Lichenomphalia

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Lichenomphalia is both a basidiolichen and an agaric genus.[1][2] Most of the species have inconspicuous lichenized thalli that consist of scattered, small, loose, nearly microscopic green balls or foliose small flakes containing single-celled green algae in the genus Coccomyxa,[3] all interconnected by a loose network of hyphae. The agaric fruit bodies themselves are nonlichenized and resemble other types of omphalinoid mushrooms. These agarics lack clamp connections and do not form hymenial cystidia. The basidiospores are hyaline, smooth, thin-walled, and nonamyloid.[4] Most of the species were originally classified in the genera Omphalina or Gerronema.[5][6][7] Historically the species were classified with those other genera in the family, the Tricholomataceae together with the nonlichenized species. Lichenomphalia species can be grouped into brightly colored taxa, with vivid yellow and orange colors, versus the grey brown group, depending upon the microscopic pigmentation deposits. Molecular research comparing DNA sequences now place Lichenomphalia close to the redefined genus Arrhenia, which together with several other genera not traditionally considered to be related, fall within the newly redefined Hygrophoraceae.[8][9]

Etymology

Lichenomphalia is derived from the word lichen combined with the old, shorter, generic name Omphalia from whence the more familiar, longer, diminutive generic name Omphalina was derived. Basically it means the lichen omphalias.

Thallus names and nomenclature

Long before the connection was made between the nonlichenized agaric fruitbodies and the lichenized thalli, botanists and lichenologists named the asexual lichen thalli of Lichenomphalia species several times in a number of genera. Linnaeus in 1753 described the lichen thallus of L. umbellifera as an 'alga' named Byssus botryoides while simultaneously including the fruitbodies of L. umbellifera within his concept of Agaricus umbelliferus, the basionym for the name L. umbellifera. Byssus botryoides is the type species of the now officially rejected generic names Phytoconis and Botrydina. Acharius in 1810 described the thalli of L. hudsoniana as a lichen, Endocarpon viride, which is the type of another officially rejected name, Coriscium. The names 'Botrydina' and 'Coriscium' are often used to describe the thalli of different Lichenomphalia even though they are rejected names listed in the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (Appendix V).[10] Prior to officially rejecting these names, the names Botrydina and Phytoconis were both applied to describe Lichenomphalia species. Hence literature on these lichenized agarics appears under a myriad of names, such as Omphalina, Gerronema, Phytoconis, Botrydina and Coriscium.

Photobionts

Species in Lichenomphalia form symbiotic relationships with green algae of the genus Coccomyxa. Studies have shown that at least five Lichenomphalia species (L. grisella, L. hudsoniana, L. luteovitellina, L. velutina, and L. umbellifera) share a single phylogenetic species, Coccomyxa subellipsoidea, as their photobiont. Research on L. meridionalis has demonstrated that it can associate with two different strains of C. subellipsoidea, with their distribution varying according to altitude – one strain predominating at lower elevations and another at higher elevations. Some Lichenomphalia specimens, particularly L.  meridionalis collected at lower elevations, can also contain cyanobacteria alongside their primary green algal partner, suggesting the potential for a three-way symbiotic relationship in certain environmental conditions.[11]

Species

File:2011-06-20 Lichenomphalia chromacea (Cleland) Redhead, Lutzoni, Moncalvo & Vilgalys 152659.jpg
Lichenomphalia chromacea, Australia

As of October 2023Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters"., Species Fungorum accepts 15 species of Lichenomphalia.[12]

  • Lichenomphalia alpina (Britzelm.) Redhead, Lutzoni, Moncalvo & Vilgalys (2002)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lichenomphalia altoandina Sand.-Leiva & Niveiro (2017)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[13] – Chile
  • Lichenomphalia aurantiaca (Redhead & Kuyper) Redhead, Lutzoni, Moncalvo & Vilgalys (2002)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Colombia
  • Lichenomphalia chromacea (Cleland) Redhead, Lutzoni, Moncalvo & Vilgalys (2002)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Australia
  • Lichenomphalia cinereispinula Neville & Fouchier (2009)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[14] – Europe
  • Lichenomphalia hudsoniana (H.S.Jenn.) Redhead, Lutzoni, Moncalvo & Vilgalys (2002)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – widespread in Northern Hemisphere
  • Lichenomphalia lobata (Redhead & Kuyper) Redhead, Lutzoni, Moncalvo & Vilgalys (2002)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Colombia; Ecuador; Venezuela
  • Lichenomphalia luteovitellina (Pilát & Nannf.) Redhead, Lutzoni, Moncalvo & Vilgalys (2008)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lichenomphalia meridionalis (Contu & La Rocca) P.-A.Moreau & Courtec. (2008)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lichenomphalia oreades (Singer) Voitk, Thorn & I.Saar (2017)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lichenomphalia pararustica (Clémençon) Elborne (2008)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Lichenomphalia tasmanica Kantvilas (2012)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Tasmania, Australia
  • Lichenomphalia umbellifera (L.) Redhead, Lutzoni, Moncalvo & Vilgalys (2002)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – widespread in Northern Hemisphere
  • Lichenomphalia velutina (Quél.) Redhead, Lutzoni, Moncalvo & Vilgalys (2002)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – China; Europe; Greenland; North America;
  • Lichenomphalia wallacei (P.D.Orton) Lüderitz (2018)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

See also

References

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  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
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  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".

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External links

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