Liberalism in South Korea

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Template:Short description Script error: No such module "Unsubst". Template:Liberalism in South Korea Script error: No such module "Sidebar". This article gives an overview of liberalism and its related history in South Korea. It is limited to liberal parties with substantial support and representation in the National Assembly.

Historically, liberalism in South Korea emerged as an anti-military dictatorship movement. In contemporary South Korean politics, it represents a movement positioned opposite the conservatives. Liberal political parties include the Democratic Party of Korea and the Justice Party.

The Democratic Party of Korea is a reformist party and internationally considered centrist to center-left.[1][2] Although it is usually classified as a center-left party within South Korea, some studies consider its social conservative policies more right-leaning than center-right parties in Western Europe such as Christian Democratic Union of Germany.[3] The Justice Party is to the left of the DPK but takes a more moderate stance than the far-left parties of Western Europe.[4]

South Korean liberals tend to unite around several key issues: a conciliatory approach to North Korea, reparations for Japanese colonial rule, and, wherever possible, autonomy from interference by major powers, including the United States.[5] South Korean liberalism is also based on a national liberalist independence movement against Japan. South Korean liberals support the Sunshine Policy toward North Korea.[6][7]

Introduction

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". In South Korea, the term "liberalism" generally refers to classical liberalism.Template:NoteTag[8] In South Korea, the labels "liberal" (Script error: No such module "Lang".; Script error: No such module "lang".; Script error: No such module "lang".Template:Category handler) and "liberal democracy" (Script error: No such module "Lang".; Script error: No such module "Lang".; Script error: No such module "lang".Template:Category handler) are often claimed by conservatives to denote economic liberalism and anti-communism.Template:NoteTag[9][10] Liberals, particularly those with left-leaning views, often use terms like "democrats", "ribuhruhl" (Script error: No such module "Lang".Template:Category handler, the Korean pronunciation of "liberal") or "democratic camp" (Script error: No such module "Lang".Template:Category handler) to set themselves apart from conservatives.[11]

In South Korea, liberals and progressives are political forces with individual traditions,[12] but American liberalism is often translated as progressivism in the Korean language.[13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20] The Justice Party officially supports social democracy, but since it is a party that inherited the political stake of the Uri Party, it is regarded as part of the South Korean progressive political party tradition and at the same time as part of the liberal political party tradition.[21][22][23]

In South Korea, the terms "liberal," "liberty," "libertarian," and "freedom" all tend to be translated into Jayu (Script error: No such module "Lang".; Script error: No such module "Lang".Template:Category handler). For example, in South Korea, both Canada's "Liberal Party", Netherlands' "Party for Freedom" and the United States' "Libertarian Party" are read as Jayudang (Script error: No such module "Lang".; Script error: No such module "Lang".Template:Category handler) in Korean. Also, right-wing socially conservative media in South Korea regard the American tradition of right-libertarianism as progressive because it is culturally liberal.[24][25][26][27]

The main diplomatic point that defines liberalism in South Korea is "independence" (독립). Modern South Korean liberals tend to be more negative on immigration than the conservatives.[28] South Korean liberals have a more nationalistic nature based on anti-imperialism in matters related to neighboring powers such as Japan. The anti-China Gaehwa Party / Independence Club at the end of the 19th century, and the anti-Japan Korean independence movement during the Japanese colonial era, formed Korea's early liberalism. On the other hand, Korea's conservative elites cooperated with neighboring powers such as Qing China and Japan for practical reasons. In modern South Korean politics, where socialism and anti-Americanism were thoroughly suppressed by conservatives with the support of the United States, liberals resent domestic interference by foreign powers. Thus, while they maintain cordial relations with the United States, they also seek to exercise strategic autonomy in its foreign policy.[29]

South Korean liberals tends to take a nuanced and pragmatic stance towards China and Russia, preferring cooperation to promote peace on the peninsula. Thus, they tend to be more reluctant to take a strong stance on controversial issues such as the issue of Taiwan and disputes in the South China Sea. On the campaign trail, Lee Jae-myung questioned South Korean relevance in the Taiwan Strait issue.[30] President Moon Jae-in stated that South Korea will not take sides in US-China rivalry.[31]

South Korean liberals have represented Korean victims of Japanese war crimes since the 1990s. They oppose any agreement or cooperation with Japan until the Japanese government issues formal apologies to Korean victims and demonstrate sincere reflections on the horrors of the Japanese occupation of Korea.[32][33] President Moon Jae-in stated the human rights of victims are more important than relations between countries.[34]

South Korean liberals have a contradictory standard on international human rights violations. South Korean liberals are less critical of North Korea than conservatives and oppose the 'North Korean Human Rights Law' (북한인권법).[35] However, South Korean liberals are more strongly opposed than conservatives to human rights violations in other authoritarian states (e.g., China, Myanmar, etc.) with the exception of North Korea. In 2021, Moon Jae-in government opposed Myanmar's military dictatorship and supported strong sanctions against Myanmar's military, but deliberately ignored North Korea's human rights violations. (This is related to the resistance-nationalist sentiment of South Korean liberals.)[36][37] In 2022, the liberal Kyunghyang Shinmun newspaper criticized President Yoon Suk-yeol for ignoring the human rights issue of Xinjiang.[38]

South Korean major liberals mainly criticize mainstream conservatives, distancing themselves from any heritage and relationship with the military dictatorship, insist on political reform and the rule of law, supporting the foreign policy of reconciliation with North Korea. They are distinguished from progressives and cultural liberals. South Korea liberals tend to be socially conservative in LGBT rights, Disability rights, abortion and minority rights issues. (The socially conservative tendency of South Korean liberals is not traditional conservatism based on Confucianism, but is more influenced by Christianity.)[39] They also tend to distance themselves from the (Including social democracy) "socialism" or fundamental "left-wing". Modern South Korean liberals tend to be more negative on immigration than the conservatives.[40]

Domestically, they advocated the reform of the monopoly of the large industrial conglomerates known as chaebols. They also proposed the curtailing of investigative powers of the prosecutor's office, with such powers transferred to the police, as they viewed them as powerful political tools.[41]

History

During the colonial period, Marxist historian Paek Nam-un evaluated Silhak as "pioneer of early modern period liberalism," while Ahn Jae-hong, a liberal nationalist, evaluated Silhak and Silhak scholar Chŏng Yagyong as "the origin of late modern period liberalism by presenting elimination of (feudal) class and support for equality". Silhak criticized the existing Confucian conservatism and Sadaejuui, aiming for political reform and pragmatism, and also argued for the superiority of Western science and technology. Some Silhak scholar also believed in Christianity.[42]

Korea's first classical liberal and Enlightenmentists party was the Gaehwa Party, which appeared in 1874. They aimed for radical political and social reform, cut off unequal relations with the powerful Qing Dynasty and tried to create a completely independent Joseon Dynasty, and led by Seo Jae-pil in 1896 was a practical successor to the Gaehwa Party. Influenced by Japanese liberalism, they showed pro-Japanese tendencies, but at the same time insisted on independent Korea. In the 1900s, classical liberals and Enlightenmentists in Korea were largely divided into two groups. Some became Chinilpa who cooperated with Japan, and others who devoted themselves to the Korean independence movement.[9][43]

During the colonial era, Korean liberalism is closely related to the Korean independence movement. South Korean historians say that the March 1st Movement, which took place in 1919, affected democracy and liberalism in South Korea as a movement involving many Koreans regardless of gender, religion, or occupation.[44] The Republic of Korean Provisional Government, established thanks to the value of the March 1st Movement, has established a modern national system in name and reality by introducing the separation of powers of government, parliament, and judiciary based on freedom and equality, and common elections including women. (However, since it was located in Shanghai, China, it was more of a Korean independence movement organization than a korean government.)[45]

After the end of Japanese colonial rule, with the inauguration of the Republic of Korea government, the word "liberal" has been used in South Korea for a while in a similar sense to anti-communism and anti-socialism. That is why not only ideological liberals but also hard-line conservatives and far-right anti-communists called themselves "liberal." A case in point was the "Liberal Party", a South Korean far-right national-conservative party influenced by Shōwa Statism, German and Italian fascism.[46] In particular, Syngman Rhee, the first president of the Liberal Party, committed authoritarian rule and election fraud based on Ilminism, an anti-liberal individual worship ideology from 1948 to 1960, and liberals and students who opposed it caused April Revolution. This was the first successful liberal revolution in South Korea.[47]

Liberal parties

The political party that once were ruling party are in bold.

Before 1945

Minjudangkye tradition

In South Korea, South Korean's unique liberal and korean nationalist parties are often referred to as Minjudangkye parties (Korean: Script error: No such module "Lang".; Hanja: Script error: No such module "Lang".; lit. Democratic-line political partiesTemplate:Category handler). In South Korea, usually "liberal" political parties mean "Minjudangkye" parties.[48][49][50]

Mainstream parties

Minor parties

Non-Minjudangkye

In South Korea, these political parties are not often referred to as general "liberal" in Korean language, but in an international context, they are clearly referred to as "liberal" political parties.

Liberal media in South Korea

Liberal organizations

In South Korea, 'political liberalism' and 'non-political liberalism' are distinguished. Therefore, the groups listed below may not be directly related to a particular political party or political power.

Civil rights organizations

Labour organizations

Nationalist (liberal-nationalist) organizations

Libertarian organizations

South Korean libertarians define themselves as Jayujuuija (자유주의자). But South Korean center-left liberals also define themselves as Jayujuuija, so it is important in what context the South Korean political term is used

Other

Liberal presidents in South Korea

Major liberal parties election results of South Korea

Presidential elections

Election Candidate Total votes Share of votes Outcome Party Name
1952 Yi Si-yeong 764,715 10.9% Defeated Red XN Democratic National Party
1956 Shin Ik-hee 0 0.0% died before election Democratic Party (1955)
March 1960 Chough Pyung-ok 0 (electoral vote)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 0.0% died before election Democratic Party (1955)
August 1960 Yun Bo-seon 208 (electoral vote)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 82.2% Elected Green tickY Democratic Party (1955)
1963 Yun Bo-seon 4,546,614 45.1% Defeated Red XN Civil Rule Party
1967 Yun Bo-seon 4,526,541 40.9% Defeated Red XN New Democratic Party
1971 Kim Dae-jung 5,395,900 45.3% Defeated Red XN New Democratic Party
1981 Yu Chi-song 1,778,007 (College election)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
404 (electoral vote)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		11.7%
7.7% 		Defeated Red XN Democratic Korea Party
1987 Kim Dae-jung 6,113,375 27.0% Defeated Red XN Peace Democratic Party
Kim Young-sam 6,337,581 28.0% Defeated Red XN Reunification Democratic Party
1992 Kim Dae-jung 8,041,284 33.8% Defeated Red XN Democratic Party (1991)
1997 Kim Dae-jung 10,326,275 40.3% Elected Green tickY National Congress for New Politics
2002 Roh Moo-hyun 12,014,277 48.9% Elected Green tickY Millennium Democratic Party
2007 Chung Dong-young 6,174,681 26.1% Defeated Red XN United New Democratic Party
2012 Moon Jae-in 14,692,632 48.0% Defeated Red XN Democratic United Party
2017 Moon Jae-in 13,423,800 41.1% Elected Green tickY Democratic Party of Korea
2022 Lee Jae-myung 16,147,738 47.8% Defeated Red XN Democratic Party of Korea
2025 Lee Jae-myung 17,287,513 49.4% Elected Green tickY Democratic Party of Korea

Legislative elections

Template:Chart

Election Total seats won Total votes Share of votes Outcome of election Status Election leader Party Name
1948 Template:Composition bar 916,322 13.5% newScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 29 seats; Minority in opposition Kim Seong-su Korea Democratic Party
1950 Template:Composition bar 683,910 9.8% newScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 24 seats; Minority in opposition Shin Ik-hee Democratic National Party
1954 Template:Composition bar 593,499 7.9% Decrease9 seats; Minority in opposition Shin Ik-hee Democratic National Party
1958 Template:Composition bar 2,914,049 34.0% newScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 79 seats; Minority in opposition Chough Pyung-ok Democratic Party (1955)
1960 Template:Composition bar 3,786,401 41.7% Increase96 seats; Majority in government Chough Pyung-ok Democratic Party (1955)
1963 Template:Composition bar 1,870,976 20.1% newScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 41 seats; Minority in opposition Yun Bo-seon Civil Rule Party
Template:Composition bar 1,264,285 13.6% newScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 14 seats; Minority in opposition Park Soon-cheon Democratic Party (1963)
Template:Composition bar 822,000 8.8% newScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 2 seats; Minority in opposition Ho Chong People's Party
1967 Template:Composition bar 3,554,224 32.7% newScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 45 seats; Minority in opposition Yu Jin-o New Democratic Party
Template:Composition bar 323,203 3.0% Decrease13 seats; extra-parliamentary in opposition Democratic Party (1963)
1971 Template:Composition bar 4,969,050 44.4% Increase44 seats; Minority in opposition Kim Hong-il New Democratic Party
Template:Composition bar 454,257 4.1% newScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 1 seats; Minority in opposition Yun Po-sun National Party
1973 Template:Composition bar 3,577,300 32.5% Decrease37 seats; Minority in opposition Yu Chin-san New Democratic Party
Template:Composition bar 3,577,300 10.4% newScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". seats; Minority in opposition Yang Il-dong Democratic Unification Party
1978 Template:Composition bar 4,861,204 32.8% Increase9 seats; Minority in opposition Yi Cheol-seung New Democratic Party
Template:Composition bar 1,095,057 7.4% newScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".1 seats; Minority in opposition Yang Il-dong Democratic Unification Party
1981 Template:Composition bar 3,495,829 21.6% newScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 81 seats; Minority in opposition Yu Chi-song Democratic Korea Party
Template:Composition bar 1,088,847 6.7% newScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 2 seats; Minority in opposition Civil Rights Party
1985 Template:Composition bar 5,843,827 29.3% newScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 67 seats; Minority in opposition Lee Min-woo New Korean Democratic Party
Template:Composition bar 3,930,966 19.7% Decrease46 seats; Minority in opposition Yu Chi-song Democratic Korea Party
Template:Composition bar 3,930,966 19.7% newScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 1 seats; Minority in opposition Gap-jong Yu New Democratic Party
Template:Composition bar 112,654 0.6% Decrease2 seats; extra-parliamentary in opposition Civil Rights Party
1988 Template:Composition bar 4,680,175 23.8% newScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 59 seats; in Coalition (PPD-DRP-NDRP)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". in opposition Kim Myeong-yun Reunification Democratic Party
Template:Composition bar 3,783,279 19.3% newScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 70 seats; in Coalition (PPD-DRP-NDRP)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". in opposition Park Yeong-suk Peace Democratic Party
Template:Composition bar 251,236 1.3% newScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 1 seats; Minority in opposition Ye Chun-ho Hankyoreh Democratic Party
Template:Composition bar Script error: No such module "collapsible list". 0.4% extra-parliamentary in opposition – Others
1992 Template:Composition bar 6,004,577 29.2% newScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 97 seats; Minority in opposition Kim Dae-jung Democratic Party (1991)
1996 Template:Composition bar 4,971,961 25.3% newScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 79 seats; in Coalition (NCNP-ULD-Democrats)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". in opposition (1996-1998) Kim Dae-jung National Congress for New Politics
in government (1998-2000)
Template:Composition bar 2,207,695 11.2% newScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 15 seats; Minority in opposition Chang Eul-byung United Democratic Party
2000 Template:Composition bar 6,780,625 35.9% newScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 115 seats; in Coalition (MDP-ULD-DPP)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". in government Kim Dae-jung Millennium Democratic Party
2004 Template:Composition bar 8,145,824 38.3% newScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 152 seats; Majority in government Chung Dong-young Uri Party
Template:Composition bar 1,510,178 7.1% Decrease53 seats; Minority in government Choug Soon-hyung Millennium Democratic Party
2008 Template:Composition bar 4,313,111 25.1% newScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 81 seats; Minority in opposition Son Hak-gyu United Democratic Party
Template:Composition bar 651,993 3.8% newScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 3 seats; Minority in opposition Moon Kook-hyun Creative Korea Party
2012 Template:Composition bar 7,777,123 36.5% newScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 127 seats; Minority in opposition Han Myeong-sook Democratic United Party
Template:Composition bar 91,935 0.4% Decrease 3 seats; extra-parliamentary in opposition Moon Kook-hyun Creative Korea Party
Template:Composition bar 48,648 0.2% newScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 0 seats; extra-parliamentary in opposition Han Kwang-ok Real Democratic Party
2016 Template:Composition bar 6,069,744 25.5% newScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 123 seats; Plurality in opposition (2016-2017) Kim Chong-in Democratic Party
in government (2017-2020)
Template:Composition bar 6,355,572 26.7% newScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 38 seats; Minority in opposition Ahn Cheol-soo People's Party
Template:Composition bar 1,719,891 (Party-list PR) 7.23% (Party-list PR) newScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 6 seats; Minority in opposition Sim Sang-jung Justice Party
Template:Composition bar 209,872 (Party-list PR) 0.88% (Party-list PR) extra-parliamentary in opposition Shin Ki-nam Democratic Party
2020 Template:Composition bar 14,345,425 (Constituency)
9,307,112 (Party-list PR) 		49.9% (Constituency)
33.4% (Party-list PR) 		Increase52 seats; Majority in government Lee Hae-chan Democratic Party (Constituency)
Platform Party (Party-list PR)
Template:Composition bar 2,697,956 (Party-list PR) 9.7% (Party-list PR) Steady 6 seats; Minority in opposition Sim Sang-jung Justice Party
Template:Composition bar 1,896,719 (Party-list PR) 6.8% (Party-list PR) newScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 3 seats; Minority in opposition Ahn Cheol-soo People Party
Template:Composition bar 1,512,763 (Party-list PR) 5.4% (Party-list PR) newScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 3 seats; Minority in opposition Lee Keun-shik Open Democratic Party
Template:Composition bar Script error: No such module "collapsible list". 1.45% (Constituency)
2.98% (Party-list PR) 		extra-parliamentary in opposition – Others
2024 Template:Composition bar 14,758,083 (Constituency)
7,567,459 (Party-list PR) 		51.2% (Constituency)
26.7% (Party-list PR) 		Decrease5 seats; Majority in opposition Lee Jae-myung Democratic Party (Constituency)
Democratic Alliance (Party-list PR)Template:NoteTag
Template:Composition bar 6,874,278 (Party-list PR) 24.3% (Party-list PR) newScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 12 seats; Minority in opposition Cho Kuk Rebuilding Korea Party
Template:Composition bar 609,313 (Party-list PR) 2.1% (Party-list PR) Decrease 6 seats; extra-parliamentary in opposition Sim Sang-jung Green–Justice Party
Template:Composition bar 483,827 (Party-list PR) 1.7% (Party-list PR) newScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 1 seats; Minority in opposition Lee Nak-yon New Future Party
Template:Composition bar Script error: No such module "collapsible list". 0.07% (Constituency)
0.46% (Party-list PR) 		extra-parliamentary in opposition – Others

Local elections

Election Metropolitan mayor/GovernorScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Provincial legislature Municipal mayor Municipal legislature Party Name
1995 Template:Composition bar Template:Composition bar Template:Composition bar Democratic Party (1991)
1998 Template:Composition bar Template:Composition bar Template:Composition bar National Congress for New Politics
Template:Composition bar Template:Composition bar Template:Composition bar New People Party
2002 Template:Composition bar Template:Composition bar Template:Composition bar Millennium Democratic Party
2006 Template:Composition bar Template:Composition bar Template:Composition bar Template:Composition bar Uri Party
Template:Composition bar Template:Composition bar Template:Composition bar Template:Composition bar Democratic Party (2005)
2010 Template:Composition bar Template:Composition bar Template:Composition bar Template:Composition bar Democratic Party (2008)
2014 Template:Composition bar Template:Composition bar Template:Composition bar Template:Composition bar New Politics Alliance for Democracy
2018 Template:Composition bar Template:Composition bar Template:Composition bar Template:Composition bar Democratic Party of Korea
2022 Template:Composition bar Template:Composition bar Template:Composition bar Template:Composition bar Democratic Party of Korea

See also

Notes

Template:NoteFoot

References

  1. ↑ The Democratic Party of Korea is described as a centrist party by numerous sources:Template:Bulleted list
  2. ↑ The Democratic Party of Korea is also described as a center-left by numerous sources:Template:Bulleted list
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