward VIII in Garter Robes (cropped).jpg Edward VIII
(1894–1972) 		20 January 1936 11 December 1936 Edward Albert Christian George Andrew Patrick David none
Governor general: The Lord Tweedsmuir
Prime minister: William Lyon Mackenzie King
File:King George VI.jpg George VI
(1895–1952) 		11 December 1936 6 February 1952 Albert Frederick Arthur George Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon
Governors general: The Lord Tweedsmuir, the Earl of Athlone, the Viscount Alexander of Tunis
Prime ministers: William Lyon Mackenzie King, Louis St. Laurent
Territorial change:
  • 1949: merged Newfoundland (now Newfoundland and Labrador) into Canada, thereby putting all of Canada's current territory under the Canadian Crown.
File:Queen Elizabeth II in Coronation Robes.jpg Elizabeth II
(1926–2022) 		6 February 1952 8 September 2022 Elizabeth Alexandra Mary Philip Mountbatten
Governors general: Vincent Massey, Georges Vanier, Roland Michener, Jules Léger, Edward Schreyer, Jeanne Sauvé, Ray Hnatyshyn, Roméo LeBlanc, Adrienne Clarkson, Michaëlle Jean, David Johnston, Julie Payette, Mary Simon
Prime ministers: Louis St. Laurent, John Diefenbaker, Lester B. Pearson, Pierre Trudeau, Joe Clark, John Turner, Brian Mulroney, Kim Campbell, Jean Chrétien, Paul Martin, Stephen Harper, Justin Trudeau
File:Charles III parliamentary procession 2024 (cropped).jpg Charles III
(b. 1948) 		8 September 2022 present Charles Philip Arthur George Camilla Shand
Governor general: Mary Simon
Prime ministers: Justin Trudeau, Mark Carney

Consorts

The Canadian monarch's consort—his or her spouse—has no constitutional status or power, but is a member of the Canadian royal family. In the United Kingdom, all female consorts have had the right to and have held the title of queen consort; as Canada does not have laws or letters patent under the Great Seal of Canada laying out the styles of any royal family members besides the monarch, royal consorts are, as a courtesy, addressed in Canada using the style and title as they hold in the UK. After informal discussions among the various Commonwealth prime ministers between 1954 and 1957, it was decided that the Duke of Edinburgh, husband of Elizabeth II, would not be granted the title of prince consort.[16][17]

Since Confederation, two sovereigns have reigned over Canada without a consort: Victoria, whose husband, Albert, died before Confederation, and Edward VIII, who married Wallis Simpson after his abdication.

Timeline of monarchs

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id:English       value:rgb(0.9,0.4,0.4) legend: English/British_Crown
id:Canada        value:rgb(1,0,0)       legend: Canadian_Crown
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id:gray2           value:gray(0.9)
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bar:HenryVII
bar:HenryVIII
bar:FrancisI
bar:EdwardVI
bar:HenryII
bar:MaryI
bar:PhilipII
bar:ElizabethI
bar:FrancisII
bar:CharlesIX
bar:HenryIII
bar:HenryIV
bar:JamesI
bar:LouisXIII
bar:CharlesI
bar:LouisXIV
bar:CharlesII
bar:JamesII
bar:MaryII
bar:WilliamIII
bar:Anne
bar:GeorgeI
bar:LouisXV
bar:GeorgeII
bar:GeorgeIII
bar:GeorgeIV
bar:WilliamIV
bar:Victoria
bar:EdwardVII
bar:GeorgeV
bar:EdwardVIII
bar:GeorgeVI
bar:ElizabethII
bar:CharlesIII

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bar:HenryVII
 from:1497 till:1509 color:English text:"Henry VII" fontsize:9
bar:HenryVIII
 from:1509 till:1547 color:English text:"Henry VIII" fontsize:9
bar:FrancisI
 from: 1534 till: 1547 color:French text:"Francis I" fontsize:9
bar:EdwardVI
 from:1547 till:1553 color:English text:"Edward VI" fontsize:9
bar:HenryII
 from:1547 till:1559 color:French text:"Henry II" fontsize:9
bar:MaryI
 from:1553 till:1558 color:English text:"Mary I" fontsize:9
bar:PhilipII
 from:1554 till:1558 color:English text:"Philip II" fontsize:9
bar:ElizabethI
 from:1558 till:1603 color:English text:"Elizabeth I" fontsize:9
bar:FrancisII
 from:1559 till:1560 color:French text:"Francis II" fontsize:9
bar:CharlesIX
 from:1560 till:1574 color:French text:"Charles IX" fontsize:9
bar:HenryIII
 from:1574 till:1589 color:French text:"Henry III" fontsize:9
bar:HenryIV
 from:1589 till:1610 color:French text:"Henry IV" fontsize:9
bar:JamesI
 from:1603 till:1625 color:English text:"James I" fontsize:9
bar:LouisXIII
 from:1610 till:1643 color:French text:"Louis XIII" fontsize:9
bar:CharlesI
 from:1625 till:1649 color:English text:"Charles I" fontsize:9
bar:LouisXIV
 from:1643 till:1715 color:French text:"Louis XIV" fontsize:9
bar:CharlesII
 from:1660 till:1685 color:English text:"Charles II" fontsize:9
bar:JamesII
 from:1685 till:1688 color:English text:"James II" fontsize:9
bar:MaryII
 from:1689 till:1694 color:English text:"Mary II" fontsize:9
bar:WilliamIII
  from:1689 till:1702 color:English text:"William III" fontsize:9
bar:Anne
  from:1702 till:1714 color:English text:"Anne" fontsize:9
bar:GeorgeI
 from:1714 till:1727 color:English text:"George I" fontsize:9
bar:LouisXV
 from:1715 till:1763 color:French text:"Louis XV (last French king of Canada)" fontsize:9
bar:GeorgeII
 from:1727 till:1760 color:English text:"George II" fontsize:9
bar:GeorgeIII
  from:1760 till:1820 color:English text:"George III" fontsize:9
bar:GeorgeIV
  from:1820 till:1830 color:English text:"George IV" fontsize:9
bar:WilliamIV
  from:1830 till:1837 color:English text:"William IV" fontsize:9
bar:Victoria
 from: 1837 till: 1901 color:English text:"Victoria" fontsize:9
bar:EdwardVII
 from:1901 till:1910 color:English text:"Edward VII" fontsize:9
bar:GeorgeV
 from:1910 till: 1931 color:English
 from:1931 till: 1936 color:Canada text:"George V" fontsize:9
bar:EdwardVIII
 from:1936 till:1936 color:Canada text:"Edward VIII" fontsize:9
bar:GeorgeVI
 from:1936 till:1952 color:Canada text:"George VI" fontsize:9
bar:ElizabethII
 from:1952 till:2022 color:Canada text:"Elizabeth II" fontsize:9
bar:CharlesIII
 from:2022 till:end color:Canada text:"Charles III" fontsize:9

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See also

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Notes

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  1. ↑ The English Court of Appeal ruled in 1982, while "there is only one person who is the Sovereign within the British Commonwealth... in matters of law and government the Queen of the United Kingdom, for example, is entirely independent and distinct from the Queen of Canada."[12]
  2. ↑ From 1763 to 1791 the colony of Canada was known as "Quebec" prior to returning to the name "Canada" (Upper and Lower) which were unified in 1841.
  3. ↑ In 1867, the separate colonies of Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick joined to form the Dominion of Canada. Subsequently, each of the other colonies in British North America eventually joined the union as provinces. Other provinces were created by the Dominion from its territories. Over time, Canada gradually gained increasing independence from the United Kingdom due to continued evolution in constitutional practice. However, it remained under the British Crown until 1931, when the Canadian Crown is generally accepted as having been created due to the enactment of the Statute of Westminster. The Dominion of Newfoundland continued as a separate British colony under the British Crown until it joined Canada in 1949.

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Template:Notelist

References

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  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Cite error: Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".
  12. ↑ Template:If all, [Script error: No such module "If empty". QB 892 at 928] (English Court of Appeal June 1999).Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Cite error: Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ LCO 6/3677 Title of Prince: HRH Philip Duke of Edinburgh

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External links

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